The Dengvaxia controversy (locally [dɛŋˈvakʃa]) occurred in the Philippines when the dengue vaccine Dengvaxia was found to increase the risk of disease severity for some people who had received it.[1][2]

A vaccination program run by the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) administered Sanofi Pasteur's Dengvaxia to schoolchildren.[3] The program was stopped when Sanofi Pasteur advised the government that the vaccine could put previously uninfected people at a somewhat higher risk of a severe case of dengue fever through antibody-dependent enhancement.[4] A political controversy erupted over whether the program was run with sufficient care and who should be held responsible for the alleged harm to the vaccinated children.

In late November 2017, the DOH suspended the school-based vaccination program.[5] The DOH subsequently banned the vaccine's use and sale in the Philippines.[6] The scare caused by the controversy has been suggested as a factor in the country's loss of confidence in vaccines and low immunization rates,[7] resulting in an infectious disease crisis in the country in 2019,[8] including a measles outbreak.[9]

Events

President Aquino converses with Sanofi Pasteur CEO Olivier Charmeil during a courtesy call on December 1, 2015, in Paris, France.

On December 1, 2015, former President Benigno Aquino III met with executives of Sanofi Pasteur in a courtesy call in Paris, making the Philippines the first Asian country to approve the commercial sale of Dengvaxia.[10]

President Benigno Aquino III at the launching of the dengue vaccine school-based immunization program.

In April 2016, the DOH launched the dengue vaccination campaign in Central Luzon, Calabarzon and Metro Manila, where about 700,000 individuals received at least one dose of the vaccine.[11] The government paid P3.5-billion for the vaccine.[10]

On November 29, 2017, French drugmaker Sanofi Pasteur released a statement stating that their dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, posed risk to individuals vaccinated without having a prior dengue infection.[12][13] Soon after, the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) suspended the vaccination on FCS program based in schools owing to the said concern,[14] with DOH Secretary Francisco Duque saying "In the light of this new analysis, the DOH will place the dengue vaccination on hold while review and consultation is ongoing with experts, key stakeholders and the World Health Organization."[11] On December 2, 2017, the government of Makati immediately suspended its anti-dengue vaccination drive following its statement.[15]

In its statement, pharmaceutical company Sanofi Pasteur reported concerns that Filipinos, mostly schoolchildren, could potentially be at risk of a more severe disease, where the recipient of the vaccine had not had a previous dengue infection; however, a medical director of Sanofi said that the dengue vaccination would not cause "severe dengue."[16] On December 4, 2017, Sanofi also denied that they made Filipinos into “guinea pigs,” explaining that the vaccine program was conducted by the DOH and not them.[17][18] Senator JV Ejercito, chair of the Senate Committee on Health and Demography, sought to identify by January 2018 whether there was an irregularity in the procurement of the vaccine,[19] while Senator Risa Hontiveros urged the government to address the health threats posed by the vaccine.[20] The Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines ordered Sanofi to stop distributing of Dengvaxia into the country.[21][22] Former Health Secretary Janette Garin said she welcomed the investigation which will be conducted by the Philippine Department of Justice.[23] Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque told the media that 10 percent of the 733,000 to 830,000 schoolchildren were at risk of dengue infection.[24] Since then, the Philippine Department of Education has closely monitored the students who have been injected by the vaccine.[25] Hontiveros said that Sanofi should take liability for the medical expenses of those who contracted severe dengue fever after receiving doses of the vaccine.[26]

Sanofi representative Thomas Triomphe "was forced to apologize" during the House of Representatives hearing on the Dengvaxia dengue vaccine.[27] Former President Benigno Aquino III, who approved the vaccination program in 2016, expressed interest in attending the Senate hearing.[28] On December 16, Aquino told reporters that "With the announcement of Sanofi and the reactions to it, there has been a lot of tension building up and I think it is incumbent upon me even as a citizen to try and allay certain fears, to put it in the proper perspective, to put it on the proper level."[29]

Secretary Duque reminded the public, especially parents, that "the vaccine is not a 'standalone' preventive measure against dengue."[30] On December 15, 2017, former Education and Skills Development chief Augusto Syjuco Jr filed "mass murder and plunder" complaints against Aquino and former health secretary Janette Garin over the controversial vaccination program.[31] Former health secretary Enrique Ona blamed his successor Janette Garin, who advised former president Benigno Aquino lll to purchase the Dengvaxia.[32]

