2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election

6 April 2021
All 234 elected seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 118 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	73.63% ( 1.18%)[1]
Majority party Minority party   Leader M. K. Stalin Edappadi K. Palaniswami Party DMK AIADMK Alliance SPA[2] NDA[3] Leader since 2018 2017 Leader's seat Kolathur Edappadi Last election 98 136 Seats won 159 75 Seat change 61 61 Popular vote 20,982,088 18,363,499 Percentage 45.38% 39.72% Swing 5.53 2.16
Election map (By constituencies)
Chief Minister before election Edappadi K. Palaniswami AIADMK Elected Chief Minister M. K. Stalin DMK

The Sixteenth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election was held on 6 April 2021, to elect representatives from the 234 constituencies in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won the election, ending the decade-long reign of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). The DMK's leader M. K. Stalin became the eighth Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and the 12th Chief Minister since the 1956 reorganization. He replaced Edappadi K. Palaniswami of the AIADMK.

The poll was Tamil Nadu's first assembly election after the demises of the two most prominent Chief Ministers in the state's modern history, J. Jayalalithaa—general secretary of the AIADMK, and M. Karunanidhi—president of the DMK, who died in 2016 and 2018 respectively. With the AIADMK winning the 2016 election, Jayalalithaa became the Chief Minister and served for almost six months. Upon her death, O. Panneerselvam took charge as the Chief Minister, shortly after which Palaniswami was sworn in instead in 2017, who served till the end of the 15th assembly's tenure. The Election Commission of India announced the schedule for the elections to the 16th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly on 26 February 2021.

The DMK continued its Secular Progressive Alliance (SPA) with the Indian National Congress, the Communist parties and many others, and named Stalin as its candidate for the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Office. The AIADMK joined the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the ruling party of the Union Government of India, with Palanisami as its Chief Ministerial candidate. The polling was held on 6 April 2021 under COVID-19 guidelines. The state recorded a voter turnout of 73.63%. Surveys before and after the polls predicted the Stalin-led SPA to win the elections with a large margin. The votes were counted on 2 May 2021; the SPA amassed 159 seats, with the DMK alone winning in 133 constituencies, securing an absolute majority for the first time in 25 years. The NDA won 75 seats, out of which 66 were of the AIADMK. The DMK formed the Government of Tamil Nadu for the sixth time; Stalin and his council of ministers were sworn in on 7 May 2021.

Overview

The state of Tamil Nadu is divided into 234 assembly constituencies, each of which elects a member (called an MLA) to represent it at the state's unicameral legislative assembly, as per Article 168 of the Constitution of India. The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly convenes at Fort St. George, Chennai. The member that manages to receive the support of the majority of the members of the assembly (that is the Chief Ministerial candidate of the party that secures more than 50% of the seats), which is a minimum of 118 members, is appointed as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, who is the executive head of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Governor of Tamil Nadu, the state's ceremonial head, will invite the Chief-Minister-elect and his Council of Ministers to be sworn in, to lead the state government for a term of the next five years.

The Chief Election Commissioner of India, Sunil Arora, holding a press conference in New Delhi on February 26, 2021, to announce the schedule for Legislative Assembly election of Tamil Nadu along with those of Assam, Kerala, West Bengal, and Puducherry.^[4]

Tamil Nadu's partisan politics have been dominated by its two regional Dravidian parties, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), for the last 50 years (since 1967). Each recognized party in India is given a polling symbol by the Election Commission of India, an independent and neutral body of officers that conducts and regulates all the elections in the country. The DMK contests with the Rising Sun symbol, while the AIADMK contests with the Two Leaves.

The legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu goes to polls alongside the legislative assemblies of three other Indian states, namely Assam, Kerala, and West Bengal, and that of the union territory of Puducherry.

Background

Further information: List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu

The sixteenth legislative assembly election is the first election to the body after the deaths of the two most prominent Chief Ministers and political supremos of modern Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi (pictured left) and J. Jayalalithaa (right).

Since the death of AIADMK founder M.G Ramachandran (who had been in power since 1977) in 1987, DMK's M Karunanidhi (who came into prominence in 1969 following the death of DMK founder C.N Annadurai) & AIADMK's J Jayalalitha heavily dominated the state's politics. DMK won the 1989, 1996 & 2006 elections while AIADMK won the 1991, 2001 & 2011 elections. In 2016, AIADMK retained its majority with 136 seats, while the DMK increased its strength to 98 seats. Jayalalitha became the second incumbent Chief minister of Tamil Nadu to be re-elected back in power since MGR's re-election in 1984.^[5] 2021's election of the sixteenth assembly election is the first state election after the deaths of Jayalalithaa and Karunanidhi, who died in 2016 and 2018 respectively.

