Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
鐘萬學
Ahok in 2020
President Commissioner of Pertamina
Assumed office
25 November 2019
DeputyPahala Mansury
Preceded byTanri Abeng
12th Governor of Jakarta
In office
19 November 2014 – 9 May 2017[lower-alpha 1]
DeputyDjarot Saiful Hidayat
Preceded byJoko Widodo
Succeeded byDjarot Saiful Hidayat
12th Vice Governor of Jakarta
In office
15 October 2012 – 19 November 2014
GovernorJoko Widodo
Preceded byPrijanto
Succeeded byDjarot Saiful Hidayat
3rd Regent of East Belitung
In office
3 August 2005 – 22 December 2006
DeputyKhairul Efendi
Preceded byUsman Saleh
Succeeded byKhairul Efendi
Member of People's Representative Council
In office
1 October 2009 – 26 April 2012
Succeeded byAzhar Romli[1]
Parliamentary groupGolkar
ConstituencyBangka Belitung
Personal details
Born
Tjung Wan Hok
鐘萬學

(1966-06-29) 29 June 1966
Manggar, East Belitung, Bangka Belitung Islands, Indonesia
Political partyPDI-P (2019–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouses
Veronica Tan
​
​
(m. 1997; div. 2018)​
    Puput Nastiti Devi
    ​
    (m. 2019)​
    Children5
    Parents
    • Indra Tjahaja Purnama (father)
    • Buniarti Ningsih (mother)
    Alma mater
    OccupationPolitician
    Signature
    Websiteahok.org
    NicknameAhok

    Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Chinese: 鐘萬學; pinyin: Zhōng Wànxué, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng Van-ho̍k; born 29 June 1966) is an Indonesian businessman, politician, and former governor of Jakarta. He is colloquially known by his Hakka Chinese name, Ahok (Chinese: 阿學). He was the second minority governor of Jakarta with ethnic Chinese ancestry and also of the Evangelical faith, following Henk Ngantung, who was the sole Catholic and ethnic Minahasan governor to hold office from 1964–65.[2][3]

    Ahok was a legislator in the Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) and Regent of East Belitung.[4] He was elected to the House of Representatives for the 2009–2014 term but resigned in 2012 to run for the deputy governorship of Jakarta, to which he was elected. In November 2014, he became governor of Jakarta, as his predecessor Joko Widodo had become president.[5] Ahead of the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok's political rivals aligned themselves with Islamic extremists to exploit religious and racial intolerance, resulting in Ahok being accused of blasphemy in October 2016.[6][7] He then lost the election to former Education Minister Anies Baswedan and was imprisoned for blasphemy.[8][9][10]

    Early life

    Family and personal life

    Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was born on 29 June 1966 and grew up in Manggar, East Belitung. He is the first son of Buniarti Ningsih and the late Indra Tjahaja Purnama.[11] He has three siblings: Basuri Tjahaja Purnama, Fifi Lety, and Harry Basuki.

    Ahok firstly married Veronica Tan, a fellow ethnic Chinese of Hokkien ancestry hailing from Medan, on 6 September 1997 and the couple had three children, Nicolas Sean, Natania, and Daud Albeneer.[12][13] They divorced in 2018, with Ahok gaining custody of the two younger children.[14] In 2019, Ahok married Puput Nastiti Devi, a police officer who previously served as the aide of his ex-wife,[15] and the couple have two children: Yosafat Abimanyu Purnama[16] and Sarah Eliana Purnama.[17]

    Education

    Ahok attended Trisakti University, majoring in mineral resources and technology. He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in geological engineering in 1989 and returned to his hometown in Belitung to build a company that dealt in mining contracts.

