2017 Bangladesh landslides
Deep depression (IMD scale)
The depression over Bay of Bengal which caused the disaster
FormedJune 11, 2017
DissipatedJune 13, 2017
Highest winds3-minute sustained: 55 km/h (35 mph)
Lowest pressure988 hPa (mbar); 29.18 inHg
Fatalities170 total
Damage$223 million (2020 USD)
Areas affectedBangladesh(Rangamati, Chittagong and Bandarban),Northeast India
Part of the 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

On 12 June 2017, heavy monsoon rain triggered a series of landslides and floods in Rangamati, Chittagong and Bandarban - three hilly districts of Bangladesh - and killed at least 152 people.[1][2][3][4] The weather also caused power cuts and telecommunications disruptions, making it difficult for rescuers to reach affected communities.[5] Reaz Ahmed, head of Bangladesh's Disaster Management Department, said the landslides were the worst in the country's history.[6]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A low-pressure area formed over west central & adjoining north Bay of Bengal off north Andhra Pradesh south Odisha coast in the morning of June 10.[7] It concentrated into a well marked low-pressure area over northern parts of central Bay of Bengal & adjoining north Bay of Bay on 11th morning and into a depression over north Bay of Bengal in the evening of 11th.).[7] An anti-cyclonic circulation lay to the southeast of the system centre leading to poleward outflow favouring genesis of the system.[7] Moving nearly north-northeastwards, it intensified into a deep depression over north Bay of Bengal in the night of 11th (1800 UTC)and peaked with estimated 3-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph).[7] Moving north-northeastwards, it crossed Bangladesh coast near Khepupara between 2300 UTC of 11th and 0000 UTC of June 12.[7] As the system moved over land, it weakened gradually into a depression over east Bangladesh & neighbourhood due to land surface interaction and thereafter into a well marked low-pressure area.[7]

Cause of the disaster

The landslide was caused by an incessant downpour that began early morning of 12 June, dropping 34.3 centimetres (13.5 inches) of rain in 24 hours.[8] The monsoon and depression over Bay of Bengal towards Bangladesh resulted in heavy rain over different parts, including Dhaka and Chittagong. A study, performed after the events, indicated that the large portion of the area was already highly susceptible to landslide due to the existing factors such as steep slope, deforestation, hill cutting etc. and the intense rainfall acted as a triggering factor.[9] The seasonal monsoon often causes floods and mudslides in the southern hills of Bangladesh.[1][5] Deforestation in the area also contributed to the devastation, as well as rapid urbanisation.[10][6][11] Indigenous leader Bijoy Giri Chakma told Channel NewsAsia that tree felling had completely denuded some hill slides, adding that he had never seen worse landslides.[8]

A second factor was lack of land forcing poor people to live in marginal areas where rents are low.[12] Bandarban government administrator Dilip Kumar Banik told the Associated Press that many people had built homes on slopes despite official warnings.[13] In Cox's Bazar, officials said that 300,000 people in the area live on landslide-prone hills.[14] The district administrators have ordered officials to create a list of homes at risk, and are discussing plans to relocate them, executive magistrate Saiful Islam told Bdnews24.com.[15]

Extent of the disaster

As of 15 June 2017, officials were reporting a death toll as high as 152 in both Bangladesh and neighbouring India, with hundreds injured and many missing.[1][6][11][16][8][4] Officials expected the toll to rise.[1][6][11][4]

Shah Kamal, secretary of the Ministry of Disaster Management, said it could take days to reach affected areas.[17] "The devastation is huge", he told the Associated Press.[17] In some areas, there was as much as 1.2 metres (four feet) of mud.[8]

The worst-hit district was Rangamati, where landslides buried hillside houses where people were sleeping.[5][6] At least 20 separate landslides hit the district.[4] Up to 105 deaths were reported as of 15 June,[1][6][11][16][18][19] and 5,000 homes were damaged.[11] Roads in Rangamati remained inaccessible on 15 June.[18] Many roads in the district were washed away, leaving craters up to 15 metres (49 feet) deep, or heaped with debris.[19] The district's power grid was also destroyed.[19] There were also fuel and food shortages as of 15 June, and Belayet Hossain Mia Belal, president of the district chamber of commerce and industry, told the Daily Star that the food shortage could become dire in two to four days.[19]

Twenty-nine people were reported dead in Chittagong[6][4][18] and six in Bandarban.[4][18] Roads in Bandarban were cleared by 15 June, when 2,000 people were able to return to their villages to see the devastation.[13]

Two people were killed in Cox's Bazar, the town hosting thousands of Rohingya Muslim refugees.[1]

Houses in Khagrachari district were flooded nearly to the rooftops.[1]

Two officers and two soldiers of the Bangladesh Army (Major Mohammad Mahfuzul Haq, Captain Md Tanvir Salam Shanto, Corporal Mohammad Azizul Haq and soldier Md Shahin Alam) were killed after a second landslide struck a highway-clearing operation in Rangamati.[5][1][6][11][16] The body of a fifth army personnel, soldier Md Azizur Rahman, was found 15 June.[8][18][19]

