16 Vayathinile
Theatrical release poster
Directed byBharathirajaa
Screenplay byBharathirajaa
Produced byS. A. Rajkannu
StarringKamal Haasan
Sridevi
Rajinikanth
CinematographyP. S. Nivas
Edited byR. Bhaskaran
Music byIlaiyaraaja
Production
company
Sri Amman Creations
Distributed bySri Amman Creations
Release date
  • 15 September 1977 (1977-09-15)
Running time
139 minutes[1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

16 Vayathinile (transl. At Age 16; read as Pathinaaru Vayathinile) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film co-written and directed by Bharathirajaa in his directorial debut. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Sridevi, and Rajinikanth, with Gandhimathi, Sathyajith and Goundamani in supporting roles. It focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil (Sridevi), a 16-year-old schoolgirl, and the challenges she faces and overcomes.

The film was originally titled Mayil, and set to be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India. When they backed out, it was picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations, and eventually retitled. 16 Vayathinile became the first Tamil film to be shot predominantly outdoors; Tamil films were primarily filmed in Madras studios. Its soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with cinematography by P. S. Nivas. P. Kalaimani wrote the film's dialogue.

16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977, and was distributed by Rajkannu himself since no distributor was willing to buy it. Although written off by the media as an experimental film that would fail, the film received critical praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. It was commercially successful, with a 175-day theatrical run. It won numerous awards, including the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki; the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Tamil) for Haasan and Special Commendation Award for Performance for Sridevi; and four State Awards, including Best Director for Bharathiraja and Best Actor for Haasan.

16 Vayathinile attained cult status in Tamil cinema and is considered to be the bellwether of films depicting realistic portrayals of rural life. Making stars of its director and lead actors, it was remade in Telugu as Padaharella Vayasu (1978), in Hindi as Solva Sawan (1979), and in Malay as Melati Putih (1984).

Plot

Mayil is a 16-year old schoolgirl who lives in a village with Guruvammal, her mother. Guruvammal also takes care of a limping orphan who is dismissively called "Chappani" (Lame) by the villagers and does whatever he can to earn a living. Mayil's ambition is to become a teacher, and she hopes to marry a sophisticated, educated man; although Chappani is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his love.

Sathyajith, an urban veterinarian, arrives in the village to work and falls in love with Mayil. Believing that Sathyajith is the right person for her, Mayil falls in love with him, to the point of refusing an opportunity to attend a teacher-training course in Madras to remain with him. Despite loving Sathyajith, she does not allow him to exploit her sexually, which disappoints him. Never intending a serious relationship with Mayil, he proceeds to his native place to marry another woman. When Mayil begs Sathyajith not to leave her, he says he befriended her for pleasure—not marriage.

A dejected Mayil confesses about her relationship with Sathyajith to Guruvammal, who quickly plans to betroth her to someone else. The village ruffian Parattaiyan—who lusts for Mayil—spreads rumours about her relationship with Sathyajith. Because of this, Mayil's engagement plans are halted and the village becomes hostile to her. Unable to bear the shame, Guruvammal dies and leaves Chappani to take care of Mayil.

Chappani takes good care of Mayil, cheering her up when she needs it. She warms to Chappani, making him more confident and assertive and grooming him and his manners, to the surprise of many in the village. Mayil tells him to slap anyone calling him "Chappani" and to respond only to those addressing him by his name, Gopalakrishnan. When Sathyajith and Parattaiyan dismissively call him "Chappani", Gopalakrishnan slaps them. Mayil and Gopalakrishnan celebrate his newfound courage. An insulted Parattaiyan later beats Gopalakrishnan badly. Mayil saves him and spits on Parattaiyan in revenge.

Mayil decides to marry Gopalakrishnan, and sends him to the nearby town for buying wedding supplies. Learning of Gopalakrishnan's absence, Parattai goes to Mayil's house and tries to rape her. Gopalakrishnan returns to Mayil's house and pleads with Parattaiyan to leave her. When Parattaiyan refuses, Gopalakrishnan kills him with a rock and is arrested. He promises Mayil that he will return, and she waits every day for him.

