Al-Shifa Hospital
The emergency ward on October 11, 2023
Geography
LocationGaza, Gaza Governorate, Palestinian territories
Coordinates31°31′27″N 34°26′39″E / 31.52417°N 34.44417°E / 31.52417; 34.44417
Organisation
Care systemInternal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, ophthalmology, obstetrics, gynecology
TypeTreatment
History
Opened1920s

Al-Shifa Hospital (Arabic: مستشفى الشفاء Mustašfā š-Šifāʾ [musˈtaʃ.fa‿ʃ.ʃiˈfaːʔ]) is the largest medical complex and central hospital in the Gaza Strip, located in the neighborhood of northern Rimal in Gaza City.[1] Originally a British Army barracks, the site was transformed into a healthcare facility, the Dar al-Shifa or "house of healing", by the government of Mandatory Palestine in 1946. The hospital was expanded during the Egyptian and later Israeli occupations during the 1980s. In the 21st-century, the hospital has been prominent during the Gaza–Israel conflict.

During the Gaza War (2008–2009), much of the media coverage came from correspondents reporting from the hospital. During the 2014 Gaza war, Amnesty International reported that Hamas was using abandoned areas of the hospital grounds for detaining and torturing alleged Palestinian collaborators.[2] Norwegian doctors Erik Fosse and Mads Gilbert, who were working at the hospital, stated that they did not see any evidence of military activity at the hospital during the war.[3][4][5]

Hamas brought some hostages to the hospital in the aftermath of the 2023 attack on Israel. The hospital was raided on 15 November 2023 by Israeli forces, which reported finding some light munitions in the hospital.[6] The raid was widely criticized by governments, United Nations agencies and aid organisations,[7][8] with the head of the World Health Organization calling it "totally unacceptable". Israel has been accused by several news outlets of waging a propaganda war regarding al-Shifa, and medical staff at al-Shifa have accused Israel of directly causing the deaths of civilians being treated at al-Shifa, including prematurely born babies.[9][10][11][12] Later a shaft was found on the perimeter of the hospital,[13] and various experts confirmed that it was similar to other militant tunnels.[14] Multiple sources state that bunkers were built in the 1980s by Israel during the construction of the hospital while some sources report that the construction also included tunnels.[15][16][17][18][19] A France24 investigation concluded that the images published by the IDF had matching characteristics of Hamas built tunnels. They also note that the tunnels were found under the Qatari building, which was built after Israel withdrew from Gaza.[20]

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israel and the United States stated that a vast complex existed under the hospital that was being used by Hamas as its "main operations base",[21][22] which Hamas and hospital administrators denied.[23][24] Following Israel's release of video evidence on 22 November, multiple news agencies concluded that the evidence did not demonstrate the use by Hamas of a command center. The New York Times also said the evidence did not show conclusive evidence of a vast network of tunnels,[25][26][27][28][29][30] while Haaretz concluded that Hamas did use the hospital for military purposes.[31] Amnesty International said on 23 November 2023 that "Amnesty International has so far not seen any credible evidence to support Israel’s claim that al-Shifa is housing a military command centre" and that "the Israeli military has so far failed to provide credible evidence" for the allegation.[32]

On January 2, 2024, U.S. intelligence confirmed its assessment that Hamas used the Al-Shifa Hospital as a command center and to hold Israeli hostages, mentioning in an assessment that Hamas "used the al-Shifa hospital complex and sites beneath it to house command infrastructure, exercise certain command and control activities, store some weapons, and hold at least a few hostages."[33][34]

1948–1967

Dar al-Shifa, which means "house of healing" in Arabic, was originally a British Army barracks, but was transformed into a center to provide treatment for quarantine and febrile diseases by the government of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1946. Prior to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, al-Shifa was one of two hospitals in Gaza, the other being al-Ahli Arab Hospital. When the Egyptians administered the Gaza Strip after the war, the quarantine and febrile diseases department was relocated to another area in the city, and al-Shifa developed into the central hospital of Gaza. Initially, a department for internal medicine was established, followed by a new wing for surgery, and subsequently new buildings for pediatrics and ophthalmology were added to the hospital.[35] In 2013, a special surgical building was opened.[36]

After a brief occupation by Israel during the 1956 Suez Crisis, the returning Egyptian administration, under directives by president Gamal Abdel Nasser, paid more attention to the health and social situation of Gaza, and al-Shifa was expanded to include departments for obstetrics and gynecology. They established a new health administration for the Gaza region, later building several clinics throughout the city that were attended by doctors from the hospital.[37] The largest department in al-Shifa was internal medicine (100 beds), then pediatrics (70 beds), surgery (50 beds), ophthalmology (20 beds) and gynecology (10 beds).[38]