Rise and fall of V.K. Sasikala

Following Jayalalithaa's demise from cardiac arrest on 5 December 2016, O. Panneerselvam of the AIADMK became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the third time. The first two times he attained the post (21 September 2001 to 2 March 2002, and 28 September 2014 to 23 May 2015) was when Jayalalithaa was forcibly removed from office twice due to the lawsuit against her. He served as the Acting Chief Minister during Jayalalithaa's hospitalization in 2016. However, soon after swearing-in, Panneerselvam rebelled against the influence of V. K. Sasikala, a long-time friend and close associate of Jayalalithaa, inside the AIADMK party, and deemed her a threat to his Chief Ministership, exposing the factionalism inside the party. In a meeting of the party's general council held on 29 December 2016, the first meeting after Jayalalithaa's death, Sasikala was appointed as the party's general secretary.^[6] On 5 February 2017, all the MLAs of the AIADMK unanimously elected Sassikala as the Legislative Assembly leader of the AIADMK, making her the Chief-Minister-elect officially.^[7]

On 6 February 2017, Panneerselvam submitted his resignation letter to then Governor of Tamil Nadu, C. Vidyasagar Rao, who accepted the resignation but instructed him to continue to functioning as Chief Minister "until alternate arrangements are made", awaiting the pending verdict of the 18-year-long trial regarding the disproportionate assets of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. Panneerselvam also claimed that he was coerced into resignation. Later in the evening, Sasikala met the Governor and laid claims to the Chief Ministership, by submitting the list of AIADMK legislators who back her. Reports stated Sasikala had those MLAs sequestered at a resort in South Chennai.^[8]

On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India pronounced Sasikala and her relatives guilty of criminally conspiring, laundering and amassing illicit wealth worth about ₹66.44 crore (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$45 million in 2023) in the 1990s, and sentenced them to serve a four-year jail term at Central Prison, Bangalore, giving the convicts 24 hours to surrender.^[9] This restored in toto her earlier conviction in the case^[10] delivered on 27 September 2014.^[11] Proceedings against Jayalalithaa had been abated and dismissed on account of her death. The conviction effectively ended Sasikala's Chief Ministerial ambitions.

Following Sasikala's conviction, the Governor rejected her claims to become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. In her ticking 24-hour surrender time-limit and capacity as the general secretary of the AIADMK, Sasikala convened the party's MLAs, who unanimously elected Edappadi K. Palaniswami, a then supporter of Sasikala, as the new Chief Minister. She also appointed her nephew and former treasurer of the party, T. T. V. Dhinakaran, as the party's deputy general secretary. Palaniswami as sworn in as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu the next day, replacing Panneerselvam.^[12]

On 23 March 2017, the Election commission of India designated the two factions separately; Panneerselvam's faction known as "AIADMK (Puratchi Thalaivi Amma)", while Dhinakaran-Palaniswami's faction known as "AIADMK (Amma)". By-polls were announced at the Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar constituency, which was vacated due to Jayalalithaa's death. Dhinakaran was named candidate by his faction. However, the Election Commission canceled the by-polls after evidence of large-scale bribing by the ruling AIADMK (Amma) surfaced. On 17 April 2017, Delhi Police registered a case against Dhinakaran for allegedly attempting to bribe the Election Commission into giving the AIADMK's significant Two Leaves symbol to his faction. Dhinakaran was granted bail on the grounds that the police failed to identify the bribed officer.

In the following months, the Chief Minister had a fallout with Dhinakaran. Palaniswami pronounced Dhinakaran's appointment as deputy general secretary "invalid" on 17 August 2017, and ousted him from the party.^[13]

AIADMK under Dual Leadership

On 21 August 2017, it was reported that the Paneerselvam faction of AIADMK had decided to merge back with the Palaniswami faction, under the terms that Sasikala would be expelled from the party.^[14] On 21 August 2017, both Palaniswami and Paneerselvam factions of the AIADMK reunited, with the leaders assuming co-leadership of the party. Panneerselvam sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu and the coordinator of the AIADMK. Palaniswami was dubbed the deputy coordinator of the party. Mainstream media and publications suspected the involvement of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the ruling party of the Union Government of India, in the AIADMK's merger. This marked the first time the BJP began to play an influential role in the Tamil Nadu politics, acting as the mediator that united the two factions. Dhinakaran and his supporters continued to dub themselves the "real AIADMK".^[15][16]