Cast

Production

Development

Bharathirajaa planned to write and direct a black-and-white film titled Mayil that would be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NDFC),[3] but according to him, the NFDC withdrew "at the last minute" without specifying a reason.[4] The project was eventually picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Sri Amman Creations.[1] Mayil was eventually re-titled 16 Vayathinile,[5] and marked Bharathirajaa's screenwriting and directorial debut. Its dialogue was written by P. Kalaimani.[1] P. S. Nivas was signed as cinematographer and R. Bhaskaran as editor.[6] Chitra Lakshmanan and K. Bhagyaraj worked as assistant directors.[7] The latter provided suggestions for scenes and dialogues.[8]

Casting

When the film was in development in black-and-white, Bharathiraja envisioned Nagesh in the role of Chappani.[9] After it was changed to colour, he wanted Lakshmanan to sign Kamal Haasan for the role of Chappani, expecting to pay Haasan ₹15,000[lower-alpha 1] since the actor had received ₹17,000[lower-alpha 2] for Aayirathil Oruthi (1975). When Haasan asked for ₹30,000,[lower-alpha 1] Lakshmanan suggested that Bharathiraja offer the role to Sivakumar since the production unit could not afford Haasan's request; however, Bharathiraja saw Haasan as the ideal choice and agreed to pay him ₹27,000.[7][lower-alpha 1] In 2017, Haasan recalled, "Years ago, a man sporting a soiled dhoti and shirt came to my office to narrate a script. Had I turned the offer down on the basis of his dirty clothes, I wouldn't have been here talking to you. After listening to the script, I realised that he was such a genius and the movie was the cult classic [16 Vayathinile], and he was none other than ace Bharathiraja sir".[11]

Rajinikanth was cast as the village ruffian Parattaiyan.[12] Bharathiraja stated in 2013 that although had finalised ₹3,000 as the salary for Rajinikanth after the latter initially charged ₹5,000, he ultimately paid ₹2,500 to him.[13][14][lower-alpha 1] Some years later, he stated that Rajinikanth's salary was lower than Haasan's due to the former not being an established star then, but added that he was uncertain about the exact salary details.[15] 16 Vayathinile marked Rajinikanth's first appearance in a colour film.[12] Since the actor was not fluent in Tamil at the time, Bhagyaraj read him his lines and Rajinikanth repeated them until he mastered them.[16] For the role of Mayil, Bharathiraja initially wanted a 16-year-old girl, but after meeting 14-year old Sridevi, offered her the role, which he said would be down-to-earth and de-glamourised; to his surprise, Sridevi readily accepted.[17][18] Bharathiraja said Sridevi's eyes had the "dreamy sparkle" that he envisioned the character Mayil with.[19]

For the role of Mayil's mother Kuruvammal, Bharathiraja wanted someone who could speak the village dialect fluently and chose Gandhimathi for her acting style.[20] Receiving a salary of ₹150,[16][lower-alpha 1] Bhagyaraj was initially considered for the veterinarian's role but declined as he wanted to concentrate on directing;[21] despite that, he still made a cameo appearance in the film.[22] The role of the veterinarian went to newcomer Shabbir Ahmed, who was given the screen name Sathyajith during post-production. His scenes were shot in ten days.[23][24] Sathyajith was not well-versed in Tamil at the time of auditioning but dubbed in his own voice, even though Bharathiraja offered to have someone else dub for him.[25] Haasan, Sridevi, Rajinikanth and Gandhimathi were credited by their character names in the opening credits, rather than their actual names.[2]

Filming

Shot mainly in Mysore and Kollegal,[21][23] 16 Vayathinile was the first Tamil film made predominantly outdoors and no sets were used.[26][27][28] Due to budgetary constraints the crew could not afford a camera which could film slow motion and Sridevi had to run in slow motion for the song "Chendoora Poove".[3][29] For his character, Haasan grew his curly hair long and wore lungis and khadi high-buttoned shirts.[30] Bharathiraja also recalled that he showed a "handsome Kamal Haasan in an ugly way" as he wanted to prove that characters need not always be attractive, and to break this stereotype in the film industry.[31]

