Map of North America
This list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 11,700 years on the North American continent. Animals recently extinct in the West Indies and Hawaii are in their own respective lists.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals
Prehistoric
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beringian wolf Canis lupus |
5790-5658 BCE[1] | Northwestern North America |  |
| Giant beaver Castoroides ohioensis |
8250-8150 BCE[2] | North America |  |
| American mastodon Mammut americanum |
6050-5050 BCE[3] | North America |  |
| Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius |
3580-3480 BCE[4] | Northern Eurasian and North America |  |
| Giant pika Ochotona whartoni |
8301-7190 BCE[5] | Northern North America and possibly northeastern Siberia | |
| Giant island deer mouse Peromyscus nesodytes |
c. 950[6] | Channel Islands of California, United States |
Recent
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kenai Peninsula wolf Canis lupus alces |
c. 1915[7] | Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States | _C._l._alces_%E2%99%82.jpg.webp) |
| Newfoundland wolf Canis lupus beothucus |
1896[8] | Newfoundland, Canada | _C._l._beothocus_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Banks Island wolf Canis lupus bernardi |
1918-1952[9] | Banks Island, Canada | _C._l._bernardi_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Cascade Mountains wolf Canis lupus fuscus |
1940[10] | Pacific Northwest | _C._l._fuscus_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Mogollon mountain wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis |
1935[10] | Arizona, United States | _C._l._mogollonensis_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Texas wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis |
1942[10] | Texas, United States | _C._l._monstrabilis_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Southern Rocky Mountain wolf Canis lupus youngi |
1935[10] | Southern Rocky Mountains | _C._l._youngi_mod.jpg.webp) |
| Florida black wolf Canis rufus floridanus |
c. 1920[11] | Eastern United States |  |
| Eastern elk Cervus canadensis canadensis |
1867[12] | Eastern North America |  |
| Atlantic gray whale Eschrichtius robustus |
1760[13] | North Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea[upper-alpha 1] |  |
| Goff's pocket gopher Geomys pinetis goffi |
1955[14] | Pineda Ridge, Florida, United States | |
| Steller's sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas |
1710-1785[15] | Bering Sea |  |
| Gull Island vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus |
c. 1900[16] | Great Gull Island, New York, United States | |
| Sea mink Neogale macrodon |
c. 1860[17] | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England |  |
| Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis |
1952[18] | Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico |  |
| Anthony's woodrat Neotoma bryanti anthonyi |
1926[19] | Isla Todos Santos, Mexico | |
| Bunker's woodrat Neotoma bryanti bunkeri |
1931[20] | Coronados Islands, Mexico | |
| San Martín Island woodrat Neotoma bryanti martinensis |
1950s[21] | San Martín Island, Mexico | |
| Nelson's rice rat Oryzomys nelsoni |
1897[22] | María Madre Island, Mexico |  |
| Pallid beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus |
1946[23] | Coastal Florida | |
| Eastern cougar Puma concolor couguar |
1938[24] | Eastern North America |  |
| Queen Charlotte Islands caribou Rangifer tarandus dawsoni |
1920s[25] | Graham Island, British Columbia, Canada | |
| Tacoma pocket gopher Thomomys mazama tacomensis |
20th century?[23] | Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington area, United States | |
| California grizzly bear Ursus arctos californicus |
1924[26] | California, United States |  |
| Mexican grizzly bear Ursus arctos nelsoni |
1976[27] | Aridoamerica |  |
| Southern California kit fox Vulpes macrotis macrotis |
1903[28] | Coastal south California, United States |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Puebla deer mouse Peromyscus mekisturus |
1957[29] | Southeast Puebla, Mexico |
Local
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi |
early 1970s | Southwestern United States and northern Mexico | 1998[30] |  |
| Red wolf Canis rufus |
c. 1980 | Southern and eastern United States | 1987[31] | .jpg.webp) |
| Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes |
1987 | Great Plains | 1991[32] |  |
Birds
Prehistoric
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incredible teratorn Aiolornis incredibilis |
11390-9710 BCE[33] | California and Nevada, United States | |
| Anabernicula gracilenta | 11390-9710 BCE[33] | Southern California and New Mexico, United States | |
| Schneider's duck Anas schneideri |
8800-8300 BCE[33] | Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming, United States | |
| Breagyps clarki | 11390-9710 BCE[33] | Southwestern United States |  |
| Daggett's eagle Buteogallus daggetti |
10250-9180 BCE[33] | Southwestern United States and Nuevo León, Mexico |  |
| Woodward's eagle Buteogallus woodwardi |
38050-8050 BCE[33] | Florida to California, United States |  |
| Slender teratorn Cathartornis gracilis |
38050-8050 BCE[33] | Southern California |  |
| Law's diving-goose Chendytes lawi |
770-400 BCE[34] | Coastal California and Oregon, United States |  |
| La Brea stork Ciconia maltha |