    After two years of working in the company, he decided to pursue a master's degree in financial management at Prasetiya Mulya Business School in Jakarta. He graduated with a Master of Business Administration.[4]

    Political career

    Early involvement with politics

    Ahok entered politics in his home region of Belitung. He contested the 2005 East Belitung regent election with Khairul Effendi as his running mate and was elected with 37.13% of the vote. He was hopeful Indonesia was breaking with its long and often violent history of prejudice and resentment. He is nicknamed "The Father" and "The Law" for his firm stance against corruption.[18] Ahok confronted vital issues related to traffic congestion, labour, corruption and bureaucracy. He mediated a minimum wage increase, proposed incentives for street vendors to move to designated markets in order to reduce congestion, migrated poor villagers to new flats, introduced surprise inspections of government offices, and proposed installing CCTVs to improve accountability.[19]

    2007 Bangka-Belitung governor election

    Ahok resigned from his position as East Belitung regent on 11 December 2006 in order to run in the 2007 Bangka-Belitung gubernatorial election. He later credited former Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid, for convincing him to run for public office.[20] Wahid supported Ahok's candidacy[21] and praised his healthcare reforms. However, Ahok was defeated by Eko Maulana Ali.

    In 2008, Ahok wrote a biography titled Merubah Indonesia (Reforming Indonesia).[22]

    Parliamentary career (2009–2012)

    In 2009, Ahok was elected to the DPR as a member of Golkar. He was elected with 119,232 votes,[23] and was assigned to the Second Commission.[24] In 2011, he generated controversy in a visit to his local constituency, during which he was recorded by the local media condemning local tin mining businesses for causing environmental damage. The comment was regarded as an insult by a local youth NGO, who reported him to the House Ethics Committee.[25]

    Jakarta's deputy governor (2012–2014)

    In 2011, Ahok considered running for Jakarta governor as an independent candidate. However, he opted not to run, as he was pessimistic about his chances of receiving 250,000 signatures, a requirement for running as an independent gubernatorial candidate in Jakarta.[26] He then became the running mate of Joko Widodo in the 2012 election. The pair won 1,847,157 (42.6%) votes in the first round, and 2,472,130 (53.82%) in the second round, defeating incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo.[27][28] The ticket was nominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra).[29] On 10 September 2014, Ahok left Gerindra because he opposed the party's proposal to scrap direct elections for local leaders.[30]

    Governorship (2014–2017)

    Official Portrait of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as the Governor of Jakarta

    When Joko Widodo took a temporary leave from his post as Jakarta governor to campaign for the presidency, Ahok became acting Governor of Jakarta from 1 June to 22 July 2014.[31] Following Jokowi's victory, he succeeded him as governor and was sworn into office on 18 November 2014.[5]

    In October 2015, the State Audit Board (BPK) commenced an investigation into the city's procurement of 3.7 hectares of land adjacent to Sumber Waras Hospital in West Jakarta for a cardiac and cancer center. The city administration bought the land in 2014 for Rp775.69 billion, but BPK subsequently said the land should have cost Rp564.35 billion, so the purchase had caused a state loss of Rp191 billion.[32][33] The Corruption Eradication Commission questioned Ahok over the case in 2016 and cleared him of any wrongdoing.[34][35] Anti-corruption activist Boyamin Saiman claimed he had evidence of corruption and demanded Ahok be held accountable.[33] Corruption allegations were also made over an allegedly fallacious land purchase made by the city administration in Cengkareng, West Jakarta, on 13 November 2015,[36] with a marked-up price causing an estimated state loss of Rp600 billion.[37][38] In December 2020, South Jakarta District Court heard a pre-trial hearing over the Cengkareng land procurement case.[39]

    2017 reelection bid

    Ahok initially had declared to run for the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election as an independent candidate with Teman Ahok (Friends of Ahok), a group of volunteers responsible for collecting over one million Resident Identity Cards, representing supporters required by Indonesian law to be eligible to run on an independent ticket.[40] Due to a new state regulation that tightened the requirements for independent candidates, Ahok ran on the party tickets of three political parties, who previously endorsed him earlier in 2016.[41][42] They were Golkar, the People's Conscience Party (Hanura), and the Nasdem Party.[43] On 20 September 2016, the PDI-P declared its support for Ahok.[44]