1967–2005: Israeli occupation–Israeli disengagement from Gaza

When Israel occupied Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War, the entire Egyptian administration and staff in the hospital were taken prisoner.[39] By 1969, the department of internal medicine grew to contain several sub-departments.[40]

Architecture and expansion

The hospital underwent a major Israeli renovation and expansion.[41][42] The project was designed by Israeli architects Gershon Tzapor and Benjamin Edelson in their Tel-Aviv office, both well experienced in the construction of high standard hospitals.[41] The project was done in the 1980s as part of a project to improve the living conditions of Gaza residents.[43]

This project came as part of the Israeli idea of mutual existence between Jews and Arabs. The project intended to house 900 beds in the entire campus, a 50 dunam area. The Israeli additions were considered to be in the same standard as those hospital wings in Israeli hospitals such as Tel HaShomer.[41] The architecture of the hospital came to reflect the modernist and post modernist trends in Israeli architecture.[41] In particular was the similarity of the project to existing Israeli hospitals such as the facades of the Bezalel building in Jerusalem.[42] Similarly to other Israeli projects, the building was built with sharpened diagonal staircases, akin to projects by Israeli architects Dan Eitan, Shlomit Nadler and others at the time.[42]

During a renovation in the 1990s a large basement was added, which the IDF later said was appropriated by Hamas and used to store weapons.[41][44][23][42] According to Newsweek and the Intercept a bunker beneath building 2 was constructed in 1983 by Israel and "includes a secure underground operating room and tunnel network."[18] According to former Israeli PM Ehud Barak in an interview with CNN, the tunnels were built in the 1980s by Israel as part of the hospital's construction.[19][16][17] According to Israeli officials, Hamas subsequently dug out the original basement, later adding new floors and connecting it as a hub within their existing tunnel system.[45][46]

2005–present: Palestinian control

In 2005, Israel withdrew from Gaza and handed over control to the Palestinian Authority.

2007 Fatah–Hamas conflict

During the Fatah–Hamas conflict in June 2007, Fatah and Hamas clashed at the hospital, killing one member of each organization.[47] Some injured people brought to the hospital were killed by Hamas militants once inside. A doctor in the hospital reported, "The medical staff are suffering from fear and terror, particularly of the Hamas fighters, who are in every corner of the hospital."[48] Hamas fired about 600 doctors affiliated with Fatah, threatening to shoot them if they returned to the hospital.[49]

Two Norwegian medical doctors, Erik Fosse and Mads Gilbert, have done humanitarian work at the hospital.[50]

2008–2009 war

During the Gaza War (2008–2009), Al-Shifa hospital overflowed with Palestinians injured by Israeli airstrikes. Already before the war, the blockade of Gaza had caused a shortage of ventilation systems, patient-handling systems such as operating tables, beds, trolleys, and various types of medical equipment.[51] These shortages affected clinical work.[51]

In the first 13 days of the war, about 360 surgical operations were performed.[51] Among the people brought to the hospital, about 340 were pronounced dead on arrival. The number of injuries treated during this period was 1039,[51] but this is regarded as an underestimate, since it doesn't include many patients with minor injuries.[51]

Much of the media coverage of the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict was broadcast or written by correspondents reporting from the hospital.[52]

During the 2008–2009 Gaza War, The New York Times reported that "armed Hamas militants in civilian clothes roved the halls" killing alleged collaborators.[53] Several reports by Israeli Shin Bet officials alleged that Hamas used Al-Shifa hospital as a bunker and refuge, knowing it would be spared by air strikes.[43] The Israeli allegations were difficult to confirm because Israel had banned reporters from Gaza at the time.[54] PBS' Wide Angle programme, which interviewed a doctor from Gaza who preferred to remain anonymous, said that he believed that Hamas officials were present under the hospital.[54]

In 2009, the Palestinian Health Ministry, run by the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, accused Hamas members of taking control of wards in Shifa Hospital.[55]