On 22 August 2017, 18 MLAs of the AIADMK pledged allegiance to Dhinakaran and submitted letters to the Governor, expressing lack of confidence in Palaniswami and withdrawing their support to the Palaniswami-led government.^[17] Immediately, those MLAs were expelled from the AIADMK. The Speaker of the fifteenth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, P. Dhanapal, also disqualified those MLAs from their offices, citing the Constitution Act of 1985, which prevents the instability caused by democratically elected representatives in India's legislatures shifting allegiance from the parties they supported at the time of election, or disobeying their parties' decisions at critical times, by rendering their seats vacant. This resulted in a long legal battle, at the end of which, the Madras High Court, the highest court of Tamil Nadu, gave a verdict in the Speaker's favour and confirmed the disqualification of the 19 legislators. Following these events, Sasikala was expelled from the party on 12 September 2017, with her position as interim general secretary disputed and abolished. Instead, the late Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.^[18]

On 23 November 2017, the Election Commission of India granted the Two Leaves symbol to the Palaniswami-Panneerselvam led AIADMK, authorizing the faction as the original AIADMK, and announced by-polls to the vacant seat of Radhakrishnan Nagar on 21 December 2017. Dhinakaran contested in the constituency as an independent candidate, and won the election with a huge margin, with around 40,000 votes more than his closest competitor. He became the first independent candidate in Tamil Nadu history to win a bypoll, claiming 50.32% of the total votes, defeating the ruling AIADMK and the opposition DMK.^[19][20]

In March 2018, Dinakaran formed the new party Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK), with the goal of obtaining control of the AIADMK.^[21]

Rise of M. K. Stalin

After Karunanidhi's demise on 7 August 2018, Karunanidhi's son and political heir M. K. Stalin, who has served as the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the Mayor of Chennai, became the unquestioned president of the DMK. The Election Commission of India announced by-polls to 24 vacant seats in the state, alongside the 2019 Indian parliamentary elections, which elects 543 members across India to its lower house, the Lok Sabha. The DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance (nationally, United Progressive Alliance headed by the Indian National Congress) swept Tamil Nadu in the Lok Sabha elections, winning a landslide 38 seats out of the state's 39 parliamentary constituencies. The AIADMK, which contested the election in an alliance with the BJP and the regional DMDK, won only one seat (Theni).^[22] This marked a huge shift from the 2014 parliamentary elections, in which the AIADMK had won 37 seats solo, whereas the NDA won two and the DMK none.^[23] In the by-polls, out of the 24 formerly AIADMK seats in the state assembly, the Stalin-led DMK won over 13 seats while the AIADMK won 10, indicating a shift in the political mindset of the state's voters. Although the incumbent AIADMK government lost 13 of its seats to the opposition party, the 10 retained seats (with new MLAs to represent them) were enough to maintain the AIADMK's absolute majority at the Legislative Assembly.

Tussle in AIADMK over Chief Minister candidate

Sasikala's Announcement

In January 2021, VK Sasikala was released from jail after completion of her prison time. In February 2021, she announced her intention to actively involve herself in the state's politics. Nevertheless, on 3 March 2021, she announced her decision to quit politics, to everyone's surprise.^[24]

Schedule

Manifestos

Election Manifesto plays a key role in determining the voting behaviour of the voters in the Tamil Nadu Electoral Politics.^[30] Enabling people with information about manifestos, promises, and candidate details through technology can ensure that it reaches a huge number of people.^[31][32] Global Shapers Chennai, a non-partisan group powered by the World Economic Forum has released the TN Election Promises 2021 platform.^[33] The platform provides the voters with data and insights on the promises made by different parties, constituency-wise candidate background details (assets, education, criminal cases, etc.), and helps them compare the promises by categorizing them into different focus areas such as agriculture, education, etc., to help make an informed voting decision.

Voter statistics

According to the ECI, 62.6 million people were eligible to vote in upcoming assembly elections in Tamil Nadu.^{[34] [35]} Sholinganallur assembly has the highest number of eligible voters with 694,845 voters.^{[36] [37]}

Parties and alliances

  Secular Progressive Alliance

Map of the seat sharing arrangement between the parties of the Secular Progressive Alliance for the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.

Party			Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	DMK		M. K. Stalin	173
	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	MDMK		Vaiko	6
	Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi	KMDK		E. R. Eswaran	3
	Manithaneya Makkal Katchi	MMK		M. H. Jawahirullah	2
	All India Forward Bloc	AIFB		P. V. Kathiravan	1
	Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi	TVK		T. Velmurugan	1
	Makkal Viduthalai Katchi	MVK		S. K. Murugavel Rajan	1
	Aathi Thamizhar Peravai	ATP		R. Athiyamaan	1
	Indian National Congress	INC		K. S. Alagiri	25
	Communist Party of India	CPI		R. Mutharasan	6
	Communist Party of India (Marxist)	CPI(M)		K. Balakrishnan	6
	Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi	VCK		Thol. Thirumavalavan	6
	Indian Union Muslim League	IUML		K. M. Kader Mohideen	3

  National Democratic Alliance

Map of the seat sharing arrangement between the parties of the National Democratic Alliance for the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.

