An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a stealthy threat actor, typically a state or state-sponsored group, which gains unauthorized access to a computer network and remains undetected for an extended period.[1][2] In recent times, the term may also refer to non-state-sponsored groups conducting large-scale targeted intrusions for specific goals.[3]

Such threat actors' motivations are typically political or economic.[4] Every major business sector has recorded instances of cyberattacks by advanced actors with specific goals, whether to steal, spy, or disrupt. These targeted sectors include government, defense, financial services, legal services, industrial, telecoms, consumer goods and many more.[5][6][7] Some groups utilize traditional espionage vectors, including social engineering, human intelligence and infiltration to gain access to a physical location to enable network attacks. The purpose of these attacks is to install custom malware (malicious software).[8]

APT attacks on mobile devices has also become a legitimate concern, since attackers are able to penetrate into cloud and mobile infrastructure to eavesdrop, steal, and temper data.[9]

The median "dwell-time", the time an APT attack goes undetected, differs widely between regions. FireEye reported the mean dwell-time for 2018 in the Americas as 71 days, EMEA as 177 days, and APAC as 204 days.[5] Such a long dwell-time allows attackers a significant amount of time to go through the attack cycle, propagate, and achieve their objective.

Definition

Definitions of precisely what an APT is can vary, but can be summarized by their named requirements below:

  • Advanced – Operators behind the threat have a full spectrum of intelligence-gathering techniques at their disposal. These may include commercial and open source computer intrusion technologies and techniques, but may also extend to include the intelligence apparatus of a state. While individual components of the attack may not be considered particularly "advanced" (e.g. malware components generated from commonly available do-it-yourself malware construction kits, or the use of easily procured exploit materials), their operators can typically access and develop more advanced tools as required. They often combine multiple targeting methods, tools, and techniques in order to reach and compromise their target and maintain access to it. Operators may also demonstrate a deliberate focus on operational security that differentiates them from "less advanced" threats.[3][10][11]
  • Persistent – Operators have specific objectives, rather than opportunistically seeking information for financial or other gain. This distinction implies that the attackers are guided by external entities. The targeting is conducted through continuous monitoring and interaction in order to achieve the defined objectives. It does not mean a barrage of constant attacks and malware updates. In fact, a "low-and-slow" approach is usually more successful. If the operator loses access to their target they usually will reattempt access, and most often, successfully. One of the operator's goals is to maintain long-term access to the target, in contrast to threats who only need access to execute a specific task.[10][12]
  • Threat – APTs are a threat because they have both capability and intent. APT attacks are executed by coordinated human actions, rather than by mindless and automated pieces of code. The operators have a specific objective and are skilled, motivated, organized and well funded. Actors are not limited to state sponsored groups.[3][10]

History and targets

Warnings against targeted, socially-engineered emails dropping trojans to exfiltrate sensitive information were published by UK and US CERT organisations in 2005. This method was used throughout the early 1990s and does not in itself constitute an APT. The term "advanced persistent threat" has been cited as originating from the United States Air Force in 2006[13] with Colonel Greg Rattray cited as the individual who coined the term.[14]

The Stuxnet computer worm, which targeted the computer hardware of Iran's nuclear program, is one example of an APT attack. In this case, the Iranian government might consider the Stuxnet creators to be an advanced persistent threat.[15]

Within the computer security community, and increasingly within the media, the term is almost always used in reference to a long-term pattern of sophisticated computer network exploitation aimed at governments, companies, and political activists, and by extension, also to ascribe the A, P and T attributes to the groups behind these attacks.[16] Advanced persistent threat (APT) as a term may be shifting focus to computer-based hacking due to the rising number of occurrences. PC World reported an 81 percent increase from 2010 to 2011 of particularly advanced targeted computer attacks.[17]

Actors in many countries have used cyberspace as a means to gather intelligence on individuals and groups of individuals of interest.[18][19][20] The United States Cyber Command is tasked with coordinating the US military's offensive and defensive cyber operations.[21]

Numerous sources have alleged that some APT groups are affiliated with, or are agents of, governments of sovereign states.[22][23][24] Businesses holding a large quantity of personally identifiable information are at high risk of being targeted by advanced persistent threats, including:[25]

A Bell Canada study provided deep research into the anatomy of APTs and uncovered widespread presence in Canadian government and critical infrastructure. Attribution was established to Chinese and Russian actors.[28]

Life cycle

A diagram depicting the life cycle staged approach of an advanced persistent threat (APT), which repeats itself once complete.

