The word タクシー (takushī, 'taxi') written vertically with vertical chōonpu

The chōonpu (Japanese: 長音符, lit. "long sound symbol"), also known as chōonkigō (長音記号), onbiki (音引き), bōbiki (棒引き), or Katakana-Hiragana Prolonged Sound Mark by the Unicode Consortium, is a Japanese symbol that indicates a chōon, or a long vowel of two morae in length. Its form is a horizontal or vertical line in the center of the text with the width of one kanji or kana character. It is written horizontally in horizontal text and vertically in vertical text (ー). The chōonpu is usually used to indicate a long vowel sound in katakana writing, rarely in hiragana writing, and never in romanized Japanese. The chōonpu is a distinct mark from the dash, and in most Japanese typefaces it can easily be distinguished. In horizontal writing it is similar in appearance to, but should not be confused with, the kanji character 一 ("one").

The symbol is sometimes used with hiragana, for example in the signs of ramen restaurants, which are normally written らーめん in hiragana. Usually, however, hiragana does not use the chōonpu but another vowel kana to express this sound.

The following table shows the usual hiragana equivalents used to form a long vowel, using the ka-gyō (the ka, ki, ku, ke, ko sequence) as an example.

Romaji Hiragana Katakana
kā (kaa) かあ カー
kī (kii) きい キー
kū (kuu) くう クー
kē (kee or kei) けえ or けい ケー
kō (koo or kou) こお or こう コー

Onbiki may also be found after kanji as indication of phonetic, rather than phonemic, length of a vowel (as in "キョン君、電話ー").

When rendering English words into katakana, the chōonpu is often used to represent a syllable-final sequence of a vowel letter + r, which in English generally represents a long vowel if the syllable is stressed and a schwa if unstressed (in non-rhotic dialects such as Received Pronunciation; in rhotic dialects (such as General American) it may additionally be an R-colored vowel). For example, "or" is usually represented by a long ō (oo or ou) vowel, with the word "torch" becoming トーチ tōchi.

In addition to Japanese, chōonpu are also used in Okinawan writing systems to indicate two morae. The Sakhalin dialect of Ainu also uses chōonpu in its katakana writing for long vowels.

Digital encoding

In Unicode, the chōonpu has the value U+30FC ー KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK, which corresponds to JIS X 0208 kuten code point 01-28, encoded in Shift JIS as 815B. It is normally rendered fullwidth and with a glyph appropriate to the writing direction. The halfwidth compatibility form has the value U+FF70 ｰ HALFWIDTH KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK, which is converted to Shift JIS value B0.

Character information
Previewーｰ
Unicode name KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK HALFWIDTH KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode12540U+30FC65392U+FF70
UTF-8227 131 188E3 83 BC239 189 176EF BD B0
Numeric character referenceーーｰｰ
Shift JIS[1]129 9181 5B176B0
EUC-JP[2]161 188A1 BC142 1768E B0
GB 18030[3]169 96A9 60132 49 151 5084 31 97 32
KPS 9566-2011[4]234 72EA 48
Big5 (ETEN / HKSCS)[5][lower-alpha 1]198 227C6 E3

Other representations

Braille:

⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The other kana layout for Big5 does not include a chōonpu.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]. "Shift-JIS to Unicode".
  2. ↑ Unicode Consortium; IBM. "EUC-JP-2007". International Components for Unicode.
  3. ↑ Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.
  4. ↑ Chung, Jaemin (2018-01-05). "Information on the most recent version of KPS 9566 (KPS 9566-2011?)" (PDF). UTC L2/18-011.
  5. ↑ van Kesteren, Anne. "big5". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
  6. ↑ Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-02-11]. "BIG5 to Unicode table (complete)".
  • Media related to Chōonpu at Wikimedia Commons
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