Former Captains Regent Mirko Tomassoni, Alessandro Rossi, Alessandro Mancini and Alberto Selva (from left to right)
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Former Captains Regent Francesco Mussoni (left) and Giacomo Simoncini
The Captains Regent (Italian: Capitani Reggenti; SG: Capitano Reggente) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino. They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the country's legislative body. Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year. This tradition dates back at least to 1243.[1]
The practice of dual heads of government (diarchy) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic, equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome.[2]
1243–1500
1500–1700
1700–1900
1900–2020
| Year | Semester[lower-alpha 1] | Captain Regent One | Captain Regent Two |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | April | Domenico Fattori | Antonio Righi |
| October | Giovanni Bonelli | Pietro Ugolini | |
| 1901 | April | Luigi Tonnini | Marino Nicolini |
| October | Antonio Bellucci | Pasquale Busignani | |
| 1902 | April | Onofrio Fattori | Egidio Ceccoli |
| October | Gemino Gozi | Giacomo Marcucci | |
| 1903 | April | Federico Gozi | Nullo Balducci |
| October | Marino Borbiconi | Francesco Marcucci | |
| 1904 | April | Menetto Bonelli | Vincenzo Mularoni |
| October | Luigi Tonnini | Gustavo Babboni | |
| 1905 | April | Antonio Bellucci | Pasquale Busignani |
| October | Onofrio Fattori | Piermatteo Carattoni | |
| 1906 | April | Giovanni Belluzzi | Pietro Francini |
| October | Alfredo Reffi | Giovanni Arzilli | |
| 1907 | April | Ciro Belluzzi | Francesco Pasquali |
| October | Giuseppe Angeli | Francesco Valli | |
| 1908 | April | Menetto Bonelli | Gustavo Babboni |
| October | Olinto Amati | Raffaele Michetti | |
| 1909 | April | Luigi Tonnini | Domenico Suzzi Valli |
| October | Marino Borbiconi | Giacomo Marcucci | |
| 1910 | April | Alfredo Reffi | Giovanni Arzilli |
| October | Giovanni Belluzzi | Luigi Lonfernini | |
| 1911 | April | Moro Morri | Cesare Stacchini |
| October | Onofrio Fattori | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | |
| 1912 | April | Gustavo Babboni | Francesco Pasquali |
| October | Menetto Bonelli | Vincenzo Marcucci | |
| 1913 | April | Giuseppe Angeli | Ignazio Grazia |
| October | Cirro Belluzzi | Domenico Suzzi Valli | |
| 1914 | April | Domenico Fattori | Ferruccio Martelli |
| October | Olinto Amati | Cesare Stacchini | |
| 1915 | April | Moro Morri | Antonio Burgagni |
| October | Alfredo Reffi | Luigi Lonfernini | |
| 1916 | April | Onofrio Fattori | Ciro Francini |
| October | Gustavo Babboni | Giovanni Arzilli | |
| 1917 | April | Egisto Morri | Vincenzo Marcucci |
| October | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | Giuseppe Balducci | |
| 1918 | April | Ferruccio Martelli | Ermenegildo Mularoni |
| October | Protogene Belloni | Francesco Morri | |
| 1919 | April | Domenico Vicini | Pietro Suzzi Valli |
| October | Moro Morri | Francesco Pasquali | |
| 1920 | April | Marino Rossi | Ciro Francini |
| 5 December | Carlo Balsimelli | Simone Michelotti | |
| 1921 | April | Marino Della Balda | Vincenzo Francini |
| October | Egisto Morri | Giuseppe Lanci | |
| 1922 | April | Eugenio Reffi | Giovanni Arzilli |
| October | Onofrio Fattori | Giuseppe Balducci | |
| 1923 | April | Giuliano Gozi | Filippo Mularoni |
| October | Marino Borbiconi | Mario Michetti | |
| 1924 | April | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | Francesco Mularoni |
| October | Francesco Morri | Girolamo Gozi | |
| 1925 | April | Marino Fattori | Augusto Mularoni |
| October | Valerio Pasquali | Marco Marcucci | |
| 1926 | April | Manlio Gozi | Giuseppe Mularoni |