At least 11 people were killed in flooding in the Indian states of Mizoram and Assam, caused by the same storms.[1][6]

Response

The Bangladesh government attempted to warn people ahead of the storm, using loudspeakers, but were not able to reach all areas.[6][13] More than 10,000 people did get evacuated to emergency shelters.[6]

In the two days immediately after the landslides, rescue workers were having trouble reaching victims as roads were choked with mud and rain continued.[6] Heavy digging equipment could not reach remote areas.[11] As of 14 June, power and cell service were still off in the affected areas.[11] Doctors worked by candlelight to help the injured.[17]

Thousands of Bangladesh army soldiers were already stationed in the area because of a long-standing insurgency; and they were directed to help in the rescue effort.[6] The Bangladesh navy also helped reach people cut off by flooding.[1]

Reaz Ahmed, head of Bangladesh's Disaster Management Department, said the landslides were the worst in the country's history.[6] Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made statements of shock and sympathy, praying for the affected and urging swift rescue action.[20] Radical Bangladesh pressure group Hefazat also issued a press release urging members to help victims and offering prayers and sympathy.[21] The government of Bangladesh also offered cash and building materials to affected families.[13] Local authorities offered temporary food and shelter.[15]

Abroad, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted condolences, prayers, and an offer of help with the rescue effort.[16][1] The governments of Canada, the European Union,[22] the United Kingdom,[22] Pakistan,[23] the United States,[24] Iran,[25] Nepal,[26] and Russia[27] also sent condolences.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rima Paul and Zarir Hussain (14 June 2017). "Landslide, floods kill 156 in Bangladesh, India; toll could rise". Reuters. Dhaka/Guwahati. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  2. ↑ "At Least 68 Dead in Rain-Triggered Landslides in Bangladesh". The New York Times. Dhaka. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  3. ↑ Alam, Julhas (13 June 2017). "At least 68 killed in landslides in Bangladesh". CTV News. Associated Press. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 PTI (14 June 2017). "Bangladesh landslide toll reaches 152". The Financial Express. Dhaka. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Bangladesh: Rain triggers landslides and leaves 107 dead". BBC News. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tanvir Chowdhury and Muktadir Rashid (14 June 2017). "Bangladesh rescuers race to reach landslide victims". Al Jazeera. Dhaka. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Deep Depression over Bay of Bengal (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. July 2017. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bangladesh steps up search for landslide victims". Channel NewsAsia. Chittagong. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  9. ↑ Sifa, Shamima Ferdousi; Mahmud, Tonoy; Tarin, Maria Abdullah; Haque, Dewan Mohammad Enamul (22 May 2019). "Event-based landslide susceptibility mapping using weights of evidence (WoE) and modified frequency ratio (MFR) model: a case study of Rangamati district in Bangladesh". Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes. 4 (3): 222–235. doi:10.1080/24749508.2019.1619222.
  10. ↑ "Why landslides in Bangladesh's former conflict zone are becoming deadlier". The New Humanitarian. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Death Toll Rises to 140 in Wake of Massive Bangladesh Landslides". Associated Press. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  12. ↑ Anwar Hussain (14 June 2017). "The cost of human life: Landslides versus affordable rent". Dhaka Tribune. Chittagong. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Thousands begin returning to villages destroyed by Bangladesh landslides". CP24. Dhaka. Associated Press. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  14. ↑ Abdul Aziz (15 June 2017). "300,000 people facing risk from landslides in Cox's Bazar". Dhaka Tribune. Cox's Bazar. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  15. 1 2 Cox’s Bazar Correspondent (15 June 2017). "Cox's Bazar administration making list of homes at risk of landslides". Bdnews24.com. Cox's Bazar. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Modi condoles deaths in Bangladesh landslides". Dhaka Tribune. Dhaka. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  17. 1 2 3 "Bangladesh landslide: 'The devastation is huge'". News.com.au. Associated Press. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Rangamati Correspondent (15 June 2017). "Three more bodies found in Rangamati after landslides". Bdnews24.com. Rangamati. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rangamati in food, power, fuel crisis". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Dhaka. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  20. ↑ "President, PM express shock at deaths in landslides". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Dhaka. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  21. ↑ Anwar Hussain (15 June 2017). "Hefazat expresses shock at landslide fatalities". Dhaka Tribune. Chittagong. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  22. 1 2 "EU, Canada, UK condole landslides deaths in Bangladesh". Bdnews24.com. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  23. ↑ "Pakistan voices grief over deaths due to rains in Bangladesh". Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  24. ↑ "US embassy condoles landslide deaths". Bdnews24.com. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  25. ↑ "Iran condoles deaths in Bangladesh landslide". Mehr News Agency. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  26. ↑ "Prez, PM condole deaths in B'desh landslides". The Kathmandu Post. Kathmandu. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  27. ↑ "Russia's Putin offers condolences for victims of Bangladesh landslides". Bdnews24.com. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
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