Actors behind advanced persistent threats create a growing and changing risk to organizations' financial assets, intellectual property, and reputation[29] by following a continuous process or kill chain:

  1. Target specific organizations for a singular objective
  2. Attempt to gain a foothold in the environment (common tactics include spear phishing emails)
  3. Use the compromised systems as access into the target network
  4. Deploy additional tools that help fulfill the attack objective
  5. Cover tracks to maintain access for future initiatives

The global landscape of APT's from all sources is sometimes referred to in the singular as "the" APT, as are references to the actor behind a specific incident or series of incidents, but the definition of APT includes both actor and method.[30]

In 2013, Mandiant presented results of their research on alleged Chinese attacks using APT method between 2004 and 2013[31] that followed similar lifecycle:

  • Initial compromise  performed by use of social engineering and spear phishing, over email, using zero-day viruses. Another popular infection method was planting malware on a website that the victim's employees will be likely to visit.[32]
  • Establish foothold  plant remote administration software in victim's network, create net backdoors and tunnels allowing stealth access to its infrastructure.
  • Escalate privileges  use exploits and password cracking to acquire administrator privileges over victim's computer and possibly expand it to Windows domain administrator accounts.
  • Internal reconnaissance  collect information on surrounding infrastructure, trust relationships, Windows domain structure.
  • Move laterally  expand control to other workstations, servers and infrastructure elements and perform data harvesting on them.
  • Maintain presence  ensure continued control over access channels and credentials acquired in previous steps.
  • Complete mission  exfiltrate stolen data from victim's network.

In incidents analysed by Mandiant, the average period over which the attackers controlled the victim's network was one year, with longest – almost five years.[31] The infiltrations were allegedly performed by Shanghai-based Unit 61398 of People's Liberation Army. Chinese officials have denied any involvement in these attacks.[33]

Previous reports from Secdev had previously discovered and implicated Chinese actors.[34]

Mitigation strategies

There are tens of millions of malware variations,[35] which makes it extremely challenging to protect organizations from APT. While APT activities are stealthy and hard to detect, the command and control network traffic associated with APT can be detected at the network layer level with sophisticated methods. Deep log analyses and log correlation from various sources is of limited usefulness in detecting APT activities. It is challenging to separate noises from legitimate traffic. Traditional security technology and methods have been ineffective in detecting or mitigating APTs.[36] Active cyber defense has yielded greater efficacy in detecting and prosecuting APTs (find, fix, finish) when applying cyber threat intelligence to hunt and adversary pursuit activities.[37][38] Human-Introduced Cyber Vulnerabilities (HICV) are a weak cyber link that are neither well understood nor mitigated, constituting a significant attack vector.[39]

APT groups

China

Since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, the Ministry of State Security gained more responsibility over cyberespionage vis-à-vis the People's Liberation Army, and currently oversees various APT groups.[40] According to security researcher Timo Steffens, "the APT landscape in China is run in a 'whole country' approach, leveraging skills from universities, individual, and private and public sectors".[41]

Iran

North Korea

Russia

Turkey

  • StrongPity (also known as APT-C-41 and PROMETHIUM)[68]

United States

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

See also

Notes

  1. active since 2013, unlike most APTs, Gamaredon broadly targets all users all over the globe (in addition to also focusing on certain victims, especially Ukrainian organizations[65]) and appears to provide services for other APTs.[66] For example, the InvisiMole threat group has attacked select systems that Gamaredon had earlier compromised and fingerprinted.[65]