    In the first round of voting on 15 February 2017, Ahok entered into the second-round between two candidates, having secured approximately 43% of the vote, ahead of Anies Baswedan with 40%, and well ahead of Agus Yudhoyono with 17%.[45] Quick counts for the 19 April runoff indicated that Anies Baswedan was elected as governor; Ahok conceded defeat hours after the polls closed. The official results of the runoff were published by General Elections Commissions (KPU) in May, and Anies Baswedan was elected as the new governor of Jakarta.[46][47]

    Target of racism

    A candidate and a member of a minority ethnic group, Ahok has become the subject of occasional racist comments. During the campaign, he was regularly targeted by ultra-conservatives and supporters of rival candidates for being of Chinese descent. Furthermore, his "double minority" background, being both a Christian and of Chinese descent, has made him a target of the hardline Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam, FPI). The group called for the revision of the Jakarta constitution to remove some of the governor's responsibilities for government-affiliated Islamic organisations. In 2016, Indonesian Army General Suryo Prabowo commented that Ahok should "know his place lest the Indonesian Chinese face the consequences of his action". This controversial comment was considered to hearken back to previous violence against Chinese Indonesians.[48]

    Blasphemy allegations and imprisonment

    Islamist protests against Ahok in Jakarta, 2 December 2016

    On 27 September 2016, while introducing a government project to citizens of the Thousand Islands, Ahok said some citizens would not vote for him because they were being "threatened and deceived" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it.[49][50][lower-alpha 2] The provincial government of Jakarta uploaded the video recording to YouTube in a channel which often featured Ahok's activities.[51] The video was later edited by a university lecturer, Buni Yani, and one word was omitted from that video, creating a misinterpretation of Ahok's statement. The video went viral, with some citizens considering it an insult to the Quran.[49] Ahok received threats of lynching and was widely criticised in social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Several Change.org petitions were filed, initiated by both his supporters and critics, garnering tens of thousands of signatures.[52][51][53][54]

    Some groups, such as the FPI, or the local chapter of the Indonesian Ulema Council, reported Ahok to the police, accusing him of having violated Indonesia's blasphemy law.[55] On 10 October 2016, Ahok publicly apologised to those he offended with his statement, stating that it was not his intention to do so and that some of his policies had benefited Muslims, such as granting permits for Islamic schools, providing Jakarta Smart Cards (KJP) to the students, and building a mosque in the City Hall complex. He also pointed out that during his Thousand Islands speech, the residents were not insulted, and even amused during his recitation.[56]

    On 9 May 2017, Ahok was sentenced to two years in prison by North Jakarta District Court after being found guilty of blasphemy and inciting violence. The panel of judges rejected his defence that he referred to a Quranic verse to highlight political discrimination.[57][58][59][60] Based on the court hearing,[61] the panel of judges said that his Thousand Islands speech[62] contained elements of blasphemy. The chief judge maintained that Ahok's statement considered the Al-Maidah verse as a tool to deceive or a source of lies. He said the verse is part of the Quran, and that anyone who quotes it should not have any intent of deception. The judges took into consideration a book Ahok had written in 2008 titled Changing Indonesia. His book was judged as proof that he understood the verse in question. They determined the word aulia ("friends and protectors", or "allies") in the verse could be defined as a leader, thus declaring that Ahok's remarks to be degrading and insulting to the Quran. They also agreed with expert witnesses in the trial that Ahok's remarks were a blasphemous offence.[61]

    Aftermath

    The singing protest for Ahok arranged by Addie MS.

    The verdict was met with scrutiny, condemnation and heavy criticism by many Indonesians[63][64] and observers in the international community, in a case widely seen as a test of religious tolerance and free speech. Many said the verdict was politically driven, retaliatory in nature, and the judges had succumbed to pressure from extremist Islamic groups, disgruntled corrupt business groups, and politicians and officials who were previously criticised by the Ahok administration. Several civil society groups protested his imprisonment, including Amnesty International. Renowned music composer and conductor Addie MS conducted a singing protest in front of the Balai Kota (city hall).[65] Candle-lit vigils were held in various cities. Many observers and individuals both inside and outside of Indonesia have also petitioned the Indonesian government to amend the blasphemy law on the basis that it is discriminatory and targets minorities.[66] The promotion of three judges from the panel a few days after the verdict also raised suspicions and spurred criticism from many Indonesians.[67]