| October | Giuliano Gozi | Ruggero Morri | |
| 1927 | April | Gino Gozi | Marino Morri |
| October | Marino Rossi | Nelson Burgagni | |
| 1928 | April | Domenico Suzzi Valli | Francesco Pasquali |
| October | Francesco Morri | Melchiorre Filippi | |
| 1929 | April | Girolamo Gozi | Filippo Mularoni |
| October | Ezio Balducci | Aldo Busignani | |
| 1930 | April | Manlio Gozi | Marino Lonfernini (died 10 September) Turiddu Foschi (since 16 September) |
| October | Valerio Pasquali | Gino Ceccoli | |
| 1931 | April | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | Francesco Mularoni |
| October | Domenico Suzzi Valli | Marino Morri | |
| 1932 | April | Giuliano Gozi | Pompeo Righi |
| October | Gino Gozi | Ruggero Morri | |
| 1933 | April | Francesco Morri | Settimio Belluzzi |
| October | Carlo Balsimelli | Melchiorre Filippi | |
| 1934 | April | Marino Rossi | Giovanni Lonfernini |
| October | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | Marino Michelotti | |
| 1935 | April | Federico Gozi | Salvatore Foschi |
| October | Pompeo Righi | Marino Morri | |
| 1936 | April | Gino Gozi | Ruggero Morri |
| October | Francesco Morri | Gino Ceccoli | |
| 1937 | April | Giuliano Gozi | Settimio Belluzzi |
| October | Marino Rossi | Giovanni Lonfernini | |
| 1938 | April | Manlio Gozi | Luigi Mularoni |
| October | Carlo Balsimelli | Celio Gozi | |
| 1939 | April | Pompeo Righi | Marino Morri |
| October | Marino Michelotti | Orlando Reffi | |
| 1940 | April | Angelo Manzoni Borghesi | Filippo Mularoni |
| October | Federico Gozi | Salvatore Foschi | |
| 1941 | April | Gino Gozi | Secondo Menicucci |
| October | Giuliano Gozi | Giovanni Lonfernini | |
| 1942 | April | Settimio Belluzzi | Celio Gozi |
| October | Carlo Balsimelli | Renato Martelli | |
| 1943 | April | Marino Michelotti | Bartolomeo Manzoni Borghesi |
| October | Marino Della Balda | Sante Lonfernini | |
| 1944 | April | Francesco Balsimelli | Sanzio Valentini |
| October | Teodoro Lonfernini | Leonida Suzzi Valli | |
| 1945 | April | Alvaro Casali | Vittorio Valentini |
| October | Ferruccio Martelli | Secondo Fiorini | |
| 1946 | April | Giuseppe Forcellini | Vincenzo Pedini |
| October | Filippo Martelli | Luigi Montironi | |
| 1947 | April | Marino Della Balda | Luigi Zafferani |
| October | Domenico Forcellini | Mariano Ceccoli | |
| 1948 | April | Arnaldo Para | Giuseppe Renzi |
| October | Giordano Giacomini | Domenico Tomassoni | |
| 1949 | April | Ferruccio Martelli | Primo Bugli |
| October | Vincenzo Pedini | Agostino Biordi | |
| 1950 | April | Giuseppe Forcellini | Primo Taddei |
| October | Marino Della Balda | Luigi Montironi | |
| 1951 | April | Alvaro Casali | Romolo Giacomini |
| October | Domenico Forcellini | Giovanni Terenzi | |
| 1952 | April | Domenico Morganti | Mariano Ceccoli |
| October | Arnaldo Para | Eugenio Bernardini | |
| 1953 | April | Vincenzo Pedini | Alberto Reffi |
| October | Giordano Giacomini | Giuseppe Renzi | |
| 1954 | April | Giuseppe Forcellini | Secondo Fiorini |
| October | Agostino Giacomini | Luigi Montironi | |
| 1955 | April | Domenico Forcellini | Vittorio Meloni |
| October | Primo Bugli | Giuseppe Maiani | |
| 1956 | April | Mario Nanni | Enrico Andreoli |
| October | Mariano Ceccoli | Eugenio Bernardini | |
| 1957 | April | Giordano Giacomini | Primo Marani |
| 10 October | Provisional Government: Federico Bigi, Alvaro Casali, Pietro Giancecchi, Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti | ||
| 27 October | Marino Valdes Franciosi | Federico Micheloni | |
| 1958 | April | Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti | Stelio Montironi |
| October | Domenico Forcellini | Pietro Reffi | |
| 1959 | April | Marino Benedetto Belluzzi | Agostino Biordi |
| October | Giuseppe Forcellini | Ferruccio Piva | |