Party			Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	AIADMK		Edappadi K. Palaniswami O. Panneerselvam	179
	Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)	TMC(M)		G. K. Vasan	6
	Perunthalaivar Makkal Katchi	PTMK		N. R. Dhanapalan	1
	Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam	TMMK		B. John Pandian	1
	Moovendar Munnetra Kazhagam	MMK		Sridhar Vandayar	1
	All India Moovendar Munnani Kazhagam	AIMMK		N. Sethuraman	1
	Puratchi Bharatham Katchi	PBK		M. Jaganmoorthy	1
	Pasumpon Desiya Kazhagam	PDK		Jothi Muthuramalingam	1
	Pattali Makkal Katchi	PMK		S. Ramadoss	23
	Bharatiya Janata Party	BJP		L. Murugan	20

  People's Front

Party[38][39]			Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam	AMMK		T. T. V. Dhinakaran	165
	Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam	DMDK		Vijayakanth	60
	Social Democratic Party of India	SDPI		V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak	6
	All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen	AIMIM		T. S. Vakeel Ahmed	3

  Makkal Needhi Maiam+

Party			Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Makkal Needhi Maiam	MNM		Kamal Haasan	140
	Indiya Jananayaka Katchi	IJK		T. R. Paarivendhar	40
	All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi	AISMK		R. Sarathkumar	33
	Tamilaga Makkal Jananayaka Katchi	TMJK		K.M. Shareef	9
	Jananayaka Dravidia Munnetra kazhgam	JDMK			8
	Janata Dal (Secular)	JD(S)		H. D. Deve Gowda	3
	Kalappai Makkal Iyakkam	KMI			1

Non-aligned parties

Party			Flag	Symbol	Leader	Contesting Seats
	Naam Tamilar Katchi	NTK			Seeman	234
	Bahujan Samaj Party	BSP			K Armstrong	162
	Puthiya Tamilagam	PTK			K. Krishnasamy	60
	Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation	CPI(ML)L			Dipankar Bhattacharya	12
	Samata Party[40]	SAP			Uday Mandal	1

Campaigning

The DMK went on a campaign tour titled Vidiyalai Nokki Stalinin Kural, which began on 20 December 2020 at Thirukkuvalai, the birthplace of M. Karunanidhi.^[41] Palaniswami started the AIADMK's campaign at his hometown, Edappadi, on 19 December 2020.^[42] CM Palanisami also launched his "Vetrinadai Podum Tamilagam" campaign followed by "Thodarattu Vetrinadai" campaign

BJP politician and the 22nd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath, addressed a public rally in Coimbatore to support Vanathi Srinivasan on March 31, 2021.^[43] The BJP and the Hindu Munnani organized a bike rally where they shouted communal slogans. The BJP supporters also reportedly pelted stones at Muslim shops in the area.^[44] BJP candidate Vanathi Srinivasan described the stone-pelting incident as a minor incident while MNM president Kamal Haasan said that "riot specialists must be defeated through unity".^[45][46]

Opinion polls

Candidates

Candidates from recognized parties contested in 234 constituencies on 6 April. The Indian National Congress candidate for Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency, P. S. W. Madhava Rao, died on 11 April 2021 after testing positive for COVID-19.^[59]

Voting

The state recorded 73.83% voter turnout, which is 1.18% lesser than the preceding 2016 election. Karur district recorded the highest voter turnout amongst the state's districts, with 83.92%. Chennai district turned out the lowest (59.06%).

Exit polls

The Election Commission on March 24, banned the publication of any exit poll from 27 March till 7:30 PM of 29 April to prevent any influence on voters in the general election of West Bengal and by-elections in other states.^[64][65] On April 26, the ban period was advanced to 7:00 PM.^[66]

Results

The results were announced by the Election Commission of India on 2 May 2021, starting at 9 AM IST. The DMK won 133 constituencies on its own, receiving a simple majority in the sixteenth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, whereas its SPA alliance saw victory in a total of 159 constituencies. Meanwhile, the NDA alliance captured 75 constituencies, out of which the AIADMK had won 66. Other parties, alliances, and independent candidates did not secure any seats. After spending a decade as the opposition party, the DMK won Tamil Nadu from the AIADMK, which reigned the state for two consecutive terms (2011-2021). The AIADMK assumed the position of the opposition party at the sixteenth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.^[78][79]