9050-8050 BCE[33] | Americas |  |
| Euphagus magnirostris | 8800-8300 BCE[33] | California to Venezuela and Peru | |
| Dow's puffin Fratercula dowi |
10035-9845 BCE[33] | Channel Islands of California, United States | |
| Page's crane Grus pagei |
10250-9180 BCE[33] | Rancho La Brea, California, United States | |
| Californian turkey Meleagris californica |
9100-8380 BCE[33] | California, United States |  |
| Southwestern turkey Meleagris crassipes |
11510-8770 BCE[33] | New Mexico, United States | |
| Errant vulture Neogyps errans |
10210-9850 BCE[33] | California, United States |  |
| Neophrontops americanus | 10230-7630 BCE[33] | Rancho La Brea, California, United States |  |
| La Brea owl Oraristrix brea |
10250-9180 BCE[33] | Southern California, United States |  |
| Convex-billed cowbird Pandanaris convexa |
38050-8050 BCE[33] | California and Florida to Peru | |
| Pipilo angelensis | 38050-8050 BCE[33] | Rancho La Brea, California, United States | |
| Pyelorhamphus molothroides | 29300-9380 BCE[33] | Shelter Cave, New Mexico | |
| Grinnell's hawk-eagle Spizaetus grinnelli |
10250-9180 BCE[33] | Rancho La Brea, California, United States | |
| Willett's hawk-eagle Spizaetus willetti |
11390-9710 BCE[33] | Howell's Ridge Cave, New Mexico, United States | |
| Merriam's teratorn Teratornis merriami |
9050-8050 BCE[33] | Southern California to northern Arizona, United States |  |
| Vanellus downsi | 38050-8050 BCE[33] | Rancho La Brea, California, United States |
Recent
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dusky seaside sparrow Ammospiza maritima nigrescens |
1987[35] | Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States |  |
| Imperial woodpecker Campephilus imperialis |
1956[36] | North-central Mexico |  |
| Labrador duck Camptorhynchus labradorius |
1875[37] | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England |  |
| Guadalupe caracara Caracara lutosa |
1903[38] | Guadalupe Island, Mexico |  |
| McGregor's house finch Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori |
1938[39] | San Benito Island, Mexico | |
| Guadalupe flicker Colaptes auratus rufipileus |
1906[39] | Guadalupe Island, Mexico | |
| Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis |
1918[40] | Eastern and central United States |  |
| Goldman's yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani |
1964[39] | Lerma River, Mexico | |
| Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius |
1914[41] | Eastern North America |  |
| Santa Barbara song sparrow Melospiza melodia graminea |
1959[42] | Santa Barbara Island, California, United States | |
| Socorro elf owl Micrathene whitneyi graysoni |
c. 1970[39] | Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico | |
| Great auk Pinguinus impennis |
1852[43] | North Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea |  |
| Guadalupe towhee Pipilio maculatus consobrinus |
1897[39] | Guadalupe Island, Mexico | |
| Atitlán grebe Podilymbus gigas |
1983-1986[44] | Lake Atitlán, Guatemala |  |
| Slender-billed grackle Quiscalus palustris |
1910[45] | Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico |  |
| San Benedicto rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus exsul |
1952[39] | San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico | |
| Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow Spizella wortheni browni |
1961[39] | Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico | |
| Guadalupe wren Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda |
1897[39] | Guadalupe Island, Mexico | |
| San Clemente wren Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys |
1968[39] | San Clemente Island, California, United States | |
| Heath hen Tympanuchus cupido cupido |
1932[46] | East coast of the United States |  |
| New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi |
1952[39] | New Mexico and possibly Colorado, United States |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis |
1963[39] | Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone |  |
| Guadalupe storm-petrel Oceanodroma macrodactyla |
1912[47] | Guadalupe Island, Mexico |  |
| Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii |
1988[48] | Southeastern United States and Cuba |  |
| American ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis principalis |
1944[49] | Southern United States |  |
Local
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| California condor Gymnogyps californianus |
1987[50] | North America | 1992 |  |
| Socorro dove Zenaida graysoni |
1972[51] | Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico | _-_Vogelbund_-_Johann_Alexi.jpg.webp) |
Reptiles
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Southeastern giant tortoise Hesperotestudo crassiscutata |
c. 9515 BCE[52] | Southern United States |
| Wilson's tortoise Hesperotestudo wilsoni |
c. 9050 BCE[52] | Southwestern United States |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Viesca mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum |
1961[53] | Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico |
Amphibians
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chiriqui harlequin frog Atelopus chiriquiensis |
1996[54] | Talamanca-Chiriqui Mountains, Costa Rica |  |
| Pass stubfoot toad Atelopus senex |
1986[55] | Central Costa Rica | |
| Craugastor myllomyllon | 1978[56] | Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala | |
| Golden toad Incilius periglenes |
1989[57] | Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica |  |
| Splendid poison frog Oophaga speciosa |
1992[58] | Western Panama |  |
| Ainsworth's salamander Plethodon ainsworthi |
1964[59] | Jasper County, Mississippi, United States | |
| Jalpa false brook salamander Pseudoeurycea exspectata |
1976[60] | Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| McCranie's robber frog Craugastor chrysozetetes |
1989[61] | La Ceiba, Atlántida Department, Honduras | |
| Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog Ecnomiohyla rabborum |
2016[62] | El Valle de Antón, Panama |  |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wyoming toad Anaxyrus baxteri |
1991[63] | Laramie Basin, Wyoming, United States |  |
| Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki |
2009[64] | El Valle de Antón and Cerro Campana, Panama |  |
Fish
Recent
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parras characodon Characodon garmani |
1880s[65] | Southern Coahuila, Mexico | |
| Snake River sucker Chasmistes muriei |
1927[65] | Snake River, United States | |
| Longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae |
1975[65] | Lake Erie, Michigan, and Huron | |
| Deepwater cisco Coregonus johannae |
1952[65] | Lake Michigan and Huron | .jpeg.webp) |
| Lake Ontario kiyi Coregonus kiyi orientalis |
1964[65] | Lake Ontario | |
| Blackfin cisco Coregonus nigripinnis |
1969[65] | Lake Michigan and Huron | |
| Utah Lake sculpin Cottus echinatus |
1928[65] | Utah Lake, United States | |
| Maravillas red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis blairi |
1954[65] | Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States | |
| Villa Lopez pupfish Cyprinodon ceciliae |
before 1992[66] | Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico | |
| Cachorrito de la Trinidad Cyprinodon inmemoriam |
1984[67] | Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico | |
| Tecopa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae |
1982[42] | Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States |  |
| Raycraft Ranch killifish Empetrichthys latos concavus |
1953[65] | Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States | |
| Pahrump Ranch poolfish Empetrichthys latos pahrump |
1958[65] | Nye County, Nevada, United States | |
| Ash Meadows killifish Empetrichthys merriami |
1948[65] | Ash Meadows, Nevada |  |
| Maryland darter Etheostoma sellare |
1988[68] | Lower Susquehanna River, United States | .jpg.webp){kind=small} |
| Mexican dace Evarra bustamantei |
1970[69] | Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico | |
| Plateau chub Evarra eigenmanni |
1954[70] | Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico |  |
| Endorheic chub Evarra tlahuacensis |
1970[71] | Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico | |
| Whiteline topminnow Fundulus albolineatus |
1889[65] | Huntsville, Alabama, United States | |
| Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis |
1968[65] | Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States | |
| San Marcos gambusia Gambusia georgei |
1983[72] | San Marcos River and spring, Texas, United States | |
| Hadley Lake sticklebacks Gasterosteus spp. |
1999[25] | Hadley Lake, British Columbia, Canada | |
| Independence Valley tui chub Gila bicolor isolata |
1966[65] | Warm Springs, Nevada, United States | |
| Thicktail chub Gila crassicauda |
1957[65] | California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States |  |
| Harelip sucker Lagochila lacera |
1893[65] | Southeastern United States | _(7983313972).jpg.webp) |
| Pahranagat spinedace Lepidomeda altivelis |
1938[65] | Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States | |
| Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus |
2012[73] | Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico |  |
| Durango shiner Notropis aulidion |
1961[65] | Tunal River, Durango, Mexico | |
| Salado shiner Notropis saladonis |
before 1988[74] | Salado River, Mexico | |
| Rio Grande bluntnose shiner Notropis simus simus |
1964[65] | Upper Rio Grande | |
| Phantom shiner Notropis orca |
1975[65] | Rio Grande | |
| Scioto madtom Noturus trautmani |
1957[75] | Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States | |
| Yellowfin cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi |
1910[65] | Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States |  |
| Alvord cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki ssp. |
early 1930s[65] | Alvord Basin in Oregon and Nevada, United States | |
| Clear Lake splittail Pogonichthys ciscoides |
1970[65] | Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States | |
| Banff longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae smithi |
1986[76] | Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada | |
| Las Vegas dace Rhinichthys deaconi |
1940[65] | Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States | |
| Grass Valley speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus reliquus |
1938[65] | Lander County, Nevada, United States | |
| Silver trout Salvelinus agassizi |
1930[65] | Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States |  |
| Blue walleye Sander vitreus glaucus |
1958[42] | Lake Ontario, Erie, and Niagara River |  |
| Stumptooth minnow Stypodon signifer |
1903[65] | Southern Coahuila, Mexico |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alberca silverside Chirostoma bartoni |