In 2017 at SICA function, Haasan recalled that he and Bharathiraja desired to take the film's cinematography like Ryan's Daughter (1970), but they did not have the required budget.[32] Bharathiraja wanted a speckled hen for a scene, but as Bhagyaraj could not find one, he coloured a white hen with ink.[33] The scene where Mayil spits on Parattai required several takes before Rajinikanth insisted that Sridevi actually spit on him for real.[29]

While Bharathiraja wanted the film to follow a linear narration, it was Bhagyaraj's idea to begin the film with a flashback sequence. After the film completed its shoot, it was screened at least 20 times for the distributors and the narrative switched every time between the linear and non-linear versions. Eventually, Rajkannu himself released the film, with the flashback narrative.[16] A sequence featuring faulty lip sync was retained in the final cut after going unnoticed.[34] The film was made on a shoestring budget of ₹4.25 lakh (worth ₹4.7 crore in 2021 prices).

Themes

16 Vayathinile focuses on rural Tamil Nadu,[35] and the vulnerabilities of Mayil.[36] Film critic Naman Ramachandran compared Parattaiyan to Rajinikanth's character Kondaji from Katha Sangama (1975), stating, "Like in that film, Rajinikanth is a card-playing wastrel with henchmen in tow. Just like the Thimmaraya character in Katha Sangama runs errands for Kondaji, here Chappani/Gopalakrishnan performs services for [Parattaiyan], but the similarity ends there because Thimmaraya is evil and Chappani is good." He also described 16 Vayathinile as the first film when a villainous character played by Rajinikanth does not have a change of heart or get away without being punished: "Here he pays for his deeds with his life."[37] Saraswathy Srinivas of Rediff.com called Parattaiyan an "extension" of Rajinikanth's negative character from Moondru Mudichu (1976), but said that "the villainy is more pronounced and transparent here."[38]

Film scholar Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai noted that the film was marked by "ambiguous and dark protagonists, new subjectivity, [and] avoidance of clichéd and cathartic closures".[39] Kumuthan Maderya, writing for Jump Cut, described 16 Vayathinile as a "neo-nativity" film — a story set in rural Tamil Nadu, valorising the rustic and foregrounding the lives of villagers.[40] Ashis Nandy, in his 1998 book The Secret Politics of Our Desires, noted that doctors in Tamil films like 16 Vayathinile are always viewed with "a bit of suspicion" and remain complete outsiders "capable of seducing women and polluting the community".[41]

Music

The soundtrack album and background score for 16 Vayathinile were composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by Kannadasan, Gangai Amaran and Alangudi Somu.[42] Ilaiyaraaja, in an April 2015 interview with Maalai Malar, stated that Kannadasan accepted salaries ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹1,500. Ilaiyaraaja requested Kannadasan to accept ₹750 citing the film's budget constraints, to which Kannadasan agreed.[43] The album, released on EMI Records,[44] blends folk and Western classical music.[27]

16 Vayathinile was Ilaiyaraaja's first collaboration with Haasan.[45] Bharathiraja insisted that Rajkannu meet Ilaiyaraaja, although Rajkannu doubted if Ilaiyaraaja would sign on since he had become well known after his debut film Annakili (1976). Ilaiyaraaja initially refused because of an earlier bet with Bharathiraja that Ilaiyaraaja's mentor, G. K. Venkatesh, would compose the music for Bharathiraja's first film. Venkatesh later insisted that Ilaiyaraaja compose the music.[43]

Although Ilaiyaraaja wanted S. P. Balasubrahmanyam to sing "Sevvanthi Poo" and "Aattukkutti", Balasubrahmanyam had pharyngitis at that time and was replaced by Malaysia Vasudevan.[46] "Sevvanthi Poo", the first song recorded, was the first written by Kannadasan for the film.[46] Gangai Amaran made his debut as lyricist with Sendhoora Poove".[47] According to film critic Baradwaj Rangan, it uses Viennese musical tropes.[48] B. Kolappan of The Hindu wrote that the song "employs a rush of violins to set up the intro for the folk melody that follows."[49] The term "Sendhoora Poove", which refers to a flower, was coined by Amaran since there is no such flower by that name.[50] Ilaiyaraaja debuted as a singer with this film by singing "Solam Vidhaikkaiyile",[51][52] although it does not appear on the original soundtrack.[44]