Popular vote

159	75
SPA	NDA

Alliance		Party		Votes		Seats
				Votes	%	Contested	Won
	SPA		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	17,430,179	37.70	188	133
			Indian National Congress	1,976,527	4.27	25	18
			Communist Party of India	504,537	1.09	6	2
			Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi	457,763	0.99	6	4
			Communist Party of India (Marxist)	390,819	0.85	6	2
			Indian Union Muslim League	222,263	0.48	3	0
		Total		2,09,82,088	45.38	234	159
	NDA		All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	15,391,055	33.29	191	66
			Pattali Makkal Katchi	1,758,774	3.80	23	5
			Bharatiya Janata Party	1,213,670	2.62	20	4
		Total		1,83,63,499	39.71	234	75
	None		Naam Tamilar Katchi	3,042,307	6.58	234	0
	People's Front		Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam	1,085,985	2.35	165	0
			Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam	200,157	0.43	60	0
			Social Democratic Party of India	28,060	0.06	6	0
			All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen	3,134	0.01	3	0
	PFA		Makkal Needhi Maiam	1,210,667	2.62	183	0
			Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi	39,288	0.08	38	0
			All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi	7,650	0.02	4	0
			Janata Dal (Secular)	1,189	0.01	3	0
	None		Others	955,161	2.07	2834	0
			None of the above	345,591	0.75	-	0
Total				46,236,716	100.00	3998	234
Valid votes				46,236,716	99.77
Invalid votes				107,874	0.23
Votes cast / turnout				46,344,590	73.63
Abstentions				16,599,103	26.37
Registered voters				62,943,693

  SPA (45.38%)

  NDA (39.71%)

  Naam Tamilar Katchi (6.58%)

  People's Front (2.85%)

  MNM+ (2.73%)

Reactions and aftermath

Palaniswami and his ministers resigned on 3 May 2021, submitting their papers of resignation to Banwarilal Purohit, the Governor of Tamil Nadu.^[89] During the early hours of the same day, DMK president Stalin paid respects at the memorial of his father and five-time Chief Minister, M. Karunanidhi. Speaking to the journalists gathered there, Stalin stated that he will be sworn in as the Chief Minister in a simplistic ceremony that may be held at the Raj Bhavan, the Governor's residence. He underlined that the DMK will form the government for the sixth time in Tamil Nadu, and will follow the footsteps of Karunanidhi. Stalin added that the DMK's governance "will be such that those who had voted for the party will feel happy voting for it, and even those who did not vote would regret their decision to not have voted for the party".^[90]

After the resignation of Palanisami's administration, officials of the Public Works Department began resetting the Tamil Nadu Secretariat to prepare the campus for the new government under Stalin. The Chief Minister's Office returned all the files to the departments concerned, with the office quarters white-washed and name-boards of former ministers taken down.^[91]

Politicians, celebrities and government officials across India congratulated Stalin on his victory. The out-going Chief Minister Palanisami congratulated Stalin, tweeting: "My best wishes to M.K. Stalin who is going to take oath as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". In another tweet, Stalin thanked Palanisami and sought his cooperation for "building the best Tamil Nadu".^[90] Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, tweeted that he will work with Stalin to enhance the nation's progress, fulfill the regional interests of Tamil Nadu, and fight the COVID-19 pandemic.^[92]

On 10 May 2021, the newly elected AIADMK MLAs convened to choose the new Leader of the Opposition, an important post equivalent to a cabinet minister. The meeting was inconclusive, with both Panneerselvam and Palaniswami staking claims to the post, while their supporters hurled charges against each other. This included a prolonged quarrel between the two sections of the party outside the party's head office, causing unrest. Supporters of Palaniswami believed that he should be the Leader of the Opposition due to the party's good performance in the election in western Tamil Nadu, the region he hails from; whereas, Panneerselvam's supporters felt that the party fared poorly in other regions of the state due to Palaniswami's wrong policies during his Chief Ministerial tenure.^[93] Eventually, Palaniswami was elected as the Leader of the Opposition.^[94]

After MNM performed unfavorably in its first-ever election, many officials and candidates resigned from the party, such as its vice president Dr. Mahendran, Muruganandam, C K Kumaravel. Mahendran said that "the attitude of Kamal Haasan towards the growth of the party has not been changed even after facing huge loss in the Tamil Nadu assembly election". He cited the presence of "Sankhya solutions" in the party and added that Haasan is being misguided. Others cited "personal reasons".^[95]

In popular culture

A fictionalized version of this election is an important plot point in the film Maamannan (2023)

Notes

References