Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
IPA Number397
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɘ
Unicode (hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɘ. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ə, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ë (Latin small letter e with diaeresis, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ɤ̈.

The ɘ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ɘ̞, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ə, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic ə̝ to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic ə̝͑ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ə is undefined for rounding).

Features

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Cotabato Manobo[3]May be transcribed in IPA with ə.
DinkaLuanyjang[4]ŋeŋ[ŋɘ́ŋ]'jawbone'Short allophone of /e/.[4]
EnglishAustralian[5][6]bird[bɘːd]'bird'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɜː. See Australian English phonology
Cardiff[7]foot[fɘt]'foot'Less often rounded [ɵ];[8] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[9]bit[bɘt]'bit'Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[10]nut[nɘt]'nut'Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[11]kõrv[kɘrv]'ear'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[11] See Estonian phonology
IrishMunster[12]sáile[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]'salt water'Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology
Jebero[13]ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[14]me [ˈᵐbɘ]'tail'Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[15]
Kalagan Kaagan[16][miˈwə̝ːʔ]'lost'Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ə.[16]
Kensiu[17][ɟɚ̝h]'to trim'Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ɚ.[17]
Kera[18][t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]'fire'Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ə.[18]
Korean[19]/ŏŏleun[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]'adult'May be transcribed in IPA with əː. See Korean phonology
Lizu[20][Fkə̝]'eagle'Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[20]
Mapudungun[21]elün[ë̝ˈlɘn]'to give (something)'
Mongolian[22]үсэр[usɘɾɘ̆]'jump'
Mono[23]dœ[də̝]'be (equative)'May be transcribed in IPA with ə.[23]
Polish[24]mysz[mɘ̟ʂ]'mouse'Somewhat fronted;[24] typically transcribed in IPA with ɨ. See Polish phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialect[25]casă[ˈkäsɘ]'house'Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Shiwiar[26]
Temne[27]pər[pə̝́r]'incite'Typically transcribed in IPA with ə.[27]
Vietnamese[28]v[vɘ˨˩ˀ]'wife'Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ. See Vietnamese phonology
XumiUpper[29][LPmɘ̃dɐ]'upstairs'Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[29] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[30]
ZapotecTilquiapan[31]ne[nɘ]'and'Most common realization of /e/.[31]

Notes

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, S2CID 62226994
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-01, retrieved 2015-09-30
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, S2CID 145733117
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
  • Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168, S2CID 232344047
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, archived from the original on 2022-04-25, retrieved 2015-11-04
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
  • Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
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