In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

I. Northern ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Niuzhuang, in the imperial Shengjing province, in Manchuriain accordance with the British Treaty of Tientsin, 1858;custom office opened 9 May 1864;74,000
Qinhuangdao, in Zhili province, also in Manchuriain accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898opened 15 December 19015,000
Tianjin, also in Zhiliin accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860opened May, 1861750,000
Yantai, in Shandongin accordance with British and French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858;opened March, 1862100,000
Jiaozhou, also in ShangdongGerman Convention 6 March 1898opened 1 July 1899.

II. Yangtze River ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Chongqing, in Sichuan provinceopened November 1890702,000
Yichang, in Hubeiin accordance with Chefoo Convention, 1876opened 1 April 187750,000
Shashi, also in HubeiTreaty of Shimonoseki, 1895opened 1 October 1876C85,000
Changsha, in Hunanopened 1 July 1904230,000
Yuezhou, also in Hunanimperial decree of 31 March 1898opened 13 November 189920,000
Hankou, also in Hubeiprovincial regulations, 1861opened January 1862530,000
Jiujiang, in Jiangxisame regulationsopened January 186236,000
Wuhu, in AnhuiChefoo Convention, 1876opened 1 April 1877123,000
Nanjing, in JiangsuFrench Treaty of Tientsin, 1858opened 1 May 1899261,000
Zhenjiang, also in JiangsuBritish Treaty, 1858opened April, 1861170,000

III. Central ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Shanghai, in Jiangsu provinceTreaty of Nanking, 1842opened officially 17 November 1843651,000
Suzhou, also in JiangsuTreaty of Shimonosekiopened 26 September 1896500,000
Hangzhou, in ZhejiangShimonoseki Treatyopened 26 September 1896350,000
Ningbo, in ZhejiangShimonoseki Treatyopened 26 September 1896500,000
Wenzhou, also in ZhejiangChefoo Convention, 1876opened April, 187780,000

IV. South Coast ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Sandu'ao, in Fujian provinceimperial decree of 31 March 1898opened 1 May 18998000
Fuzhou, also in FujianNan-king Treaty, 1842opened July, 1861624,000
Amoy, also in FujianNan-king Treaty 1842;opened April, 1862114,000
Guangzhou (Canton), in Guangdong provinceNanking Treaty, 1842opened October 1859900,000
Kowloon, also in Guangdong;opened April, 1887
Lappa, again in Guangdongopened 27 June 1871
Kongmoon, in Guangdongopened 7 March 1904;55,000
Sanshui, also in GuangdongAnglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897opened 4 June 18975000
Shantou, also in Guangdong (customs house on Mayu Island)English, French, and American Treaty of Tientsin, 1858opened January 1860;65,000
Wu-chou, in Kwang-si provincesame conventionopened 4 June 1897;59,000
Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on Hainan Island in GuangdongFrench, and English Treaties of Tientsin, 1858opened April, 187638,000
Pak-hoi, also in GuangdongChefoo Convention, 1876opened April, 1877;20,000

V. Frontier ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DatePopulation
Longzhou, in Guangxi provinceFrench Treaty, 25 June 1887opened 1 June 189912,000
Mengzi, in YunnanFrench Treaty, 1887opened 30 April 188915,000
Simao, also in YunnanFrench Convention, 1895; British, 1896opened 2 January 189715,000
Tengyue, also in YunnanConvention of 4 February 1897opened 8 May 1902;10,000
Yadong, in (?) Tibetopened 1 May 1894
Nanning, also in Guangxiopened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office.

According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

See also

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

  • Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168–176. online
  • Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010


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