An advergame is a form of advertising in video games, in which the video game is developed by or in close collaboration with a corporate entity for purposes of advertising a brand-name product. While other video games may use in-game advertising (such as an advertisement on a virtual billboard or branding on an in-game object), an advergame is differentiated by the Interactive Advertising Bureau as a "game specifically designed around [the] product or service being advertised".[1] An advergame is considered a type of advertainment.

Advergames are commonly targeted to minors, who tend to be more responsive to persuasive messages that can be embedded in such games. Concerns have been raised by parents and advocates for children that such advergames can influence children's habits, particularly food-based products.

History

Advergames (a portmanteau of "advertisement" and "video games") appeared early in the history of the video game industry. One of the first known attempts was a polo sport game tied into the clothing brand Polo, which Carol Shaw had been developing for the Atari 2600 around 1978, but which had been cancelled prior to release.[2] The first known released advergame was Tapper, a 1983 arcade game.[2] The game had been originally sponsored by brewer Anheuser-Busch, and predominately featured the brand's logo and with gameplay based on serving beer. Its release was targeted for bars or other establishments for adults, but the game proved popular, and a non-branded version Root Beer Tapper was released for general arcades, with beer replaced by root beer.[2]

Numerous advergames were developed through the 1980s and 1990s for home video game consoles and personal computers, but with the introduction of wide-spread availability of the Internet, browser games became a popular route for advergames. Such games were cheaper to produce compared to previous advergames as well as to other traditional advertising routes such as television advertising.[3] A Kaiser Family Foundation report in 2006 found that 73% of 96 food product companies had established dedicated sections of their websites with advergames that were targeted at children, with many of these offering multiple advergames.[4]

The term "advergames" was coined by Anthony Giallourakis in 1999.[5] The Internet domain www.advergames.com was purchased that year by Giallourakis and several years later (in 2008), a high quality free web portal showcasing a curated selection of the best browser based advergames was launched.[6] This site was considered the premier online player destination for a wide variety of advergames sponsored by some of the most recognized brands in the world. Millions of visitors from over 50 nations visited the site's comprehensive directory to come play some of the most entertaining advergames ever created. Advergames developers from many nations generated additional seeding for their works through their relationships with Advergames.com.

Advergames moved into mobile games by around 2014, due to the proliferation of mobile devices and their common use by children.[7]

Roblox, an online game platform and creation system, has been used for advergames.[8][9]

Other examples

Other examples of advergames that have achieved widespread awareness include:

Protection for children

Because video games generally draw significant interest from minors, there are ethical and legal concerns around advergames. Whereas adults generally can recognize and resist persuasive advertising in games, younger children may not recognize that an advergame is a form of advertising and can be drawn in by statements made by the game.[10]

One key market area of concern was food product-based advergames. The increased used of browser and mobile advergames in the mid-2000s led to concerns that such games would lead to an increase in the childhood obesity rate.[3] In particular, many food-based advergames promote less nutritious products like snack foods.[11] However, research has shown that the influence of advergames is not limited to foods with poor nutrition, as a study using advergames designed around healthy food choices led to the monitored children to select a healthier snack when presented a variety of choices.[12]

False advertising

Advergames can run afoul of laws established related to truth in advertising. Making false claims, even if in language not intended to be advertising, in advergames can result in penalties and fines by the national or regional consumer protection agencies. In a notable case, the Gatorade company, a subsidiary of PepsiCo, had published a free mobile game Bolt! which featured Usain Bolt and challenged the player to "keep your performance high by avoiding water". The state of California asserted this claim was false, as Gatorade had been shown to be more harmful to the human body than water, and with the game targeted to youth, send the wrong message. The state sued Gatorade, and the case was ultimately settled with Gatorade paying a US$300,000 fine to the state, part of which the state used to promote health-conscious water-drinking habits for children.[13]