References

  1. "What Is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)?". www.kaspersky.com. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  2. "What Is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)?". Cisco. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Maloney, Sarah. "What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)?". Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  4. Cole., Eric (2013). Advanced Persistent Threat: Understanding the Danger and How to Protect Your Organization. Syngress. OCLC 939843912.
  5. 1 2 "M-Trends Cyber Security Trends". FireEye. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  6. "Cyber Threats to the Financial Services and Insurance Industries" (PDF). FireEye. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2019.
  7. "Cyber Threats to the Retail and Consumer Goods Industry" (PDF). FireEye. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2019.
  8. "Advanced Persistent Threats: A Symantec Perspective" (PDF). Symantec. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2018.
  9. Au, Man Ho (2018). "Privacy-preserving personal data operation on mobile cloud—Chances and challenges over advanced persistent threat". Future Generation Computer Systems. 79: 337–349. doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.06.021.
  10. 1 2 3 "Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)". IT Governance.
  11. "Advanced persistent Threat Awareness" (PDF). TrendMicro Inc.
  12. "Explained: Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)". Malwarebytes Labs. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  13. "Assessing Outbound Traffic to Uncover Advanced Persistent Threat" (PDF). SANS Technology Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  14. "Introducing Forrester's Cyber Threat Intelligence Research". Forrester Research. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  15. Beim, Jared (2018). "Enforcing a Prohibition on International Espionage". Chicago Journal of International Law. 18: 647–672. ProQuest 2012381493.
  16. "Advanced Persistent Threats: Learn the ABCs of APTs - Part A". SecureWorks. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  17. Olavsrud, Thor (30 April 2012). "Targeted Attacks Increased, Became More Diverse in 2011". CIO Magazine.
  18. "An Evolving Crisis". BusinessWeek. 10 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  19. "The New E-spionage Threat". BusinessWeek. 10 April 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  20. Rosenbach, Marcel; Schulz, Thomas; Wagner, Wieland (19 January 2010). "Google Under Attack: The High Cost of Doing Business in China". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  21. "Commander Discusses a Decade of DOD Cyber Power". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  22. "Under Cyberthreat: Defense Contractors". Bloomberg.com. BusinessWeek. 6 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  23. "Understanding the Advanced Persistent Threat". Tom Parker. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  24. "Advanced Persistent Threat (or Informationized Force Operations)" (PDF). Usenix, Michael K. Daly. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  25. "Anatomy of an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)". Dell SecureWorks. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  26. Gonzalez, Joaquin Jay III; Kemp, Roger L. (16 January 2019). Cybersecurity: Current Writings on Threats and Protection. McFarland. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4766-7440-7.
  27. Ingerman, Bret; Yang, Catherine (31 May 2011). "Top-Ten IT Issues, 2011". Educause Review.
  28. McMahon, Dave; Rohozinski, Rafal. "The Dark Space Project: Defence R&D Canada – Centre for Security Science Contractor Report DRDC CSS CR 2013-007" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  29. "Outmaneuvering Advanced and Evasive Malware Threats". Secureworks. Secureworks Insights. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  30. EMAGCOMSECURITY (9 April 2015). "APT (Advanced Persistent Threat) Group". Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  31. 1 2 "APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units". Mandiant. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  32. "What are MITRE ATT&CK initial access techniques". GitGuardian - Automated Secrets Detection. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  33. Blanchard, Ben (19 February 2013). "China says U.S. hacking accusations lack technical proof". Reuters.
  34. Deibert, R.; Rohozinski, R.; Manchanda, A.; Villeneuve, N.; Walton, G (28 March 2009). "Tracking GhostNet: investigating a cyber espionage network". The Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  35. RicMessier (30 October 2013). GSEC GIAC Security Essentials Certification All. McGraw Hill Professional, 2013. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-07-182091-2.
  36. "Anatomy of an APT (Advanced Persistent Threat) Attack". FireEye. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  37. "Threat Intelligence in an Active Cyber Defense (Part 1)". Recorded Future. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  38. "Threat Intelligence in an Active Cyber Defense (Part 2)". Recorded Future. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  39. "A Context-Centred Research Approach to Phishing and Operational Technology in Industrial Control Systems | Journal of Information Warfare". www.jinfowar.com. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  40. Mozur, Paul; Buckley, Chris (26 August 2021). "Spies for Hire: China's New Breed of Hackers Blends Espionage and Entrepreneurship". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  41. Stone, Jeff (5 October 2020). "Foreign spies use front companies to disguise their hacking, borrowing an old camouflage tactic". cyberscoop.com. Cyberscoop. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  42. "Buckeye: Espionage Outfit Used Equation Group Tools Prior to Shadow Brokers Leak". Symantec. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  43. "APT17: Hiding in Plain Sight - FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic" (PDF). FireEye. May 2015.