The song "Aattukkutti" established Vasudevan's popularity.[53] The album was remastered in DTS 5.1 six-channel audio by A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music in June 2013.[54]

Side 1
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Manjakkulichi"Alangudi SomuS. Janaki4:26
2."Sendhoora Poove"Gangai AmaranS. Janaki3:33
Side 2
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Aattukkutti"KannadasanMalaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki4:20
2."Sevvanthi Poo"KannadasanMalaysia Vasudevan, P. Susheela4:34

Release

Theatrical

16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977.[55] Rajkannu released the film himself after no distributors were willing to buy it.[13] Although written off by the media as an experimental film that would fail, it became a commercial success,[13] running for over 175 days in theatres,[56] and becoming a silver jubilee film.[39][lower-alpha 3] The film earned $1 million at the box office according to a 2010 estimate by the magazine South Scope, and Rajkannu went into hiding to avoid income-tax raids.[57]

Critical reception

The film received critical acclaim, with praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth.[39][38][58] The Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan, in its review dated 9 October 1977, gave the film 62.5 marks out of 100,[6] their highest rating for a Tamil film.[59] The reviewer praised the film for representing village life with realism, and for avoiding the cliché of (studio) court and police station in its climax, but criticised the error in focusing.[39] After seeing the film, Rajinikanth's mentor, the director K. Balachander wrote in a letter of appreciation to Bharathiraja, "You have hit the bull's eye".[60] The writer of a Film Focus article in Tribune stated in 1983, "[Kamal Haasan] by his youthfulness alone has many years ahead of him to adorn the Tamil and Hindu screens, and going by his brilliance in Pathinaru Vayathinile, could even, displace [Sivaji Ganesan] with the passage of time" The reviewer concluded by describing "Sendhoora Poove" as a "silver lined melody that paced the film and added to its brilliance. Do not miss it at any cost."[61]

Accolades

In addition to the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki,[62] 16 Vayathinile won Haasan the Filmfare Award in the Best Tamil Actor category, and Sridevi won the Special Commendation Award for Performance at the same ceremony.[63] The film won four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards,[37] and Rajinikanth won the Arima Sangam Award for Best Actor.[38]

Award Ceremony Category Recipient(s) Ref.
National Film Awards 25th National Film Awards Best Female Playback Singer S. Janaki [62]
Filmfare Awards South 6th Filmfare Awards South Best Actor – Tamil Kamal Haasan [63]
Special Commendation Award for Performance Sridevi
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 4th Tamil Nadu State Film Awards Best Director Bharathiraja
Best Actor Kamal Haasan
Best Music Director Ilaiyaraaja
Best Female Playback Singer S. Janaki

Remakes

16 Vayathinile was remade in Telugu by K. Raghavendra Rao as Padaharella Vayasu (1978) and in Hindi by Bharathiraja as Solva Sawan (1979), with Sridevi reprising her role in both.[64][65] It was also remade by M. Raj in Malay as Melati Putih (1984).[66] In October 2009, actor Ganesh revealed that he and his wife bought the remake rights of 16 Vayathinile for Kannada.[67]

Legacy

"I am [Bharathiraja's] very first fan ... These are not empty words. Before 16 Vayathinile's release, when he showed me the film, I wrote him a letter of appreciation. That's why I say that I'm his first fan and proud to be so."

- Director K. Balachander, on Bharathiraja[37]

16 Vayathinile is considered a cult film and a landmark in Tamil cinema, diverging from traditional Tamil films of the time.[14][68][lower-alpha 4] With Annakili, the film was a trendsetter for realistic portrayals of rural life,[27] and made superstars of Sridevi, Haasan, and Rajinikanth,[69] as well as boosting Goundamani's popularity.[70] Outdoor shooting of films slowly started to increase after the release of 16 Vayathinile.[71] According to Naman Ramachandran and S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu, Haasan's performance was considered a tour de force by critics since he was typecast as a romantic hero at that time.[37][72] The dialogue "Idhu Eppadi Irukku?" (How's this?), spoken by Parattaiyan, became very popular;[37] IANS and Rediff included it on their lists of lines popularised by Rajinikanth.[38][73] Manisha Lakhe, writing for Forbes India, noted that 16 Vayathinile "paved the way for unkempt villains who had a singularly disgusting laugh."[74] A digitally remastered version of the film was being planned for a late 2013 release; although its trailer was released in October that year,[75] the version failed to see a theatrical release.[76]