2006[77] | La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico | |
| Least silverside Chirostoma charari |
1957[78] | La Mintzita spring, Michoacan, Mexico | |
| Shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi |
1985[79] | Lake Michigan, Ontario, and Huron |  |
| Perrito de Parras Cyprinodon latifasciatus |
2012[80] | Parras drainage basin, Coahuila, Mexico | |
| Graceful priapella Priapella bonita |
1965[81] | Motzorongo River, Veracruz, Mexico |
Local
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banded allotoca Allotoca goslinei |
2004[82] | Jalisco, Mexico | |
| Potosi pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi |
1994[83] | Potosi Spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico | |
| La Palma pupfish Cyprinodon longidorsalis |
1994[84] | Bolson de Sandia, Nuevo León, Mexico | |
| Charco Palma pupfish Cyprinodon veronicae |
1995[85] | Bolson de Sandia, Nuevo León, Mexico | |
| Ameca shiner Notropis amecae |
2008[86] | Ameca River, Jalisco, Mexico | |
| Golden skiffia Skiffia francesae |
2010[87] | Jalisco, Mexico | |
| Monterrey platyfish Xiphophorus couchianus |
1967[88] | Atlantic slope of Mexico |  |
| Marbled swordtail Xiphophorus meyeri |
1997[89] | Melchor Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico |  |
Crustaceans
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cambarellus alvarezi | 1991[90] | Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico | |
| Sooty crayfish Pacifastacus nigrescens |
19th century[91] | San Francisco Bay, California, United States |  |
| Sandhills crayfish Procambarus angustatus |
1958[92] | Sand Hills, Georgia, United States | |
| Pasadena freshwater shrimp Syncaris pasadenae |
1933[93] | Los Angeles River drainage basin, California, United States |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Hemigrapsus estellinensis | 1962[94] | Estelline Hot Spring, Texas, United States |
| White Spring cave crayfish Cambarus veitchorum |
1968 | White Spring Cave, Limestone County, Alabama, United States |
| Bigcheek cave crayfish Procambarus delicatus |
1976 | single spring in Ocala National Forest, Lake County, Florida, United States |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socorro isopod Thermosphaeroma thermophilum |
1988[95] | Sedillo Spring, Socorro County, New Mexico |  |
Insects
| Common name/scientific name | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Robert's stonefly Alloperla roberti |
United States[96] | |
| Chestnut casebearer moth Coleophora leucochrysella |
United States[97] |  |
| Mono Lake diving beetle Hygrotus artus |
United States[98] | |
| Castle Lake caddisfly Rhyacophila amabilis |
United States[99] | |
| Volutine stoneyian tabanid fly Stonemyia velutina |
United States[100] | |
| Chestnut clearwing moth Tischeria perplexa |
United States[101] | |
| Athens caddisfly Triaenodes phalacris |
United States[102] |
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pecatonica River mayfly Acanthometropus pecatonica |
1927[103] | United States | |
| Chestnut ermine moth Argyresthia castaneella |
1923[104] | United States | |
| California condor louse Colpocephalum californici |
c. 1985[5] | North America | |
| Central Valley grasshopper Conozoa hyalina |
1953[105] | Central Valley, California, United States | |
| Phleophagan chestnut moth Ectoedemia phleophaga |
1900s[106] | United States | |
| Xerces blue butterfly Glaucopsyche xerces |
before 1941[107] | San Francisco, California, United States |  |
| Rocky Mountain locust Melanoplus spretus |
1902[108] | Northern Rocky Mountains |  |
| Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid Neduba extincta |
1937[109] | United States | |
| Oeobia sp. nov. | 1911[110] | United States | |
| Robust burrowing mayfly Pentagenia robusta |
1926[111] | Ohio River area, United States | |
| Three-toothed caddisfly Triaenodes tridontus |
1991[112] | United States | |
| Fort Ross weevil Trigonoscuta rossi |
1975[113] | Fort Ross, California, United States | |
| Yorba Linda weevil Trigonoscuta yorbalindae |
1975[114] | Yorba Linda desert dunes, California, United States |
Arachnids
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americana |
1952?[115] | Caribbean Sea |
Molluscs
Undated
| Common name/scientific name | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Carolina elktoe Alasmidonta robusta |
North and South Carolina, United States[116] | |
| Shoal sprite Amphigyra alabamensis |
Alabama, United States[117] |  |
| Boulder snail Athearnia crassa |
Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia, United States[118] | |
| Umbilicate pebblesnail Clappia umbilicata |
Alabama, United States[119] |  |
| Short-spired elimia Elimia brevis |
Alabama, United States[120] | |
| Closed elimia Elimia clausa |
St. Clair County, Alabama, United States[121] | |
| Fusiform elimia Elimia fusiformis |
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[122] | |
| Shouldered elimia Elimia gibbera |
Alabama, United States[123] | |
| High-spired elimia Elimia hartmaniana |
United States[124] | |
| Constricted elimia Elimia impressa |
Alabama, United States[125] | |
| Hearty elimia Elimia jonesi |
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[126] | |
| Ribbed elimia Elimia laeta |
Alabama, United States[127] | |
| Wrinkled elimia Elimia macglameriana |