| 1960 | April | Alvaro Casali | Gino Vannucci |
| October | Eugenio Reffi | Pietro Giancecchi | |
| 1961 | April | Federico Micheloni | Giancarlo Ghironzi |
| October | Giovanni Vito Marcucci | Pio Galassi | |
| 1962 | April | Domenico Forcellini | Francesco Valli |
| October | Antonio Maria Morganti | Agostino Biordi | |
| 1963 | April | Leonida Suzzi Valli | Stelio Montironi |
| October | Giovan Luigi Franciosi | Domenico Bollini | |
| 1964 | April | Marino Benedetto Belluzzi | Eusebio Reffi |
| October | Giuseppe Micheloni | Pier Marino Mularoni | |
| 1965 | April | Ferruccio Piva | Federico Carattoni |
| October | Alvaro Casali | Pietro Reffi | |
| 1966 | April | Francesco Valli | Emilio Della Balda |
| October | Giovanni Vito Marcucci | Francesco Maria Francini | |
| 1967 | April | Vittorio Rossini | Alberto Lonfernini |
| October | Domenico Forcellini | Romano Michelotti | |
| 1968 | April | Marino Benedetto Belluzzi | Dante Rossi |
| October | Pietro Giancecchi | Aldo Zavoli | |
| 1969 | April | Ferruccio Piva | Stelio Montironi |
| October | Alvaro Casali | Giancarlo Ghironzi | |
| 1970 | April | Francesco Valli | Eusebio Reffi |
| October | Simone Rossini | Giuseppe Lonfernini | |
| 1971 | April | Luigi Lonfernini | Attilio Montanari |
| October | Federico Carattoni | Marino Vagnetti | |
| 1972 | April | Marino Benedetto Belluzzi | Giuseppe Micheloni |
| October | Rosolino Martelli | Bruno Casali | |
| 1973 | April | Francesco Maria Francini | Primo Bugli |
| October | Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari | Giovan Luigi Franciosi | |
| 1974 | April | Ferruccio Piva | Giordano Bruno Reffi |
| October | Francesco Valli | Enrico Andreoli | |
| 1975 | April | Alberto Cecchetti | Michele Righi |
| October | Giovanni Vito Marcucci | Giuseppe Della Balda | |
| 1976 | April | Clelio Galassi | Marino Venturini |
| October | Primo Bugli | Virgilio Cardelli | |
| 1977 | April | Alberto Lonfernini | Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari |
| October | Giordano Bruno Reffi | Tito Masi | |
| 1978 | April | Francesco Valli | Enrico Andreoli |
| October | Ermenegildo Gasperoni | Adriano Reffi | |
| 1979 | April | Marino Bollini | Lino Celli |
| October | Giuseppe Amici | Germano De Biagi | |
| 1980 | April | Pietro Chiaruzzi | Primo Marani |
| October | Giancarlo Berardi | Rossano Zafferani | |
| 1981 | April | Gastone Pasolini | Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini |
| October | Mario Rossi | Ubaldo Biordi | |
| 1982 | April | Giuseppe Maiani | Marino Venturini |
| October | Libero Barulli | Maurizio Gobbi | |
| 1983 | April | Adriano Reffi | Massimo Roberto Rossini |
| October | Renzo Renzi | Germano De Biagi | |
| 1984 | April | Gloriana Ranocchini | Giorgio Crescentini |
| October | Marino Bollini | Giuseppe Amici | |
| 1985 | April | Enzo Colombini | Severiano Tura |
| October | Pier Paolo Gasperoni | Ubaldo Biordi | |
| 1986 | April | Marino Venturini | Ariosto Maiani |
| October | Giuseppe Arzilli | Maurizio Tomassoni | |
| 1987 | April | Renzo Renzi | Carlo Franciosi |
| October | Rossano Zafferani | Gianfranco Terenzi | |
| 1988 | April | Umberto Barulli | Rosolino Martelli |
| October | Luciano Cardelli | Reves Salvatori | |
| 1989 | April | Mauro Fiorini | Marino Vagnetti |
| October | Gloriana Ranocchini | Leo Achilli | |
| 1990 | April | Adalmiro Bartolini | Ottaviano Rossi |
| October | Cesare Gasperoni | Roberto Bucci | |
| 1991 | April | Domenico Bernardini | Claudio Podeschi |
| October | Edda Ceccoli | Marino Riccardi | |
| 1992 | April | Germano De Biagi | Ernesto Benedettini |
| October | Romeo Morri | Marino Zanotti | |
| 1993 | April | Patrizia Busignani | Salvatore Tonelli |
| October | Gian Luigi Berti | Paride Andreoli | |
