This article presents the demographic history of Romania through census results. See Demographics of Romania for a more detailed overview of the country's present-day demographics.

The 1930 census was the only one to cover Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002, and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory,[1] as does the current 2022 census.

All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The Romanian Old Kingdom conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889, and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May, 1942.

1859–1860 census

Religionnumber %
Romanian Orthodox4,198,86294.89
Jewish134,1683.03
Roman Catholic45,1521.02
Protestant28,9030.65
Lipovans8,3750.19
Armenians8,1780.18
Muslim1,3230.03
Total[2][3][4] 4,424,961100.0

1887 estimate

Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians4,500,00081.8
Jews300,0005.5
Romani200,0003.6
Bulgarians100,0001.8
Germans50,0000.9
Hungarians50,0000.9
Armenians15,0000.3
Others*285,0005.2
Total[5]5,500,000100.0

* Mainly in Dobruja (details)

December 1899 census

Persons in Romania by citizenship (1899 census)
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians5,489,29692.2
Jews256,5884.3
Others210,8063.5
Total[6]5,956,690100.0

19 December 1912 census

number %
Total[7]7,234,919100.0

29 December 1930 census

Ethnic map (1930 census)[8][9]
Postage stamp issued in 1930, marking the census that year.
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians12,981,32471.9
Hungarians1,425,5077.9
Germans745,4214.1
Jews728,1154.0
Ruthenians and Ukrainians582,1153.2
Russians409,1502.3
Bulgarians366,3842.0
Romani262,5011.5
Turks154,7720.9
Gagauz105,7500.6
Czechs and Slovaks51,8420.3
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes51,0620.3
Poles48,3100.3
Greeks26,4950.1
Tatars22,1410.1
Armenians15,5440.0
Hutsuls12,4560.0
Albanians4,6700.0
Others56,3550.3
Undeclared7,1140.0
Total[10]18,057,028100.0

6 April 1941 census

Ethnic map (1941 census)
number %
Total[11]13,535,757100.0

25 January 1948 census

1948 census on a stamp
Mother tonguenumber %
Romanian13,597,61385.7
Hungarian1,499,8519.4
German343,9132.2
Yiddish138,7950.9
Romani53,4250.3
Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian45,4470.3
Russian39,3320.2
Ukrainian37,5820.2
Czech and Slovak35,1430.2
Turkish and Tatar28,7820.2
Bulgarian13,4080.1
Greek8,6960.1
Armenian6,9870.0
Polish6,7530.0
Albanian7350.0
Others15,6390.2
Undeclared5230.0
Total[12]15,872,624100.0

21 February 1956 census

1956 census on a pair of stamps
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians14,996,11485.7
Hungarians1,587,6759.1
Germans384,7082.2
Jews146,2640.8
Romani104,2160.6
Ukrainians60,4790.4
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes46,5170.3
Russians38,7310.2
Slovaks23,3310.2
Tatars20,4690.2
Turks14,3290.1
Bulgarians12,0400.1
Czechs11,8210.0
Greeks11,1660.0
Poles7,6270.0
Armenians6,4410.0
Others13,3570.1
Undeclared4,1650.0
Total[12][13]17,489,450100.0

15 March 1966 census

Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians16,746,51087.7
Hungarians1,619,5928.5
Germans382,5952.0
Romani64,1970.3
Ukrainians54,7050.3
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes44,2360.3
Jews42,8880.2
Russians39,4830.2
Slovaks22,2210.1
Tatars22,1510.1
Turks18,0400.1
Bulgarians11,1930.1
Czechs9,9780.0
Greeks9,0880.0
Poles5,8600.0
Armenians3,4360.0
Others4,6810.0
Undeclared2,3090.0
Total[12][13]19,103,163100.0

5 January 1977 census

Ethnic map (1977 census)
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians18,999,56588.1
Hungarians1,713,9287.9
Germans359,1091.6
Romani227,3981.05
Ukrainians55,5100.3
Serbs34,4290.2
Russians32,6960.2
Jews24,6670.1
Turks23,4220.1
Tatars23,3690.1
Slovaks21,2860.1
Bulgarians10,3720.0
Czechs7,6830.0
Croats7,5000.0
Greeks6,2620.0
Poles4,6410.0
Armenians2,3420.0
Others5,2790.0
Undeclared4520.0
Total[12][13]21,559,910100.0