In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight Tamil directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; seven–C. V. Sridhar, K. Balachander, Mahendran, K. Bhagyaraj, Mani Ratnam, K. S. Ravikumar and Ameer–named 16 Vayathinile. According to Ratnam, the film was "memorable for its script, high standard and realism."[77] South Scope included Haasan's performance on its list of "Kamal's best performances" in July 2010.[30] S. Shiva Kumar of The Hindu included the film on his December 2010 list of "Electrifying Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan films" with Moondru Mudichu (1976), Avargal (1977) and Aval Appadithan (1978).[78] In April 2013 News18 included the film on its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time", saying that it was a "decisive move away from the studio-bound productions and paved the way for successful integration of subaltern themes and folk arts into mainstream commercial cinema."[79] In August 2015, News18 included the film in its list of "10 performances that make [Sridevi] the 'Last Empress' of Indian cinema".[65] In November the same year, Daily News and Analysis included the film in its list of "Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".[80]

16 Vayathinile was spoofed in Murattu Kaalai (2012) by Vivek, whose character Saroja is called "Mayil" by Cell Murugan's character (a veterinarian similar to Sathyajith's character in the film).[81][82] In Sivaji: The Boss (2007), Vivek's character delivers one of Rajinikanth's catchphrases and concludes with "Idhu eppadi irukku?".[83] The film's title and characters have inspired other film titles such as Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram (2007),[68] Mayilu (2012)[84] and 36 Vayadhinile (2015).[85]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 The exchange rate in 1977 was 8.7386 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$)[lower-alpha 5]
  2. ↑ The exchange rate in 1975 was 8.3759 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[10]
  3. ↑ A Silver Jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 175 days (25 weeks).[39]
  4. ↑ Tamil films were mostly made in studios in Chennai till then.[27]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 433.
  2. 1 2 "அடம்பிடிக்கும் மயிலு!" [The tantrum-making Mayil!]. Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). 26 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  3. 1 2 Kumar, N. Vinoth (15 September 2017). "16 வயதினிலே - 40 ஆண்டுகள்: என்றும் வாழும் 'மயில்!'" [16 Vayathinile – 40 Years: Everlasting 'Mayil'!]. The Hindu Tamil. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  4. ↑ Ilangovan, R. (18 October 2013). "Man behind the 1970s wave". Frontline. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Suganth, M (4 February 2016). "Censoring, I think, should not be done in the modern world". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  6. 1 2 "16 வயதினிலே!". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 9 October 1977. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  7. 1 2 "ரஜினியைவிட கமலுக்கு அதிக சம்பளம்!" [Kamal's salary was higher than Rajini's!]. Kungumam (in Tamil). 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  8. ↑ Ramakrishnan, M. (28 January 2017). "Young guns". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "சப்பாணி வேடத்தில் நாகேஷ்" [Nagesh as Chappani]. Dinamani (in Tamil). 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  10. ↑ Antweiler, Werner (2015). "Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1948–2014" (PDF). PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "I am a Tamil porukki for whatever it is worth: Kamal Haasan". Deccan Chronicle. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  12. 1 2 Ramachandran 2014, p. 66.
  13. 1 2 3 "Rajini & Kamal come together to promote '16 Vayathinile'". Sify. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  14. 1 2 Seshagiri, Sangeetha (10 October 2013). "Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan's Cult Classic '16 Vayathinile' to Re-Release in October". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  15. ↑ Vandhana (18 September 2017). "40 Years Of '16 Vayathinile': A Look Back at Bharathiraja's Daring Directorial Debut". Silverscreen.in. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 Sri (12 June 2010). "K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat – Slide 1". Telugucinema.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  17. ↑ "Kollywood remembers its own 'Mayil'". DT Next. 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  18. ↑ "Remembering late Superstar Sridevi on her birthday: Her 5 Filmfare Award-winning performances". The New Indian Express. 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  19. ↑ Nayak 2019, pp. 30–31.