On February 2, 2018, the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) issued a report stating that three out of 14 children who died after receiving Dengvaxia indicated dengue despite immunization.[33] On February 3, a group of doctors, including former health secretary Esperanza Cabral, urged the Public Attorney's Office (PAO) to stop conducting autopsies.[34]

On February 5, 2018, during a probe at the House of Representatives, mothers of children who took part in a mass vaccination program confronted Garin, screaming at her and accusing her of killing their children. The women would later admit to the media that none of their children died after vaccination.[35]

On February 21, 2018, Senator Richard Gordon said that the DOH must be liable for the controversy.[36] On March 13, Senator Gordon formally terminated the investigation of the controversy.[37]

On February 26, 2018, Aquino appeared for the first time at a House inquiry about the controversy; he said that the controversy has been "politicized," [38] but the Malacañang Palace distanced itself from Aquino's allegations.[39]

On February 27, 2018, the opposition Representatives such as Gary Alejano of Magdalo and Edcel Lagman of Albay urged President Rodrigo Duterte to intervene in the dispute between the PAO and DOH.[40] On March 3, about 200 families of Dengvaxia vacinees joined the advocacy run held in Quezon Memorial Circle.[41]

In 2018, Dengvaxia was approved in Europe[42] and US in 2019,[43] only for use in people who have been infected with dengue virus before and who live in areas where this infection is endemic.

Charges

On April 5, 2018, Public Attorney's Office filed the criminal charges (reckless imprudence resulting in homicide under Article 365 of the Revised Penal Code and violation of Republic Act No. 9745 (Anti-Torture Act) and torture) against the Former Health Secretary Janette Garin and other former officials.[44][45] However, Garin said that the charges have no basis and vowed to file a counter-charge against PAO.[46] The families of four children — Aejay Bautista (11), Lenard Baldonado (10), Zandro Colite (11), and Angelica Pestilos (10), whose deaths had been linked to Dengvaxia — also filed the charges.[47]

On April 19, 2018, PAO filed criminal complaints before the Department of Justice (DOJ), including the incumbent Health Secretary Francisco Duque III, following the death of the 13-year-old girl after receiving Dengvaxia on November 17, 2017.[48] Duque described the charges against him as "malicious and oppressive" and he also said that he has nothing to do with the implementation of the dengue immunization program since he was seated as the secretary in October 2017.[49]

Gordon's draft report

On April 15, 2018, Gordon said he expected at least 10 senators to sign his report holding former President Benigno Aquino III and other officials liable.[50] Senator Panfilo Lacson will not sign the report due to "unreasonable comments" about him.[51] On April 17, Aside from Gordon, who already signed the report, Senators Ralph Recto, Manny Pacquiao, Win Gatchalian, Tito Sotto, Gregorio Honasan, Juan Miguel Zubiri, JV Ejercito, Nancy Binay, and Grace Poe have signed.[52] On April 20, Senator Sonny Angara also signed.[53]

Aftermath

Approximately 800,000 schoolchildren received the Dengvaxia vaccine and benefit from the protection it grants against dengue fever. However around 10% of those 800,000 had not had dengue fever before and therefore are at risk of severe infection because of the vaccine.[2]

In the Philippines, the Dengvaxia controversy has contributed to overall vaccine hesitancy because of heightened concerns about vaccine safety. While concerns about vaccine safety are usually rational, in the case of Dengvaxia there was a basis in evidence.[2] Many parents of children who died blamed the vaccine.[54]

Most of the deaths were caused by internal bleeding in the heart, lungs and brain, which are symptoms of hemorrhagic dengue.[55]

According to the DOH, 729,105 grade 4 students from selected regions have received the first dose of the vaccine. Of these, 534,303 students had approved parental consent but only 491,990 students received the first dose of the vaccine.[56]

Effects on COVID-19 vaccination program

A study published by the University of the Philippines College of Medicine directly attributes the Dengvaxia controversy as one of the major factors for the vaccine hesitancy of Filipinos affecting the COVID-19 vaccination program.[57][58]

