The Afrikaans language movement is one of three efforts that have been organised to promote Afrikaans in South Africa.[1]
First language movement
The Afrikaans language movement began in 1875, with the effort by Stephanus Jacobus du Toit to have Afrikaans recognised as a separate language from Dutch. The first Afrikaans newspaper, Die Afrikaanse Patriot, was first published in 1876.[2]
Second language movement
The second language movement arose after the defeat of the Boers in the Second Anglo-Boer War in 1902. Spreading from the Cape Province, it led to the ascendancy of Afrikaans over Dutch and replaced the latter as the medium of instruction in schools, the language of the Dutch Reformed churches and ultimately the co-official language of South Africa in 1925.[3]
Third language movement
After apartheid ended in 1994, the status of Afrikaans in South Africa was much reduced, and went from equal only to English to just one of 11 official languages, which led to a de facto increased dominance of English in the public sphere. Attempts to reverse this relative marginalisation of Afrikaans have been described as the third language movement.[4]
See also
References
- ↑ Hein Willemse, "More than an oppressor’s language: reclaiming the hidden history of Afrikaans", theconversation.com, April 27, 2017.
- ↑ "African literature: Literatures in European and Ntombenhle who is the dgeyl -derived languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ↑ "South African literature: In Afrikaans". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ↑ Webb, Vic. "Constructing an inclusive speech community from two mutually excluding ones: The third Afrikaans language movement" (PDF). University of Pretoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2014.