  20. ↑ "Actor Kanthimathi dead". The Hindu. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  21. 1 2 Kumar, S. R. Ashok (29 March 2007). "A good feature film must be remembered for time to come". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  22. ↑ Suganth, M. (13 February 2017). "From ADs to actors in their guru's films". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  23. 1 2 Ahmed, Sameera (14 January 2015). "Remember that doctor from the movie 16 Vayithinile?". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "16 வயதினிலே புது டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு - ஒரே மேடையில் கமல், ரஜினி" [16 Vayathinile new trailer release – Kamal and Rajini on the same stage]. Dinamalar. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  25. ↑ Pandirajan, M. (27 February 2018). "என்னோட 'மயில்ல்ல்ல்' மாடுலேஷனுக்கு தீவிர ரசிகை ஸ்ரீதேவி..! – '16 வயதினிலே' டாக்டர் சத்யஜித்". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  26. ↑ Nayak 2019, p. 31.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Ramachandran 2014, p. 67.
  28. ↑ Shrikumar, A. (26 January 2013). "Rustic tone". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  29. 1 2 "When Sridevi spat on Rajinikanth!". The Times of India. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  30. 1 2 Raj, Maya (July 2010). "Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan". South Scope. p. 51. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  31. ↑ Suganth, M. (22 May 2017). "Yesteryear films had more heart; the present ones have more brain". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  32. ↑ "'வெப் வேர்ல்ட்-டின் பலத்தை உலகம் உணர்கிறது!' – SICA விழாவில் கமல்" ['The world feels the strength of the Web World!' – Kamal at the SICA Function]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 22 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  33. ↑ Nayak 2019, p. 32.
  34. ↑ Piousji (26 April 1981). "Khaas Baat". Sunday. Vol. 8, no. 34. p. 51.
  35. ↑ Baskaran, S. Theodore (2009). "Tamil Cinema – Diary of a Society on Celluloid" (PDF). India Perspectives. pp. 24–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  36. ↑ Srivatsan (17 July 2016). "Happy 75th Birthday Bharathiraja: Remembering the iconoclasts best films". India Today. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ramachandran 2014, p. 68.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Srinivas, Saraswathy (21 May 2007). "Rajnikath, the villain". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Pillai, Swarnavel Eswaran (31 January 2012). "The 1970s Tamil Cinema and the Post – classical Turn" (PDF). Temple University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Maderya, Kumuthan (2010). "Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema". Jump Cut. No. 52. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  41. ↑ Nandy 1998, p. 209.
  42. ↑ "Pathinaru Vayathunilae (1977)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  43. 1 2 Ilaiyaraaja (19 April 2015). "பாரதிராஜாவின் 16 வயதினிலே படத்திற்கு இசை அமைக்க இளையராஜா மறுப்பு!" [Ilayaraaja refuses to compose for Bharathiraja's 16 Vayathinile]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  44. 1 2 Ilaiyaraaja (1977). 16 Vayathinile (liner notes) (in Tamil). EMI Records. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  45. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (6 September 2014). "And more on the Ilaiyaraaja connection". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  46. 1 2 Ilaiyaraaja (20 April 2015). "16 வயதினிலே படத்தின் பாடல் பதிவு: எஸ்.பி.பாலசுப்பிரமணியத்துக்கு பதிலாக மலேசியா வாசுதேவன்" [16 Vayathinile song recording: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam replaced with Malaysia Vasudevan]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  47. ↑ Ilaiyaraaja (21 April 2015). "இளையராஜா இசை அமைப்பில் செந்தூரப்பூவே பாடலை எழுதினார், கங்கை அமரன்" [Gangai Amaran wrote the lyrics for Ilaiyaraaja's "Sendhoora Poove"]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  48. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (14 October 2011). "The strange man in a Superman suit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  49. ↑ Kolappan, B. (25 December 2012). "In tune with nativity and modernity". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  50. ↑ Ramesh Bala [@rameshlaus] (17 April 2013). "@minieSayz No Its not.. That is something Gangai Amaren came up with for his famous song in 16 Vayadhiniley." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017 – via Twitter.