    As a result of his imprisonment, Ahok was unable to finish his term as governor and was replaced by his deputy, Djarot Saiful Hidayat, who served until the administration completed its term in October 2017.[68] Ahok initially wished to appeal his sentence but withdrew his appeal on 22 May 2017.[69][70] In an unusual move, the prosecutors filed an appeal against the verdict, arguing the sentence was much heavier than the 1-year imprisonment they had requested. In February 2018, he filed a case review request to the Supreme Court, with his lawyers citing a conviction for tampering with the video footage which was used as evidence against him.[71] On 26 March, the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.[72]

    Before his arrest, Ahok had said that one day he wanted to be president of Indonesia.[73][74] Although parole was possible in August 2018, Ahok stated that he would serve his entire sentence before leaving prison. In 2017, Foreign Policy included Ahok in its list of Global Thinkers 2017 "for standing up to Indonesia's creeping fundamentalism."[75]

    Post-imprisonment

    He was released on 24 January 2019 due to remissions granted at Indonesian Independence Day and Christmas.[76][77] Soon afterwards, he joined the PDI-P.[78] He has requested to be called as 'BTP', rather than 'Ahok' by which he is more well known.[15]

    In 2019, Ahok stated that he "could no longer become a government official".[79] During Jokowi's second term of presidency, Ahok was appointed as the president commissioner of the state-owned oil and gas firm Pertamina.[80] By February 2020, the 212 Movement (the same group which protested his alleged blasphemy) had protested for Ahok to be removed from Pertamina.[81]

    Awards and achievements

    No Award from Award category / Award name Award Information
    1 WWF[82] National Earth Hour Capital 2015 High commitment to low-carbon development in a number of significant sectors
    2 WWF[82] National Earth Hour Capital 2016 High commitment to low-carbon development in a number of significant sectors
    3 PT. Telkom Indonesia[83] Smart City Nusantara Improving infrastructure connectivity, after informing and collaborating with the community
    4 Indonesia Green Award 2016[84] The Most Inspiring Increasing Green Open Space (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) in DKI Jakarta
    5 Bappenas[85] Best MDGs Achievement of the Highest MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) of 2015
    6 Bappenas[85] Best I Provincial Category (2016) Best planning
    7 Bappenas[85] Best I Provincial Category (2016) Innovative planning
    8 Bappenas[85] Best I Provincial Category (2016) Progressive planning
    9 Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) Families[86] Gus Dur Awards 2016 Brave, assertive anti-corruption in the manner of Gus Dur
    10 Bappenas[87] MDGs Greatest achievement
    11 Bappenas[87] MDGs Most inspiring achievement
    12 Bappenas and LKPP[88] National Procurement Awards Success and leadership in transforming electronic procurement
    13 Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi[89] Anti Gratuity Awards Success in controlling gratuities within Jakarta Provincial Government
    14 Basarnas[90] Honorary Citizens of Basarnas Recognition and reward from National SAR Agencies (Basarnas)
    15 Alzheimers Disease International[91] Champion Alzheimer's Disease Support and improvement of activities that raise awareness of Alzheimer's disease, dementia and the need of special care for the elderly
    16 Bung Hatta Anti Corruption Awards[92] Anti Corruption Figures Integrity and innovation in campaigns to achieve budget transparency
    17 Democracy Awards[93] Democracy Awards Success as the head of a region in strengthening regional autonomy within the framework of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (NKRI)
    18 Serikat Perusahaan Pers[94] SPS Political Figures Awarded at the Indonesia Public Relations Awards & Summit
    19 MNC Group[95] Controversial Figures Awarded at the Anugerah Seputar Indonesia
    20 MURI[96] Achievement in PTSP Service In one year published more than 4 million licensing services
    21 MURI[97] Preventing Terrorism in Society Social program of terrorism prevention among the 7,200 peoples in coordination with the National Agency for Counter-Terrorism (BNPT) and Coordination Forum on Terrorism Prevention
    22 MURI[98] Achievement in Robot Assembly Enabling more than 1,000 West Jakarta kindergarten students in teams to build robots
    23 LEPRID[99] Record Achievement Recognition award for record-setting flower boards (recorded until 3 May 2017, as many as 5228 flower boards) co-awarded to deputy governor Djarot Saiful Hidayat
    24 MURI[100] Recognition for the Longest Flower Boards Parade Received for the longest flower boards (boards start at Jakarta City Hall (which is located on the South Medan Merdeka road) and extend to Monas and surrounding areas (including behind the Jakarta Parliament Building), which was certified as a record by MURI)
    25 Bappenas[101] Best II Provincial Category (2017) Best planning
    26 Bappenas[101] Best I Provincial Category (2017) Best innovation in planning
    27 Foreign Policy[102] Global Thinkers 2017 For opposing Indonesian fundamentalism
    28 Roosseno Award IX – 2019[103] Work Ethic, High Integrity and Creative Ideas for the Public Recognition as an Indonesian with a strong work ethic and great integrity whose creativity in public development has continually inspired the Indonesian people