National regulations and oversight

In the United States, attempts have been made by the United States Congress to give the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) authority to oversee online advertising aimed at children, including advergames, but had been challenged by lobbies representing the food industry and effectively shut down such attempts.[14] Nevertheless, the propagation of online games and advertising aimed at children led to passage of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) in 2000, which set strict standards for what type of private information websites could collect from minors, with the FTC overseeing any such fines.[4]

In the United Kingdom, advergames regulation was brought into coverage by the CAP Code or the Code of Non-broadcast Advertising, Sales Promotion and Direct Marketing in 2016. The CAP code, updated frequently, provides specific guidance on what advergames (among other types of advertising) can and cannot do, with specific attention to how such games may influence children. CAP code violations are monitored and penalized by the Advertising Standards Authority.[15]

Other concerns

Messaging in advergames may backfire and impact the reputation of the brand the game promotes. A notable example from Intel, which had published in 2004 The Intel IT Manager Game, a browser-based game that attempted to give insight into the job opportunities of an information technology manager, including simulating the hires of new employees. However, the game only allowed male employees to be hired by design, and Intel received criticism for discounting female hires. The game was taken offline and later replaced with a new version that had equal gender representation. While the situation could be compared to a similar problem around the game Fable which also forced players to male avatars, the real-world setting of Intel's game was seen as a more serious flaw, and at the time, gender representation in the information technology industry was a serious concern.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Platform Status Report - Game Advertising (PDF) (Report). Interactive Advertising Bureau. 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tulleken, Herman (June 12, 2019). "Four Decades of Advergames". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  3. 1 2 Grossman, Seth (2005). "Grand Theft Oreo: The Constitutionality of Advergame Regulation". Yale Law Journal. 115: 227–236. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  4. 1 2 It's Child's Play: Advergaming and the Online Marketing of Food to Children — Report (PDF) (Report). Kaiser Family Foundation. July 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  5. ↑ Ismail, Haruna (2018). ADVER-GAMES AND CONSUMERS: MEASURING THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING ON ONLINE GAMES. Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Communication, Bayero University, Kano. p. 35. eISSN 0128-1763.
  6. ↑ "12-AN1-012-6Advergaming-12.21 (3).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  7. ↑ Drummond, Katie (January 20, 2014). "How Gatorade turned water into 'the enemy of performance'". The Verge. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  8. ↑ Diaz, Ana (22 April 2022). "Roblox is 'exploiting' users with deceptive advertising, watchdog group says". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  9. ↑ McCracken, Harry (19 April 2023). "Roblox grows up". Fast Company. Fast Company, Inc. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  10. ↑ Evansa, Nathaniel J.; Hoy, Mariea Grubbs (2016). "Parents' Presumed Persuasion Knowledge of Children's Advergames: The Influence of Advertising Disclosure Modality and Cognitive Load". Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising. 37 (2): 146–164. doi:10.1080/10641734.2016.1171181. S2CID 147819450.
  11. ↑ Harris, Jennifer L.; Speers, Sarah E.; Schwartz, Marlene B.; Brownell, Kelly D. (2012). "US food company branded advergames on the internet: Children's exposure and effects on snack consumption". Journal of Children and Media. 6 (1): 51–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.638.5372. doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.633405. S2CID 15802299.
  12. ↑ Pempek, Tiffany A.; Calvert, Sandra L. (July 6, 2009). "Tipping the Balance: Use of Advergames to Promote Consumption of Nutritious Foods and Beverages by Low-Income African American Children". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 163 (7): 633–637. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.71. PMID 19581546.
  13. ↑ "Gatorade To Pay California $300K Over Anti-Water Usain Bolt 'Advergame'". KPIX. September 21, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  14. ↑ Neuman, Willie (July 23, 2010). "Ad Rules Stall, Keeping Cereal a Cartoon Staple". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  15. ↑ Bosely, Sarah (May 25, 2018). "Food firms could face litigation over neuromarketing to hijack brains". The Guardian. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  16. ↑ Dobson, Jason (January 18, 2007). "SGS Feature: 'When Advergaming Backfires'". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
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