Alabama and Georgia, United States[128] | |
| Pupa elimia Elimia pupaeformis |
Alabama, United States[129] | |
| Pygmy elimia Elimia pygmaea |
Alabama, United States[130] | |
| Rough-lined elimia Elimia pilsbryi |
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[131] | |
| Cobble elimia Elimia vanuxemiana |
Alabama, United States[132] | _-_Pleuroceridae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Round slitshell Gyrotoma walkeri |
Alabama, United States[133] | |
| Agate rocksnail Leptoxis clipeata |
Alabama, United States[134] | |
| Maiden rocksnail Leptoxis formosa |
Alabama and Georgia, United States[135] | |
| Rotund rocksnail Leptoxis ligata |
Alabama, United States[136] | |
| Lyrate rocksnail Leptoxis lirata |
Alabama, United States[137] | |
| Bigmouth rocksnail Leptoxis occultata |
Alabama, United States[138] | |
| Coosa rocksnail Leptoxis showalterii |
United States[139] | |
| Squat rocksnail Leptoxis torrefacta |
United States[140] | |
| Striped rocksnail Leptoxis vittata |
United States[141] | |
| Tombigbee moccasinshell Medionidus mcglameriae |
United States[142] | |
| Carinate flat-top snail Neoplanorbis carinatus |
United States[143] | |
| Angled flat-top snail Neoplanorbis smithi |
United States[144] | |
| Umbilicate flat-top snail Neoplanorbis umbilicatus |
United States[145] | |
| Fish Lake physa Physella microstriata |
Utah, United States[146] | |
| Acorn ramshell Planorbella multivolvis |
Michigan, United States[147] | |
| Highnut Pleurobema altum |
United States[148] | |
| Hazel pigtoe Pleurobema avellanum |
United States[149] | |
| Scioto pigtoe Pleurobema bournianum |
United States[150] | |
| Yellow pigtoe Pleurobema flavidulum |
United States[151] | |
| Brown pigtoe Pleurobema hagleri |
United States[152] | |
| Alabama pigtoe Pleurobema johannis |
Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia, United States[153] | |
| Coosa pigtoe Pleurobema murrayense |
United States[154] | |
| Longnut Pleurobema nucleopsis |
United States[155] | |
| Alabama clubshell Pleurobema troschelianum |
Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia, United States[156] | |
| True pigtoe Pleurobema verum |
Alabama, United States[157] | |
| Corded purg Pyrgulopsis nevadensis |
Nevada, United States[158] |  |
| Oachita pebblesnail Somatogyrus amnicoloides |
Arkansas, United States[159] | |
| Tennessee pebblesnail Somatogyrus currierianus |
Alabama, United States[160] | |
| Channeled pebblesnail Somatogyrus wheeleri |
Arkansas, United States[161] |
Recent
| Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coosa elktoe Alasmidonta mccordi |
1964[5] | Coosa River, Alabama, United States | |
| Ochlockonee arcmussel Alasmidonta wrightiana |
1930s[5] | Ochlockonee River, Florida, United States | |
| Cahaba pebblesnail Clappia cahabensis |
1965[162] | Cahaba River, Alabama, United States |  |
| Arc-form pearly mussel Epioblasma arcaeformis |
1940s[5] | Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[163] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Angled riffleshell Epioblasma biemarginata |
1970[5] | Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[164] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Arcuate pearly mussel Epioblasma flexuosa |
1920s-1930s[5] | Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States[165] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Curtis pearly mussel Epioblasma florentina curtisi |
1990s[5] | Little Black River, Missouri, United States | |
| Yellow blossom Epioblasma florentina florentina |
1940s[5] | Holston River, Tennessee, United States | |
| Acorn pearly mussel Epioblasma haysiana |
1970[5] | Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[166] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Stone's pearly mussel Epioblasma lenior |
1967[167] | Tennessee River system, United States | |
| Lewis pearly mussel Epioblasma lewisii |
1950[5] | Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[168] | |
| Upland combshell Epioblasma metastriata |
1980s[5] | Conasauga River, Georgia, United States | |
| Southern acornshell Epioblasma othcaloogensis |
1970s[5] | Conasauga River, Georgia, United States | |
| Fine-rayed pearly mussel Epioblasma personata |
1924[169] | Tennessee, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States | |
| Nearby pearly mussel Epioblasma propinqua |
1936[5] | Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States[170] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Sampson's pearly mussel Epioblasma sampsonii |
1930s-1940s[5] | Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana, United States[171] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Steward's pearly mussel Epioblasma stewardsonii |
1940s[5] | Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States[172] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Green-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum |
1984[173] | Tennessee River system, United States | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma torulosa torulosa |
1970s[5] | Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States[174] | |
| Turgid-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma turgidula |
1976[5] | Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States[175] | _-_Unionidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg.webp) |
| Excised slitshell Gyrotoma excisa |
1924[176] | Alabama, United States | |