2014 war

During 2014 Gaza War, Israeli operations, initiated following Hamas kidnappings and attacks on Israeli civilians centers, killed more than 2,100 Palestinians and injured over 11,000. During the war, a total of 8,592 patients visited Al-Shifa hospital, and most were civilians.[56] Of these, 490 (5.7%) were dead on arrival. After a detailed triage, 1808 patients were admitted, of whom 78 (4.3%) died in the hospital. 842 major life-saving surgeries were performed, including 90 laparotomies, 146 orthopaedic fixations, 106 craniotomies, 69 thoracotomies/airway interventions, 38 vascular procedures, 49 amputations, 68 debridements, and 176 other procedures.[56]

Compared to the 2012 war, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission rates doubled and ICU mortality rates tripled.[56] The authors speculate that might be due to the "extreme character" of the attacks in 2014.[56]

American journalist Max Blumenthal was in Gaza during the 2014 war. Blumenthal wrote that doctors were burnt out after weeks of amputations and shrapnel extractions, with some "on the brink of insanity". One of the hospital directors screamed "Can't the world see that we're human?".[57] Blumenthal reported that many refugees had setup tents beside the hospital during the war.[58]

Amnesty International stated that Hamas forces used the abandoned areas of the hospital to detain, interrogate, torture, and otherwise ill-treat Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel.[59][60] Norman Finkelstein said the evidence for the accusation was weak, and if this happened it would have been noticed by the 13,000 people (including journalists) who were present at the hospital during the war.[61][62][4]

Former Israeli Navy commander Eli Marom said Hamas leaders were hiding in basement of Al-Shifa hospital.[63] However, Finkelstein writes that the official Israeli report of the war did not accuse Hamas of doing anything at the hospital more serious than "security service interrogations".[4] Washington Post London bureau chief William Booth wrote for The Washington Post that the hospital had become a "de facto headquarters for Hamas leaders, who can be seen in the hallways and offices."[64] Orde Kittrie described Shifa hospital as Hamas' headquarters.[65] Hamas officials were also described as disguising themselves in medical attire within the hospital.[66]

Dr. Erik Fosse, who worked at the hospital at the time, found no evidence that it was a Hamas base.[4] Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert, who also worked at the hospital during the war, rejected that the hospital was used a base by Hamas officials or militants.[3] Professor Sara Roy concluded that "it was highly improbable that Hamas made military use of the hospital building".[4]

Wall Street Journal correspondent Nick Casey tweeted a photo of Hamas MP and media spokesperson Mushir Al Masri conducting media interviews right outside of the Shifa hospital, but later deleted it.[67][68] The Guardian journalists saw Hamas officials at the hospital.[44] Reporting from the Gaza hospital to the Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, Aishi Zidan reported that a rocket was fired from the area of the hospital. This was seized upon by the Israeli press, prompting the journalist to take to Facebook to note that her words had been taken out of context and used as propaganda, and that the rocket had actually been fired from "somewhere behind the hospital".[69]

2023 war

A bloodied child on the floor of a hospital being treated by a nurse. A man with his head wrapped in a bandage wearing blood-stained clothes lays on the floor nearby.
Wounded Palestinians receive treatment on the floor at the overcrowded emergency ward of Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City on 11 October 2023

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, hospital administrators at al-Shifa said the hospital was overwhelmed with wounded and dying people, operating well over its 700-bed capacity, and was running short on fuel, beds, and medical supplies.[70][71] The hospital is also housing thousands of displaced Palestinians seeking shelter from airstrikes during the war.[72]

On 3 November, amid the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy, resulting in dozens of wounded and several deaths. According to Israel, the ambulances were being used to transport Hamas fighters and weapons, a charge Hamas denied.[73] According to Gaza officials, the ambulances were transporting critical injured patients from the hospital to the Rafah crossing with Egypt.[74] The Palestinian Red Crescent Society said the strike killed 15 people. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said he was "horrified by the reported attack in Gaza on an ambulance convoy outside Al-Shifa hospital" while World Health Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said he was "utterly shocked".[75] On 7 November, the Human Rights Watch determined that the strike was "apparently unlawful and should be investigated as a possible war crime", noting that ambulances and other medical transportation must be allowed to function and be protected in all circumstances". It added that the use of ambulances for military purposes would also be against the rules of war, but it had found no evidence of this.[76] The Washington Post stated no weapons or individuals wearing military garb could be seen in videos it reviewed, and Human Rights Watch said it "did not find evidence that the ambulance was being used for military purposes".[77]

On 6 November, Al Aqsa radio[78] and Al Jazeera reported Israeli forces had struck and destroyed the solar panels atop of Al-Shifa Hospital, leaving the facility totally reliant on back-up generators powered by rapidly dwindling fuel supplies.[79] The IDF denied targeting the systems. A report by Center for Strategic and International Studies on 11 November 2023 said that while the solar panels at the hospital appeared to be intact, solar panels adjacent to the hospital had been extensively damaged,[80] and that these nearby solar panels could have been providing power to the hospital.