    Criticism

    Evictions of squatters

    Human rights groups and academics criticized Ahok's forced evictions of Jakarta's urban poor 'kampung' residents from areas zoned for redevelopment to reduce floods and traffic and create green space. Ahok said the residents were illegally squatting on government-owned land and would be moved to newly built public housing.[104][105][106][107] Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation noted at least 16,000 urban poor families had been displaced in two years during his administration.[108] There were 193 forced evictions alone in 2016, compared to 113 in 2015.[109] Human rights groups said the evictions were not conducted under the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) convention, which Indonesia ratified in 2005.[110] One of the conditions of the covenant requires a dialogue before eviction and compensation for any damaged property. Ahok was criticized for deploying police and military personnel during evictions that were part of shutting down and redeveloping a brothel complex.[111][112]

    Ahok said his policies only evicted illegal squatters in order to uphold the rule of law. Human rights groups argued that under Indonesian land policy, the so-called illegal squatters should have received land certificates for having lived there for more than 30 years. Ahok relocated the evicted people to privately-funded public housing, but the relocations drew criticism for not meeting basic living standards and having a cost that jumped from the equivalent of about $10 to $20 a month to $70 to $100.[113] Ahok was also accused of employing double standards in the evictions. Rujak Center for Urban Studies researcher Dian Tri Irawaty noted that the evictions did not apply to commercial areas and elite neighbourhoods in Jakarta. She cited the Taman Anggrek mall in West Jakarta, the neighbourhoods and commercial areas in Kelapa Gading and Pluit in North Jakarta, which were also built on water catchment areas.[114] Ian Wilson of Murdoch University argued that Ahok's policies that affected Jakarta's urban poor were overshadowed by his status as an ethnic and religious minority, especially since at the same time he was accused of blasphemy.[115] Many lower and middle-class citizens felt he had ignored public aspirations and caused hundreds of residents to lose their homes.[116]

    Ahok countered that he had a different concept of human rights, saying, "I would kill 2,000 people in front of you to save 10 million."[117] The leader of human rights group KontraS, Haris Azhar, said Ahok's anti-corruption image was "nothing but a publicity gimmick" for his lack of awareness in human rights.[106]

    Notes

    1. ↑ Acting: 1 June – 22 July 2014 and 16 October – 19 November 2014
    2. ↑ The verse says, in the Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation, "O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors. They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them is of them. Verily, Allah guideth not a people unjust."