| Striate slitshell Gyrotoma lewisii |
1924[177] | Alabama, United States | |
| Pagoda slitshell Gyrotoma pagoda |
1924[178] | Alabama, United States | |
| Ribbed slitshell Gyrotoma pumila |
1924[179] | Alabama, United States | |
| Pyramid slitshell Gyrotoma pyramidata |
1924[180] | Alabama, United States | |
| Lined pocketbook Lampsilis binominata |
1970s[5] | Flint River, Georgia, United States |  |
| Eelgrass limpet Lottia alveus |
1929[25] | Atlantic Canada[25] and the United States[181] | |
| Olive marstonia Marstonia olivacea |
1940[182] | Big Sprink Creek, Madison County, Alabama, United States | |
| Little flat-top snail Neoplanorbis tantillus |
c. 1914-1967[183] | Coosa River, Alabama, United States |  |
| Black clubshell Pleurobema curtum |
1990s[5] | East Fork Tombigbee River, Mississippi, United States | |
| Flat pigtoe Pleurobema marshalli |
1984[5] | Tombigbee River, Mississippi and Alabama, United States | |
| Rio Grande monkeyface Quadrula couchiana |
early 1900s[5] | Rio Grande | |
| Stirrup shell Quadrula stapes |
1980s[5] | Sipsey River, Alabama, United States | |
| Thick-lipped pebblesnail Somatogyrus crassilabris |
1915[184] | White River, Baxter County, Arkansas, United States |
See also
- Holocene extinction
- Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene
- Settlement of the Americas
- List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of extinct animals
- List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
- List of extinct birds
- Extinct in the wild
- Lazarus taxon
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Notes
- ↑ The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean.
References
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- ↑ Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA. Radiocarbon, 52(1), 205-208.
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- ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. bunkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14577A124171652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14577A124171652.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. martinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14580A124171713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14580A124171713.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2017). "Oryzomys nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15583A22388135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- 1 2 Hafner, D.J. (1998) North American Rodents: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, 171 pages.
- ↑ Bolgiano, C. & Roberts, J. (2005) The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, and New Evidence. Stackpole Books, 246 pages.
- 1 2 3 4 Cosewic (2005). Canadian Species at Risk. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 64 pp., page 6.
- ↑ Storer, T.I. & Tevis, L.P. (1996) California Grizzly. University of California Press, 335 pages.
- ↑ Gallo-Reynoso, J.P. et al. (2008) "Probable occurrence of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Sonora, Mexico, in 1976". The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 53, Issue 2: 256-260 pages.
- ↑ Clark Jr, H. O. (2011). "The history of arid-land fox discoveries in North America". Archives of Natural History, 38(2), 300-312.
- ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2018). "Peromyscus mekisturus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16675A22362990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T16675A22362990.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Hendricks, S. A., Clee, P. R. S., Harrigan, R. J., Pollinger, J. P., Freedman, A. H., Callas, R., ... & Wayne, R. K. (2016). Re-defining historical geographic range in species with sparse records: implications for the Mexican wolf reintroduction program. Biological Conservation, 194, 48-57.
- ↑ Phillips, M. (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3747A163509841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3747A163509841.en. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ↑ Belant, J.; Biggins, D.; Garelle, D.; Griebel, R.G. & Hughes, J.P. (2015). "Mustela nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T14020A45200314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14020A45200314.en. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.
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- ↑ Walter, M.J. (1992) A Shadow and a Song: The Struggle to Save an Endangered Species. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 238 pages.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681417A179185354. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681417A179185354.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Camptorhynchus labradorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680418A92862623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Caracara lutosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728892A94999996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728892A94999996.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Conuropsis carolinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685776A93087087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685776A93087087.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ Greenberg, J. (2014) A Feathered River Across the Sky: The Passenger Pigeon's Flight to Extinction. New York: Bloomsbury USA.