  44. van Dantzig, Maarten; Schamper, Erik (19 December 2019). "Wocao APT20" (PDF). fox-it.com. NCC Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  45. Vijayan, Jai (19 December 2019). "China-Based Cyber Espionage Group Targeting Orgs in 10 Countries". www.darkreading.com. Dark Reading. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  46. Lyngaas, Sean (10 August 2021). "Chinese hackers posed as Iranians to breach Israeli targets, FireEye says". www.cyberscoop.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  47. Lyngaas, Sean (12 February 2019). "Right country, wrong group? Researchers say it wasn't APT10 that hacked Norwegian software firm". www.cyberscoop.com. Cyberscoop. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  48. Lyngaas, Sean (16 October 2020). "Google offers details on Chinese hacking group that targeted Biden campaign". Cyberscoop. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  49. "Double Dragon APT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation". FireEye. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  50. "Bureau names ransomware culprits". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 17 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  51. Tartare, Mathieu; Smolár, Martin (21 May 2020). "No "Game over" for the Winnti Group". www.welivesecurity.com. We Live Security. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  52. Greenberg, Andy (6 August 2020). "Chinese Hackers Have Pillaged Taiwan's Semiconductor Industry". Wired. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  53. Sabin, Sam (26 October 2022). "New pro-China disinformation campaign targets 2022 elections: Report". Axios. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  54. Naraine, Ryan (2 March 2021). "Microsoft: Multiple Exchange Server Zero-Days Under Attack by Chinese Hacking Group". securityweek.com. Wired Business Media. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  55. Burt, Tom (2 March 2021). "New nation-state cyberattacks". blogs.microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  56. Nichols, Shaun (20 October 2021). "'LightBasin' hackers spent 5 years hiding on telco networks". TechTarget. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  57. Ilascu, Ionut (19 October 2021). "LightBasin hacking group breaches 13 global telecoms in two years". Bleeping Computer. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  58. Chen, Joey (12 May 2020). "Tropic Trooper's Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air-gapped Environments". blog.trendmicro.com. Trend Micro. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  59. Cimpanu, Catalin. "Hackers target the air-gapped networks of the Taiwanese and Philippine military". ZDnet. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  60. Intelligence, Microsoft Threat (24 May 2023). "Volt Typhoon targets US critical infrastructure with living-off-the-land techniques". Microsoft Security Blog. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  61. "APT39, ITG07, Chafer, Remix Kitten, Group G0087 | MITRE ATT&CK®". attack.mitre.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  62. "Crowdstrike Global Threat Report 2020" (PDF). crowdstrike.com. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  63. "Pioneer Kitten APT Sells Corporate Network Access". threatpost.com. September 2020.
  64. Kyle Alspach (4 February 2022). "Microsoft discloses new details on Russian hacker group Gamaredon". VentureBeat. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  65. 1 2 Charlie Osborne (21 March 2022). "Ukraine warns of InvisiMole attacks tied to state-sponsored Russian hackers". ZDNet. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  66. Warren Mercer; Vitor Ventura (23 February 2021). "Gamaredon - When nation states don't pay all the bills". Cisco. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  67. "Adversary: Venomous Bear - Threat Actor". Crowdstrike Adversary Universe. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  68. Warren Mercer; Paul Rascagneres; Vitor Ventura (29 June 2020). "PROMETHIUM extends global reach with StrongPity3 APT". Cisco. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  69. "Equation: The Death Star of Malware Galaxy". Kaspersky Lab. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  70. Gallagher, Sean (3 October 2019). "Kaspersky finds Uzbekistan hacking op… because group used Kaspersky AV". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  71. Panda, Ankit. "Offensive Cyber Capabilities and Public Health Intelligence: Vietnam, APT32, and COVID-19". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  72. Tanriverdi, Hakan; Zierer, Max; Wetter, Ann-Kathrin; Biermann, Kai; Nguyen, Thi Do (8 October 2020). Nierle, Verena; Schöffel, Robert; Wreschniok, Lisa (eds.). "Lined up in the sights of Vietnamese hackers". Bayerischer Rundfunk. In Bui's case the traces lead to a group presumably acting on behalf of the Vietnamese state. Experts have many names for this group: APT 32 and Ocean Lotus are best known. In conversations with a dozen of information security specialists, they all agreed that this is a Vietnamese group spying, in particular, on its own compatriots.

Further reading

List of Advanced Persistent Threat Groups
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.