7 January 1992 census

Ethnic map (1992 census)
1992 census on a stamp
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians20,408,54289.5
Hungarians1,624,9597.1
Romani401,0871.8
Germans119,4620.5
Ukrainians65,4720.3
Russians38,6060.2
Turks29,8320.1
Serbs29,4080.1
Tatars24,5960.1
Slovaks19,5940.1
Bulgarians9,8510.1
Jews8,9550.0
Czechs5,7970.0
Poles4,2320.0
Croats4,0850.0
Greeks3,9400.0
Armenians1,9570.0
Others8,8940.0
Undeclared7660.0
Total[12][13]22,810,035100.0

18 March 2002 census

Ethnic map (2002 census)
Promotional poster for the 2002 census
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians19,399,59789.5
Hungarians1,431,8076.6
Romani535,1402.5
Ukrainians61,0980.3
Germans59,7640.3
Lipovan Russians35,7910.2
Turks32,0980.2
Tatars23,9350.1
Serbs22,5610.1
Slovaks17,2260.1
Bulgarians8,0250.0
Croats6,8070.0
Greeks6,4720.0
Jews5,7850.0
Czechs3,9410.0
Poles3,5590.0
Italians3,2880.0
Chinese2,2430.0
Armenians1,7800.0
Csángó1,2660.0
Macedonians6950.0
Albanians4770.0
Rusyns2570.0
Krashovani2060.0
Slovenes2020.0
Others15,0130.1
Undeclared1,9410.0
Total[14][15]21,680,974100.0

20 October 2011 census

Ethnic map by county (2011 census)
Ethnic map by commune (2011 census)
Ethnicitynumber %
Romanians16,792,86888.9
Hungarians1,227,6236.5
Romani621,5733.3
Ukrainians50,9200.3
Germans36,0420.2
Turks27,6980.1
Lipovan Russians23,4870.1
Tatars20,2820.1
Serbs18,0760.1
Slovaks13,6540.1
Bulgarians7,3360.0
Croatians5,4080.0
Greeks3,6680.0
Jews3,2710.0
Italians3,2030.0
Poles2,5430.0
Czechs2,4770.0
Chinese2,0170.0
Csángó1,5360.0
Armenians1,3610.0
Macedonians1,2640.0
Others18,5240.1
Data unavailable1,236,8106.1
Total[16]20,121,641100.0

Ethnic figures for 2011 are given as a percentage of individuals for whom data is available, while the "data unavailable" cohort is given as a percentage of the total population.

1 December 2021 census

The 2021 Romanian census (RPL2021), with the reference day for the census data set at 1 December 2021,[17] was held between February and July 2022, being postponed from its original scheduled year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania.[18] The first provisional results of the RPL2021 published at the end of 2022 show a resident population of Romania of 19,053,815 people.[17]

References

  1. "Lista recensămintelor populaţiei din România". Institutul Naţional de Statistică. 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  2. Leonida Colescu, director of the Romanian Statistics Service between 1899 and 1922, conjectured that the number of people was overestimated in the census conducted in 1859-1860 and calculated that the real figure was 3,864,848 people. Colescu, Leonida (1944). Analiza rezultatelor recensãmântului general al populației României din 1899 (PDF). Institutul Național de Statistică. p. 7-8; 19.
  3. Parliamentary Reports. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1867. p. 153.
  4. Statul si cultele religioase (in Romanian)
  5. The Statesman's Year-Book. St. Martin's Press. 1889. p. 407.
  6. New International Yearbook. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1915. p. 612.
  7. The Statesman's Year-book. St. Martin's Press. 1918. p. 1198.
  8. Recensământul populaţiei din 1930 (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. p. L. Retrieved 8 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. Recensământul populaţiei din 1930 (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. p. LI. Retrieved 8 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. Recensământul populaţiei din 1930 (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. p. XXIV. Retrieved 8 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. Recensămintele României: 1899–1992 (in Romanian). Editura Meronia. 2002. p. 358. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995". Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Populaţia după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2002, pe judeţe" (PDF) (in Romanian). Institutul Naţional de Statistică. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  14. "Populaţia după etnie" (PDF) (in Romanian). Institutul Naţional de Statistică. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  15. "Date naţionale" (in Romanian). Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  16. "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului din 2011 - Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – judeţe, municipii, oraşe, comune" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics (Romania). 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  17. 1 2 "Population and housing census, 2021 - provisional results". insse.ro. 30 December 2022.
  18. Marina, Georgiana (6 January 2021). "Recensământul populației nu va mai avea loc în 2021. A fost amânat pentru 2022, iar datele vor fi colectate și online". Digi24 (in Romanian).
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