- 1 2 3 Noecker, Robert J. "Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
- ↑ BirdLife International. (2016). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22694856A93472944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694856A93472944.en. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Podilymbus gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696577A93572322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696577A93572322.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Quiscalus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724314A94859972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724314A94859972.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Tympanuchus cupido". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679514A92817099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679514A92817099.en.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Hydrobates macrodactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698530A132651919. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698530A132651919.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ "Bachman's Warbler". South Florida Multi-species Recovery Plan (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region. 1999. pp. 445–454.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681425A182588014. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Gymnogyps californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697636A181151405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Zenaida graysoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22690740A178409463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690740A178409463.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- 1 2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
- ↑ Legler, J. & Vogt, R.C. (2013) The Turtles of Mexico: Land and Freshwater Forms. University of California Press, 416 pages.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Atelopus chiriquiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54498A54340769.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Atelopus senex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54549A54358350.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Craugastor myllomyllon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T56782A54369332.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "Incilius periglenes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3172A54357699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T3172A54357699.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Oophaga speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T55201A54344718.
- ↑ Geoffrey Hammerson. (2004). "Plethodon ainsworthi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T29488A9501575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T29488A9501575.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "Pseudoeurycea exspectata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59376A54381158. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Craugastor chrysozetetes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T56513A176226932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56513A176226932.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T85341796A54357363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Anaxyrus baxteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54583A11155140. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54583A11155140.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2019). "Atelopus zeteki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T54563A54341110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T54563A54341110.en. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Miller, R.R., Williams, J.D., & Williams, J.E. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries, 14(6), 22-38.
- ↑ Contreras-Balderas, S.; Almada-Villela, P.; Palmer-Newton, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon ceciliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6177A3107534. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6177A3107534.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Schmitter-Soto, J. (2019). "Cyprinodon inmemoriam". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6176A3107502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6176A3107502.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "Etheostoma sellare". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T8128A18230889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8128A18230889.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Mejía Guerrero, O. (2019). "Evarra bustamantei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8431A3145702. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T8431A3145702.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra eigenmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8432A12911760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8432A12911760.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra tlahuacensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8433A12911859. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8433A12911859.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
- ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "Gambusia georgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T8891A18233501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8891A18233501.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Megupsilon aporus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13013A511283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T13013A511283.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ Mercado Silva, N. (2019). "Notropis saladonis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14894A546742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14894A546742.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe. (2013). "Noturus trautmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T14908A19032932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T14908A19032932.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Canada.ca
- ↑ Mercado Silva, N. (2019). "Chirostoma bartoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T4689A3011880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T4689A3011880.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ IUCN
- ↑ IUCN
- ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon latifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6155A3105057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6155A3105057.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Vega-Cendejas, M.; Matamoros, W. (2019). "Priapella bonita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18135A1725682. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T18135A1725682.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Koeck, M. (2019). "Allotoca goslinei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191696A1998432. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191696A1998432.en. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon alvarezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6144A3104750. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6144A3104750.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon longidorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6174A3107266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6174A3107266.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon veronicae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6175A3107453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6175A3107453.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ Domínguez, O. (2019). "Notropis amecae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14881A546437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T14881A546437.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ Koeck, M. (2019). "Skiffia francesae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20285A2757376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T20285A2757376.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ Almada-Villela, P.; Contreras-Balderas, S. (2019). "Xiphophorus couchianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T23156A157724204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T23156A157724204.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ↑ Almada-Villela, P.; Contreras-Balderas, S.; Hendrickson, D. (2019). "Xiphophorus meyeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T23158A2784905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T23158A2784905.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ Alvarez, F.; López-Mejía, M.; Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "Cambarellus alvarezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T153825A4550209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153825A4550209.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Schuster, G.A.; Taylor, C.A.; Cordeiro, J. (2010). "Pacifastacus nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T15867A5247659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T15867A5247659.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ R. F. Thoma; J. Cordeiro & T. Jones (2010). "Procambarus angustatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ↑ De Grave, S.; Rogers, C. (2013). "Syncaris pasadenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T21250A2774687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T21250A2774687.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Alloperla roberti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T879A13088251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T879A13088251.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hygrotus artus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10345A3195883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10345A3195883.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Rhyacophila amabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T19695A9003951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19695A9003951.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Stonemyia velutina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20867A9234097. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20867A9234097.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Tischeria perplexa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21920A9340802. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21920A9340802.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Acanthametropus pecatonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T82A13082860. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T82A13082860.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2018). "Argyresthia castaneella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T2100A134977124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018.RLTS.T2100A134977124.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Rentz, D.C.F. (1996). "Conozoa hyalina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T5261A11121303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T5261A11121303.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (2018) [amended version of 1996 assessment]. "Ectoedemia phleophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7029A134978374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018.RLTS.T7029A134978374.en. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ↑ Haddad, N. (2021) The Last Butterflies: A Scientist's Quest to Save a Rare and Vanishing Creature. Princeton University Press, 280 pages.