Israel has offered to supply fuel and evacuate children from the hospital.[81][82] On 11 November, the IDF announced that it would help transporting babies from the hospital to a safer one on 12 November.[83]

CCTV footage that shows, according to the IDF, armed Hamas militants with a wounded hostage within the hospital

In the lead up to the 15 November 2023 raid of the hospital, the Israeli government called for the evacuation of the building. This evacuation, considered a "death sentence" by the World Health Organization, was rejected by medical staff who were unwilling to leave patients behind. On the day of the raid, the hospital housed 22 intensive care patients, 36 premature babies and more than 2,000 displaced people according to the medical staff.[22][6] The IDF says that weapons, ammunition and an operational command center were uncovered in the building, including several assault rifles and grenades found in the hospital's MRI room, an allegation that Hamas dismissed.[84] BBC News and CNN conducted video analyses concluding the Israeli army apparently rearranged, or added, weapons for the media tour.[85][86] The BBC News also reported it found an Israeli video with the alleged discoveries had been edited despite the IDF Spokesperson's statement that footage was unedited and filmed in one take.[85]

The IDF also said that they delivered incubators, baby food and medical supplies to the hospital.[6] Additionally, the IDF released CCTV footage of people bringing hostages by force into the hospital.[87] Hamas dismissed the allegations, saying it had already informed the public it took hostages wounded during Israeli airstrikes to hospital to receive medical treatment.[88] The US intelligence agencies said that hostages were held at or under the hospital, however they were moved elsewhere before the Israeli attack.[33]

The United Nations and the Red Cross expressed concern over the incursion into hospital, which was condemned by World Health Organization director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who advocated for the safety of hospital patients and staff, even if the hospital was being used militarily.[22][44][24] Many political commentators such as Jeremy Bowen of BBC News and Mouin Rabbani, were not convinced that the Israeli evidence proved this was the headquarters of the Hamas operation.[89][90][91] After touring the tunnels at the Hospital compound alongside the Israeli military, Haaretz stated "There is no way the hospital administrators didn't know what was happening... there is no doubt they were used by Hamas company, battalion and brigade, and that fighting was directed from there in recent rounds, if not in the current war as well."[92] However, CNN, which also visited the tunnel, did not see evidence it led to a command center.[93] A Gaza engineer who talked with an Al Jazeera English analyst reasoned the videos shown by the IDF were of two different tunnels spliced together; the source also raised suspicions over the fact that the IDF has not tried to open the blast door, even though disarming a trap "usually takes a few hours, not over a day": “You say smoking gun, you get to it and then you don’t show the smoking gun.”[93]

A team with representatives from the UN and the WHO visited the hospital on November 18. They discovered a mass grave, which they were told contained more than eighty bodies. Numerous patients have died because the hospital lacks essential supplies, including oxygen, fuel, and antibiotics.[94][95] On 19 November, the 31 living premature babies receiving care at al-Shifa were evacuated to Emirati Hospital in Rafah. 28 babies were then evacuated to Egypt on 20 November.[96][97][98]

The director of the hospital Mohammad Abu Salmiya was detained on 23 November by Shin Bet for questioning when traveling on a World Health Organisation convoy with other staff. The detention was condemned by Hamas.[99][100]

The Washington Post analyzed the publicly released material by Israel, along with satellite imagery and other publicly available material, and concluded that the rooms that were connected to a tunnel network did not show any immediate evidence of being used by Hamas, and that each of the buildings that the IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari had identified as being "directly involved" in Hamas's military activity did not appear to be connected to any tunnel network, and that there had been no evidence released that showed that a tunnel network could be accessed from inside hospital wards.[101]

On January 2, 2024, U.S. intelligence confirmed its belief that Hamas used the Al-Shifa Hospital as a command center and to hold Israeli hostages, mentioning in an assessment that Hamas “used the al-Shifa hospital complex and sites beneath it to house command infrastructure, exercise certain command and control activities, store some weapons, and hold at least a few hostages.”[34][33][102]