Reactions

Citizens, as well as Senator Ejercito, expressed frustration on February 5, 2018, blaming the PAO for panic in dengue vaccination.[59] Attorney Persida Acosta of the PAO said that the PAO should not be blamed for that panic but Sanofi Pasteur itself.[59]

Allegations of corruption

Employees of the Public Attorneys Office have asked the Office of the Ombudsman to issue a preventive suspension order against PAO chief Persida Acosta and her forensics chief Dr. Erwin Erfe for alleged corruption in the agency. It was alleged that Acosta has two "loyal" certified public accountants named Lira Hosea Suangco and Maveric Sales who are tasked to maintain office supplies such as bond paper to be used for the Dengvaxia cases. The funds, however, were used for other purposes. It was also alleged that Acosta and Erfe are using PAO funds to purchase tarpaulins, t-shirts, and coffins to be used in rallies.[60]

In January 2021, the Ombudsman cleared Acosta and Erfe of criminal and administrative charges relating to the Dengvaxia issue, saying there was "no probable cause for malversation of public funds or property and illegal use of public funds or property."[61]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Smith, Nicola (February 5, 2018). "Philippines immunisation rates plummet amid Dengue vaccination scare". The Telegraph. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Fatima K, Syed NI (December 2018). "Dengvaxia controversy: impact on vaccine hesitancy". Journal of Global Health (Review). 8 (2): 010312. doi:10.7189/jogh.08.020312. PMC 6214489. PMID 30410732.
  3. ↑ East, Susie (April 6, 2016). "World's first dengue fever vaccine launched in the Philippines". CNN. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  4. ↑ Soucheray, Stephanie (December 1, 2017). "Sanofi restricts dengue vaccine but downplays antibody enhancement". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  5. ↑ Cepeda, Mara (December 1, 2017). "DOH suspends dengue vaccination program". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  6. ↑ Paris, Janella (August 22, 2019). "DOH upholds permanent ban of Dengvaxia". Rappler. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  7. ↑ Tomacruz, Sofia (September 27, 2018). "Parents still scared of govt's free vaccines a year after Dengvaxia scare". Rappler. Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  8. ↑ Suaya, J. A.; Shepard, D. S.; Beatty, Mark E.; Farrar, J. (2010). "Disease Burden of Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever". Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. pp. 1263–1279. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_72. ISBN 978-0-387-78664-3.
  9. ↑ Alfonso, Cenon; Dayrit, Manuel; Mendoza, Ronald; Ong, Madeline (March 8, 2021). "From Dengvaxia to Sinovac: Vaccine Hesitancy in the Philippines". The Diplomat. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Senate invites Aquino to vaccine probe". The Philippine Star. December 13, 2017.
  11. 1 2 "DOH suspends dengue immunization program over potential health risk". The Philippine Star. December 17, 2017.
  12. ↑ Santos, Tina G. (November 30, 2017). "Pharma firm issues caution on use of anti-dengue vaccine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Sanofi updates information on dengue vaccine". Sanofi Pasteur. November 29, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Suspended dengue vaccine was given to 730,000 children, Philippines says". The Guardian. December 5, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Makati suspends anti-dengue vaccination program". Philippine Canadian Inquirer. December 2, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Ex-DOH chief ready to face probe over Dengvaxia mess". ABS-CBN News. December 5, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Sanofi, DOH allay dengue vaccine fears". The Philippine Star. December 4, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Sanofi denies Pinoys became 'guinea pigs,' says no reported Dengvaxia deaths in PH". News5.
  19. ↑ "Senate to probe dengue vaccine in January". The Philippine Star. December 2, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Risa says Sanofi must pay over Dengvaxia mess; DOJ orders probe of PNoy gov't's P3.5-B vaccination drive". News5.
  21. ↑ "PH gov't orders Sanofi to stop sale, distribution of Dengvaxia". News5.
  22. ↑ "FDA Advisory No. 2017-318 || Suspension of Sale/Marketing/Distribution of Sanofi Pasteur, Inc.’s Tetravalent Vaccine (Live, Attenuated)(Dengvaxia)". Archived from the original. Food and Drug Administration.