| 1994 | April | Alberto Cecchetti | Fausto Mularoni |
| October | Renzo Ghiotti | Luciano Ciavatta | |
| 1995 | April | Marino Bollini | Settimio Lonfernini |
| October | Pier Natalino Mularoni | Marino Venturini | |
| 1996 | April | Pier Paolo Gasperoni | Pietro Bugli |
| October | Maurizio Rattini | Gian Carlo Venturini | |
| 1997 | April | Paride Andreoli | Pier Marino Mularoni |
| October | Luigi Mazza | Marino Zanotti | |
| 1998 | April | Alberto Cecchetti | Loris Francini |
| October | Pietro Berti | Paolo Bollini | |
| 1999 | April | Antonello Bacciocchi | Rosa Zafferani |
| October | Marino Bollini | Giuseppe Arzilli | |
| 2000 | April | Maria Domenica Michelotti | Gian Marco Marcucci |
| October | Gianfranco Terenzi | Enzo Colombini | |
| 2001 | April | Luigi Lonfernini | Fabio Berardi |
| October | Alberto Cecchetti | Gino Giovagnoli | |
| 2002 | April | Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari | Giovanni Francesco Ugolini |
| October | Mauro Chiaruzzi | Giuseppe Maria Morganti | |
| 2003 | April | Pier Marino Menicucci | Giovanni Giannoni |
| October | Giovanni Lonfernini | Valeria Ciavatta | |
| 2004 | April | Paolo Bollini | Marino Riccardi |
| October | Giuseppe Arzilli | Roberto Raschi | |
| 2005 | April | Fausta Morganti | Cesare Gasperoni |
| October | Claudio Muccioli | Antonello Bacciocchi | |
| 2006 | April | Gianfranco Terenzi | Loris Francini |
| October | Antonio Carattoni | Roberto Giorgetti | |
| 2007 | April | Alessandro Mancini | Alessandro Rossi |
| October | Mirko Tomassoni | Alberto Selva | |
| 2008 | April | Rosa Zafferani | Federico Pedini Amati |
| October | Ernesto Benedettini | Assunta Meloni | |
| 2009 | April | Oscar Mina | Massimo Cenci |
| October | Stefano Palmieri | Francesco Mussoni | |
| 2010 | April | Marco Conti | Glauco Sansovini |
| October | Giovanni Francesco Ugolini | Andrea Zafferani | |
| 2011 | April | Maria Luisa Berti | Filippo Tamagnini |
| October | Gabriele Gatti | Matteo Fiorini | |
| 2012 | April | Italo Righi | Maurizio Rattini |
| October | Teodoro Lonfernini | Denise Bronzetti | |
| 2013 | April | Antonella Mularoni | Denis Amici |
| October | Gian Carlo Capicchioni | Anna Maria Muccioli | |
| 2014 | April | Valeria Ciavatta | Luca Beccari |
| October | Gianfranco Terenzi | Guerrino Zanotti | |
| 2015 | April | Andrea Belluzzi | Roberto Venturini |
| October | Lorella Stefanelli | Nicola Renzi | |
| 2016 | April | Massimo Andrea Ugolini | Gian Nicola Berti |
| October | Marino Riccardi | Fabio Berardi | |
| 2017 | April | Mimma Zavoli | Vanessa D'Ambrosio |
| October | Enrico Carattoni | Matteo Fiorini | |
| 2018 | April | Stefano Palmieri | Matteo Ciacci |
| October | Mirko Tomassoni | Luca Santolini | |
| 2019 | April | Nicola Selva | Michele Muratori |
| October | Luca Boschi | Mariella Mularoni | |
Since 2020
| Year | Semester[lower-alpha 1] | Captain Regent One | Captain Regent Two |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | April | Alessandro Mancini | Grazia Zafferani |
| October | Alessandro Cardelli | Mirko Dolcini | |
| 2021 | April | Gian Carlo Venturini | Marco Nicolini |
| October | Francesco Mussoni | Giacomo Simoncini | |
| 2022 | April | Oscar Mina | Paolo Rondelli |
| October | Maria Luisa Berti | Manuel Ciavatta | |
| 2023 | April | Alessandro Scarano | Adele Tonnini |
| October | Filippo Tamagnini | Gaetano Troina |
See also
Footnotes
References
- ↑ "Captains Regent — Repubblica di San Marino, portale ufficiale". Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- ↑ Dall’Università di Urbino alla Reggenza di San Marino: “Io, il più giovane Capo di stato al mondo”. IFG Urbino (in Italian). Published 19 March 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
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