    References

    1. ↑ "Azhar Romli Gantikan Ahok di DPR". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
    2. ↑ Cochrane, Joe (22 November 2014). "An Ethnic Chinese Christian, Breaking Barriers in Indonesia". The New York Times.
    3. ↑ Harfenist, Ethan (17 August 2014). "Jakarta Could Be Getting Its First Ethnically Chinese Governor". Vice News.
    4. 1 2 "Siapa Ahok?" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2012.
    5. 1 2 "Ahok becomes Jakarta governor today". The Jakarta Post. 19 November 2014.
    6. ↑ "Can support for the jailed former Jakarta governor bring change in Indonesia's blasphemy law?". The Conversation. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
    7. ↑ Varagur, Krithika (16 April 2020). "How Saudi Arabia's religious project transformed Indonesia". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
    8. ↑ Lamb, Kate (12 December 2016). "Jakarta governor Ahok's blasphemy trial". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
    9. ↑ "Ahok concedes defeat, calls on supporters to move on". The Jakarta Post.
    10. ↑ Lamb, Kate (9 May 2017). "Jakarta governor Ahok sentenced to two years in prison for blasphemy". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
    11. ↑ "Profil Basuki Tjahaja Purnama". Merdeka. 25 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
    12. ↑ Puspita, Sherly (8 September 2017). "Surat Cinta Ahok untuk Veronica di Ulang Tahun Pernikahan ke-20... - Kompas.com". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 April 2018.
    13. ↑ "Nicolas Sean, Anak Ahok yang Hobi Ngegame". detikinet. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
    14. ↑ "Court grants Ahok divorce petition, custody of children". The Jakarta Post. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
    15. 1 2 'Call me BTP, not Ahok', Jakarta Post, 24 January 2019
    16. ↑ Liputan6.com (6 January 2020). "Bergegas Keluar RS, Ahok Belum Berkomentar Soal Kelahiran Putranya Yosafat Abimanyu Purnama". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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    18. ↑ "In Indonesia, ethnic Chinese see a new future". The Washington Post. 19 August 2012.
    19. ↑ "The Leaderboard: Basuki "Ahok" Tjahaja Purnama". Center for Strategic & International Studies. 27 November 2012.
    20. ↑ Hodge, Amanda (13 December 2016). "Ahok blasphemy hearing 'a trial by mob'". The Australian. Retrieved 27 December 2016. He credited the late Islamic scholar and former Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid for convincing him to run for public office in 2007 in the Muslim majority district of Bangka Belitung, and said he spoke at one of his campaign rallies about how the al Maidah verse was taken out of context.
    21. ↑ "Dua Alasan Gus Dur Tertarik pada Ahok". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 9 September 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
    22. ↑ "PDF Buku "Merubah Indonesia"". Ahok.org. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
    23. ↑ Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009–2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier, Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010, page 171
    24. ↑ Daftar Komisi II DPR RI, Okezone, 29 October 2009
    25. ↑ Ahok: Bela Rakyat Tapi kok dilaporkan ke BK DPR RI, PetaPolitik.Com, 20 May 2011
    26. ↑ "A Hok Pesimis Lolos Cagub Independen DKI Jakarta | Megapolitan". Beritasatu.com. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
    27. ↑ "Jokowi-Ahok Pemenang Pilkada Putaran Pertama". Megapolitan.kompas.com. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
    28. ↑ "Jokowi-Basuki Menangi Pilkada DKI Putaran II". Megapolitan.kompas.com. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
    29. ↑ "Jokowi, Ahok take a Kopaja to KPUD". The Jakarta Post. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
    30. ↑ "Ahok quits, coalition alarmed". The Jakarta Post. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
    31. ↑ "Ahok Ready to be Acting Governor". Tempo. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
    32. ↑ Wijaya, Callistasia Anggun (13 April 2016). "BPK report deceitful, doesn't make sense: Ahok". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
    33. 1 2 "Perkara RS Sumber Waras: Kerugian diklaim lebih dari 191 miliar". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