Israeli media campaign

Before and after the siege, the Israeli government engaged in a public relations campaign aimed at justifying its siege and takeover of the hospital. On 11 November, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs tweeted a video purportedly of a nurse at al-Shifa in which she backs up Israeli allegations of Hamas usage of the hospital. The Nation described the campaign as propaganda, and stated that the video was widely mocked, with many Arabs questioning its authenticity, and the ministry deleting the tweet in a day.[10] The Daily Beast, remarking on the video, said "Everything about it smacked of high school theater—from the botched accent that sounded like it was straight out of an Israeli soap opera to the perfectly scripted IDF talking points rolling off her tongue."[103] France 24 found the video to likely be staged.[104] Subsequently, France 24, citing three experts, Michael Milshtein of Tel-Aviv University, Scott Savitz, an Engineer, and Daphne Richmond-Barak of Reichman University in Israel, found the Israeli-released footage of tunnels beneath Shifa hospital "do indicate that these tunnels have all the characteristics of tunnels that belong to the Hamas terrorist group."[105]

Some experts have said that questionable evidence such as stating an Arabic calendar was a Hamas shift schedule, and displaying curtains as evidence that hostage videos were filmed has weakened Israel's credibility, with H. A. Hellyer stating “The irony is they might find something and nobody is going to believe them, at this point their credibility is shot." Adding "We don’t take seriously what a terror group says, but we do take seriously what an army says, especially one that’s an ally of ours,” he said. “So we naturally hold it to a higher standard.”[106] Muhammad Shehada, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor Chief of Programmes and Communications, said of the requirements that Israel imposed on media outlets on their supervised tours of al-Shifa that the outlets have essentially agreed to broadcast propaganda, saying of the outlets "You are not allowed to speak to any Palestinian or Gazan to challenge what the IDF is spoon-feeding you. You are not allowed to go beyond the tour that the IDF has staged, so you stick to what the IDF wants to show you and where they take you. And you have to review the material with them before you publish, so that the result of that is not journalism. It’s propaganda."[107]

The New Arab, describing the ongoing propaganda campaign and how it has backfired with people questioning Israel's credibility, wrote that Israel had "resorted to fake audio, baseless claims and doctored imagery to whitewash its attack in Gaza." They discussed how the failure of the incubators in the Neonatal intensive care unit of al-Shifa caused by the denial of fuel deliveries by Israel and the cutting of electricity was responsible for the deaths of three prematurely born babies. Israel, while it had caused the fuel shortage and failure of the existing incubators, made a show of delivering new incubators to the hospital. However, The New Arab reported the issue was not with the incubators; it was with the lack of fuel, an issue that was not addressed.[9] Reuters reported the IDF said that three battery powered incubators were on standby outside Gaza.[108][109] The IDF released a video showing them depositing at the front gate of al-Shifa 300 litres of fuel and a photo of a soldier loading mobile incubators, with an IDF spokesman saying "We are trying to bring in incubators that can help transfer babies out of Shifa Hospital to other places down south, which will help safeguard the babies in the hospital". A doctor at al-Shifa said they had not taken the 300 litres as it was, according to NBC News, "virtually a drop in the bucket" compared to the 10,000 litres needed to run "vital parts of the hospital". The IDF stated that Hamas had told hospital staff not to collect the fuel. It said Tuesday that the delivery was just meant to “gain more time” to save the lives of people in the hospital — specifically babies and children — and not run the entire hospital.[110] On 19 November, a WHO-led joint UN and Palestinian Red Crescent mission evacuated 31 babies to a hospital in southern Gaza in 6 ambulances supplied by the Palestine Red Crescent, and at least 28 of them were moved on to Egypt. Eight babies had died prior to the evacuation.[111][112]

Jeremy Scahill, in an article published on 21 November 2023 by The Intercept, also referred to Israel's attempts to justify its siege of the hospital as propaganda. Noting that, before the siege, Israel had published animations purportedly depicting a sophisticated underground Hamas command and control center, Scahill opined that the evidence offered by the IDF after taking control of the hospital was unimpressive. Scahill observed that it was not a secret that there existed tunnels and underground rooms at the Al-Shifa Hospital complex–indeed, Israel assisted in their construction and hired Hamas militants as guards to protect the contractors who worked on the underground facilities in the 1980s.[11]