- ↑ Hochkirch, A. (2014). "Melanoplus spretus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51269349A55309428.en.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Neduba extincta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14483A4438208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14483A4438208.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Oeobia sp. nov". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15166A4498439. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15166A4498439.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Pentagenia robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T40726A10359912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T40726A10359912.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2018). "Triaenodes tridontus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22088A134979350. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22088A134979350.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Lyal, C. (2014). "Trigonoscuta rossi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T22147A21424454. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T22147A21424454.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Lyal, C. (2014). "Trigonoscuta yorbalindae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T22148A21424474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T22148A21424474.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Seal, West Indian Monk. Published 13 July 2004 by the American Society of Mammalogists.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Alasmidonta robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T777A13078018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T777A13078018.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Amphigyra alabamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T1168A3301341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T1168A3301341.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Athearnia crassa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T11768A3304335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11768A3304335.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Clappia umbilicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T40046A10310990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T40046A10310990.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia brevis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7584A12833194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7584A12833194.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K.; Bogan, A. (2012). "Elimia clausa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T7589A3138756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T7589A3138756.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia fusiformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T7590A3138872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T7590A3138872.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia gibbera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T40100A10313943. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T40100A10313943.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia hartmaniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7591A12833768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7591A12833768.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia impressa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7592A12833841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7592A12833841.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia jonesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T7593A3138977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T7593A3138977.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia laeta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7594A12833999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7594A12833999.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia macglameriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T40102A10314023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T40102A10314023.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Elimia pupaeformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7596A12834162. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7596A12834162.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Elimia pygmaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7597A12834241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7597A12834241.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "Elimia pilsbryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T7595A3139085. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T7595A3139085.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Elimia vanuxemiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7587A12833492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7587A12833492.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma walkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9602A13004320. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9602A13004320.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis clipeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11773A3304754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11773A3304754.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis formosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11776A3305014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11776A3305014.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis ligata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11777A3305096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11777A3305096.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis lirata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11778A3305175. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11778A3305175.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis occultata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11781A3305352. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11781A3305352.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis showalterii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11784A3305770. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11784A3305770.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis torrefacta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11786A3305875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11786A3305875.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Leptoxis vittata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T11788A3305999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T11788A3305999.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Medionidus mcglameriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T12926A3398926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T12926A3398926.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis carinatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T14553A4444062. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T14553A4444062.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis smithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T14554A4444132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T14554A4444132.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Neoplanorbis umbilicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T14555A4444202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T14555A4444202.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Physella microstriata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17240A6884311. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17240A6884311.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Planorbella multivolvis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17480A7093880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17480A7093880.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema altum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17672A7290168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17672A7290168.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema avellanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17673A7292223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17673A7292223.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema bournianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17675A7296934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17675A7296934.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000). "Pleurobema flavidulum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17680A7307082. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17680A7307082.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema hagleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17684A7314888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17684A7314888.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema johannis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17686A7319177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17686A7319177.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema murrayense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17687A7321325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17687A7321325.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema nucleopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17688A7323821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17688A7323821.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E. (2000). "Pleurobema troschelianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17694A7335150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17694A7335150.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Pleurobema verum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17695A7336569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17695A7336569.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Pyrgulopsis nevadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T40048A10311237. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T40048A10311237.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Somatogyrus amnicoloides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T20350A9189869. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T20350A9189869.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Somatogyrus currierianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T20356A9190864. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T20356A9190864.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Somatogyrus wheeleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T20370A9192441. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T20370A9192441.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Mollusc Specialist Group (2000). "Clappia cahabensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T4955A11102363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T4955A11102363.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma arcaeformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7863A12858623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7863A12858623.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma biemarginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7864A12858843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7864A12858843.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe Explorer
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma haysiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7872A12859991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7872A12859991.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma lewisii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7892A12862418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7892A12862418.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe
- ↑ Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2011). "Epioblasma propinqua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T7880A12861219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T7880A12861219.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma sampsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7881A12861457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7881A12861457.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma torulosa ssp. gubernaculum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7886A12861656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7886A12861656.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma torulosa ssp. torulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7888A12861959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7888A12861959.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ NatureServe
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma excisa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9597A13003925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9597A13003925.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma lewisii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9598A13004004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9598A13004004.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pagoda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9599A13004083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9599A13004083.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pumila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9600A13004162. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9600A13004162.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Gyrotoma pyramidata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T9601A13004241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T9601A13004241.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Bouchet, P. (1996). "Lottia alveus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T12382A3339013. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12382A3339013.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2011). "Marstonia olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T18979A8769617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T18979A8769617.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2012). "Neoplanorbis tantillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T14556A546008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T14556A546008.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Cordeiro, J.; Perez, K. (2011). "Somatogyrus crassilabris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T20355A9190667. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20355A9190667.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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