  23. ↑ "Garin ready to face govt's Dengvaxia probe". News5.
  24. ↑ "Filipinos not made guinea pigs – Sanofi". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  25. ↑ "DepEd monitors students administered with Dengvaxia". Manila Bulletin. December 2, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Hontiveros: Sanofi should take on medical expenses of those who were vaccinated". Manila Bulletin.
  27. ↑ "Sanofi exec forced to apologize during Dengvaxia inquiry". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  28. ↑ "Aquino ready to face Dengvaxia probe at Senate". The Philippine Star.
  29. ↑ "Aquino: It's my duty to explain". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  30. ↑ "Duque to public: Don't rely too much on vaccination to fight dengue". GMA News.
  31. ↑ "Aquino, Garin face mass murder, plunder raps over dengvaxia controversy". Philippine Canadian Inquirer. December 15, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Dengue vaccine fiasco: Enrique Ona blames Janette Garin". The Philippine Star. December 19, 2017.
  33. ↑ "3 out of 14 kids died of dengue after Dengvaxia shot – UP-PGH panel". Rappler. February 3, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Stop PAO autopsies on suspected Dengvaxia victims". Rappler.
  35. ↑ "Mothers of Dengvaxia kids confront Garin after House probe". Rappler.
  36. ↑ "Gordon says DOH 'liable' over Dengvaxia mess". Rappler.
  37. ↑ "Gordon vows 'hard-hitting' report as Senate ends Dengvaxia probe". Rappler.
  38. ↑ "Aquino hits 'loud' forensic expert on Dengvaxia mess". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  39. ↑ "Dengvaxia mess 'politicized'? Certainly not because of Duterte, says Palace". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  40. ↑ "Bandila: Ilang mambabatas, hinamon si Duterte ukol sa Dengvaxia".
  41. ↑ "Mga pamilya ng naturukan ng Dengvaxia, nagsagawa ng 'advocacy run'". ABS-CBN News.
  42. ↑ "Dengvaxia | European Medicines Agency". 17 October 2018.
  43. ↑ "CDC Dengue Fever Vaccine". 16 December 2021.
  44. ↑ "Garin, other Health execs charged over 'Dengvaxia deaths'". The Manila Times.
  45. ↑ "Garin: Raps filed by parents of alleged Dengvaxia victims 'have no scientific basis'". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  46. ↑ "Raps filed vs. Garin, 34 others over alleged Dengvaxia deaths". GMA News.
  47. ↑ "Dengvaxia victims' kin file complaint vs DOH, Sanofi, Zuellig execs". Rappler.
  48. ↑ "Duque, other DOH officials face criminal raps over Dengvaxia mess". ABS-CBN News.
  49. ↑ "Duque blasts PAO chief for 'malicious' Dengvaxia rap". ABS-CBN News.
  50. ↑ "Gordon: 10 senators to sign committee report on Dengvaxia probe". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  51. ↑ "Lacson won't sign Dengvaxia report due to Gordon's 'unreasonable' remark". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  52. ↑ "9 senators have signed report seeking charges vs former President Aquino". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  53. ↑ "Angara signs blue ribbon Dengvaxia report with 'reservations', too". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  54. ↑ "Anak namin namatay sa Dengvaxia". Pilipino Star Ngayon (in Filipino). December 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 20, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Bakit namamaga ang internal organs ng mga namatay umano sa Dengvaxia?". ABS-CBN News (in Tagalog). January 11, 2018.
  56. ↑ "Failon Ngayon: Dengvaxia". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs – via YouTube. Note: Pause at 2:48.
  57. ↑ "Dengvaxia controversy led to 'significant decline' in vaccination – UP study – Manila Bulletin". Manila Bulletin. 6 August 2021.
  58. ↑ "Dengvaxia controversy haunts Duterte's COVID vaccine roll out".
  59. 1 2 "Bandila: PAO, binabatikos dahil sa 'panic' sa Dengvaxia" (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News — via YouTube.
  60. ↑ ABS News, Adrian Ayalin and Mike Navallo, ABS-CBN. "Acosta accused of using Dengvaxia issue for corruption in PAO". 2019-08-15. Retrieved December 2, 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/15/19/acosta-accused-of-using-dengvaxia-issue-for-corruption-in-pao
  61. ↑ Pulta, Benjamin (January 18, 2021). "Ombudsman clears PAO chief of raps". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
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