  51. ↑ "Isaignani Ilaiyaraaja in Conversation with G. Venket Ram". The Brew. January 2013. pp. 22–26. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  52. ↑ "இளையராஜாவின் இதயத்தில் இடம்பெற்ற எம்.எஸ்.வி" [MSV, who found a place in Ilaiyaraaja's heart]. Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 16 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  53. ↑ "Singer Malaysia Vasudevan passes away". The Times of India. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  54. ↑ Jeshi, K. (13 June 2013). "Music to his ears". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  55. ↑ "16 வயதினிலே (1977)" [At age 16 (1977)]. Cinema Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  56. ↑ Sharadhaa, A. (23 October 2013). "Yesterday, once more". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  57. ↑ "Love Reels". South Scope. Vol. 1, no. 5. February 2010. p. 57. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  58. ↑ Surendran, Anusha; Venkatraman, Janane; Radhakrishnan, Sruthi (21 July 2016). "Rajini: the actor before the hero". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  59. ↑ "ஆனந்த விகடன் விமர்சனக் குழுவின் இரண்டாவது அதிகபட்ச மதிப்பெண்கள் 'விசாரணை'க்கு!" [Visaranai is the Ananda Vikatan review board's second highest rated film!]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  60. ↑ Rangarajan, Malathi (22 April 2010). "Another avatar". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  61. ↑ "FILM FOCUS | Kamalahasan". Tribune. Ceylon News Service. 19 February 1983. pp. 52–53. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  62. 1 2 "25th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  63. 1 2 The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who. Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd. 1979. p. 303. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  64. ↑ "We've slowed down: Kamal Haasan on competition with Rajinikanth". Daily News and Analysis. Indo-Asian News Service. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  65. 1 2 Rajpal, Roktim (21 May 2016). "Happy Birthday Sridevi: 10 performances that make her the 'Last Empress' of Indian cinema". News18. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016.
  66. ↑ Khorana 2013, pp. 161, 166.
  67. ↑ Srinidhi, Sharadha (23 October 2009). "I want to return to big screen: Ganesh". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  68. 1 2 Pillai, Sreedhar (26 April 2007). "Mother-son sentiment". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013. *"Rajini & Kamal come together to promote '16 Vayathinile'". Sify. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013. *Srinivasan, Pavithra (20 May 2008). "The best of Kamal Haasan". Rediff. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  69. ↑ Swaminathan 2003, p. 22.
  70. ↑ Raghavan, Nikhil (21 May 2016). "Return of the counter". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  71. ↑ "ஒருதலை ராகம் - அப்பவே அப்படி கதை!: ரிலீசாகி இன்றுடன் 39 வருடங்கள்!". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  72. ↑ Shiva Kumar, S. (27 August 2009). "'I'm a limelight moth'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  73. ↑ "Rajinikanth's punchnama". The Hindu. IANS. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  74. ↑ Lakhe, Manisha (27 September 2010). "Why Rajinikanth Rocks". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  75. ↑ Kandavel, Sangeetha; Vijayakumar, Sanjay (5 October 2013). "Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan bring back 35-year-old 'Ninaithale Inikkum'". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  76. ↑ Ramesh, Neeraja (14 July 2016). "With '16 Vayathinile' slated for re-release, we look at Bharathiraja's failed heroes". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  77. ↑ Ashok Kumar, S. R. (13 July 2007). "Filmmakers' favourites". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  78. ↑ Shiva Kumar, S. (31 December 2010). "Immortality ode". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  79. ↑ "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time". News18. 17 April 2013. p. 77. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  80. ↑ "Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire". Daily News and Analysis. 7 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  81. ↑ Mannath, Malini (17 June 2012). "'Murattu Kaalai' (Tamil)". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  82. ↑ Rangarajan, Malathi (16 June 2012). "Murattu Kaalai – Not as raging ..." The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  83. ↑ Sivaji: The Boss (motion picture) (in Tamil). AVM Productions. 2007.
  84. ↑ "Mayilu Movie Review". The Times of India. 28 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  85. ↑ Mishra, Nivedita (20 March 2015). "36 Vayathinile: Watch Jyothika's emotional journey to self discovery". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.