    34. ↑ Ramadhani, Nurul Fitri (15 June 2016). "KPK clears Ahok of wrongdoing". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
    35. ↑ "Pengamat: Ada 3 alat bukti permulaan kasus lahan RS Sumber Waras". Republika (in Indonesian). April 2016.
    36. ↑ "Pemerintah DKI Beli Tanah Milik Sendiri". Tempo (in Indonesian). 27 June 2016.
    37. ↑ "Sumber Waras Diduga Rugi Ratusan Miliar, Ini Opsi Sandiaga". Republika (in Indonesian). 31 May 2018.
    38. ↑ "Dari Sumber Waras ke Cengkareng". Republika (in Indonesian). 18 July 2016.
    39. ↑ "PN Jaksel Sidangkan Kasus Ahok Beli Tanah Milik Pemprov DKI". Republika (in Indonesian). December 2020.
    40. ↑ Cochrane, Joe (4 June 2016). "Governor of Jakarta bucks Indonesia's Party Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    41. ↑ "Party ticket will ensure smooth candidacy for Ahok, analyst says". The Jakarta Post. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    42. ↑ "Ahok to Run With Political Parties in Jakarta Governor Race". Jakarta Globe. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    43. ↑ Elyda, Corry (24 June 2016). "Ahok secures ticket from political parties". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    44. ↑ Rahmah, Ghoida (21 September 2016). "Ahok-Djarot Diusung, Ketua RT: PDIP Khianati Rakyat Kecil". Tempo. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
    45. ↑ Ahok heading for Baswedan run-off in tense Jakarta vote, Al Jazeera, 16 February 2017
    46. ↑ Joe Cochrane (19 April 2017). "Jakarta Governor Concedes Defeat in Religiously Tinged Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    47. ↑ "Jakarta's 'Ahok' concedes heavy defeat in governor race". South China Morning Post. 19 April 2017.
    48. ↑ "Sustaining anti-Chinese sentiment in Jakarta". Australia National University. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
    49. 1 2 Sasongko, Agung (6 October 2016). "Video Ahok: Anda Dibohongi Alquran Surat Al-Maidah 51 Viral di Medsos". Republika.
    50. ↑ "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama: Jakarta's governor". BBC News. 9 May 2017.
    51. 1 2 "Soal Al Maidah 51, Ahok: Saya Tak Berniat Melecehkan Ayat Suci Alquran". detik.com. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
    52. ↑ "Ahok did not defame Islam: Harvard alumni petition".
    53. ↑ "Berencana Bunuh Ahok, militan ISIS Dihukum 6 Tahun Penjara | DW | 04.10.2016". Deutsche Welle.
    54. ↑ "Video 'Bunuh si Ahok', Anak Dikhawatirkan Tumbuh Radikal".
    55. ↑ "UU penodaan agama dianggap diskriminatif dan tak sesuai HAM". BBC News. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016 – via BBC.
    56. ↑ Wijaya, Callistasia Anggun (10 October 2016). "Ahok apologizes to Muslims for alleged defamation". The Jakarta Post.
    57. ↑ "Ahok Jailed for Two Years". metrotvnews.com. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
    58. ↑ "Ahok Sent to 2 Years in Prison for Blasphemy". en.tempo.co. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
    59. ↑ "Jakarta governor Ahok found guilty of blasphemy, jailed for two years". theguardian.com. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
    60. ↑ "Jakarta governor Ahok found guilty of blasphemy". BBC. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
    61. 1 2 "Hakim Sebut Ucapan Ahok Mengandung Sifat Penodaan Agama" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
    62. ↑ "Ahok's Sep. 27 speech, which lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes".
    63. ↑ Satria, Hariman. "Kontroversi Vonis Ahok". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 February 2022.
    64. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Pemerhati HAM: Ahok Dihukum Karena Kuatnya Tekanan Elit dan Massa | DW | 9 May 2017". DW.COM (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 February 2022.
    65. ↑ "Addie MS Konser di Balkot: Saya Prihatin pada Kasus Ahok".
    66. ↑ "Indonesian diaspora rallies around jailed Jakarta governor Ahok". Asian Correspondent. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
    67. ↑ "Promotion of judges that sentenced Ahok 'questionable': Judicial Commission".
    68. ↑ "Djarot appointed as Jakarta acting governor following Ahok's detention". thejakartapost.com. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
    69. ↑ "Jakarta governor Ahok withdraws appeal against blasphemy jail sentence". 22 May 2017.
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