Voiced pharyngeal fricative
ʕ
IPA Number145
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʕ
Unicode (hex)U+0295
X-SAMPA?\
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) ⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)
Voiced pharyngeal approximant
ʕ̞

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʕ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [ʕ] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.

The IPA letter ʕ is caseless. Capital and lower-case are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Occurrence

Capital letter ayin
Small letter ayin
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilaga alphabet. They have been accepted by Unicode.

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate /ʕ/ sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant,[1] or a pharyngealized glottal stop.[2]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AbazaгӀапынхъамыз/g'apynkh"amyz[ʕaːpənqaːməz]'March'
Arabicاَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ/al-ʿarabiyya[alʕaraˈbijːa]'Arabic'See Arabic phonology
AssyrianEasternܬܪܥܐ täroa[tʌrʕɑ]'door'

The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as [tʌrɑ].

Western[tʌrʕɔ]
AvarгӀоркь/g'ork'[ʕortɬʼː]'handle'
ChechenӀан / jan[ʕan]'winter'
Coeur d'Alene[3] stʕin [stʕin] 'antelope'
DanishStandard[4]ravn[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn]'raven'An approximant;[4] also described as uvular [ʁ].[5] See Danish phonology
Dhao[6] [ʕaa] 'and' Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
DutchLimburg[7]rad[ʕ̞ɑt]'wheel'An approximant; a possible realization of /r/.[7] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
GermanSome speakers[8]Mutter[ˈmutɔʕ̞]'mother'An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[8] See Standard German phonology
Swabian dialect[9]ändard[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]'changes'An approximant.[9] It's an allophone of /ʁ/ in nucleus and coda positions;[9] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.[9]
HebrewIraqiעברית/i'vrit[ʕibˈriːθ]'Hebrew language'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi[ʕivˈɾit]
Yemenite[ʕivˈriːθ]
Ingush Iаддал [ʕaddal] 'Archer'
Kabyle[10]ɛemmi[ʕəmːi]'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish Kurmanji ewr [ʕɜwr] 'cloud' The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but ' can be used.
Luwatiقلعة[qilʕa]'castle'Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay Kedah باکر / bakar [ba.kaʕ] 'burn' Allophone of /r/ as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [ɣ] for some speakers.[11]
OccitanSouthern Auvergnatpala[ˈpaʕa]'shovel'See Occitan phonology
Somalicunto
𐒋𐒚𐒒𐒂𐒙
[ʕuntɔ]'food'See Somali phonology
SiouxStoneymarazhud[maʕazud]'rain'
Ukrainianголос[ˈʕɔlos]'voice'Also described as glottal [ɦ]. See Ukrainian phonology

See also

Citations

  1. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
  2. Thelwall (1990)
  3. Doak, I. G. (1997). Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations (Doctorate dissertation). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
  4. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
  5. Basbøll (2005:62)
  6. Grimes, Charles E. (1999). Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono; Nasanius, Yassir (eds.). Implikasi penelitian fonologis untuk cara menulis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Kawasan Timur Indonesia [Implications from phonological research for ways of writing vernacular languages in eastern Indonesia] (PDF). PELBBA 12: Pertemuan Linguistik (Pusat Kajian) Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Kedua Belas (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Kanisius. p. 173–197.
  7. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003:201)
  8. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:51)
  9. 1 2 3 4 Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
  10. Bonafont (2006:9)
  11. Mohamed, Noriah (June 2009). "The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 82(1 (296)) (1 (296)): 60. JSTOR 41493734 via JSTOR.

General references

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