Following Israel's release of video evidence on 22 November, the Associated Press, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Guardian, Sky News stated that this did not constitute conclusive evidence to demonstrate the use by Hamas of a command center. The Wall Street Journal noted that "While many security analysts agree the latest evidence Israel has released increasingly suggests a Hamas presence at the hospital, most say they have yet to see something that constitutes a smoking gun showing it was a command center for Hamas, as Israel has alleged." Haaretz assessed the footage to be "unequivocal proof that the terror group used the hospital for its military needs."[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Amnesty International, saying it had yet to see "any credible evidence" that al-Shifa was housing a Hamas command center, said that "Israel has repeatedly failed to produce any evidence to substantiate this claim, which it has promoted since at least the 2008-9 Operation Cast Lead".[32]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Al-Shifa Hospital and Israel's Gaza Siege Archived 21 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Defence for Children International Palestine Section. 16 July 2006.
  2. ↑ "Gaza: Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict". Amnesty International. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  3. 1 2 Harriet Sherwood (23 June 2015). "Doctor Mads Gilbert on working under siege in Gaza's Shifa hospital: 'My camera is my Kalashnikov'". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2023. I have never seen any activities in the Shifa that would violate the Geneva conventions. But I didn't explore every corner of the large hospital compound. If I saw anything inside the Shifa that in my opinion violated the Geneva conventions and, should I say, the 'holiness' of a hospital, I would have left
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Norman Finkelstein (27 July 2021). Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom. University of California Press. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-0-520-31833-5.
  5. ↑ McCoy, Terrence (31 July 2014). "Why Hamas stores its weapons inside hospitals, mosques and schools". The Washington Post.
  6. 1 2 3 "Al-Shifa: What we know about Israel's raid on Gaza's main hospital". BBC. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  7. ↑ "'Hospitals are not battlegrounds': World reacts to Israel's al-Shifa raid". Al Jazeera.
  8. ↑ Burke, Jason; Sinmaz, Emine (15 November 2023). "Israeli troops enter Gaza's al-Shifa hospital in 'targeted operation'". The Guardian.
  9. 1 2 "Israeli propaganda on incubators, hostage hideout backfires". The New Arab. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Israel's Ludicrous Propaganda Wins Over the Only Audience That Counts". The Nation. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  11. 1 2 Scahill, Jeremy (21 November 2023). "Al-Shifa Hospital, Hamas's Tunnels, and Israeli Propaganda". The Intercept. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  12. ↑ Sinmaz, Emine; Burke, Jason (15 November 2023). "Israeli soldiers raid al-Shifa hospital in escalation of Gaza offensive". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  13. ↑ Pan, Philip P.; Kingsley, Patrick (17 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas War: Israeli Army Takes Journalists on Controlled Visit to Gaza Hospital". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "Al Shifa hospital: Do images published by Israeli army show a Hamas tunnel?". FRANCE 24 - English. Retrieved 25 November 2023 – via YouTube.
  15. ↑ "Why Israeli takeover of Gaza's al-Shifa hospital is a pivotal moment". The Times. 18 November 2023. One reason that the Israelis have good reason to suspect that there is an underground bunker is that they themselves built a secure operating room with some tunnels under the hospital in 1983 when they occupied the territory.
  16. 1 2 Subramaniam, Tara; Upright, Ed; Hayes, Mike; Chowdhury, Maureen; Vera, Amir (20 November 2023). "Hamas is using bunkers built by Israel under Al-Shifa Hospital, former Israeli prime minister says". CNN. a kind of junction of several tunnels
  17. 1 2 Jeremy Scahill (21 November 2023). "Al-Shifa Hospital, Hamas's Tunnels, and Israeli Propaganda". The Intercept. a secure underground operating room and tunnel network
  18. 1 2 Mordowanec, Nick (15 November 2023). "Fact Check: Did Israel Build Bunker Under Shifa Hospital?". Newsweek. The bunker, reportedly constructed decades ago, includes a secure underground operating room and tunnel network
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  23. 1 2 "Hamas's main operations base is under Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, says IDF". The Times of Israel.
  24. 1 2 "Israeli forces raid Gaza's largest hospital, where hundreds of patients are stranded by fighting". AP News. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  25. 1 2 "Israel unveils what it claims is a major Hamas militant hideout beneath Gaza City's Shifa Hospital". AP News. 23 November 2023. Israel has not yet unveiled this purported center, but the military portrayed the underground hideout as its most significant discovery yet. Hamas and the hospital administration have denied Israel's accusations.
  26. 1 2 Gavrielov, Nadav (23 November 2023). "Israel Releases Videos It Says Show Hamas Tunnels Under Al-Shifa Hospital". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. The videos so far — including those released on Wednesday [22 November] — have not shown conclusive evidence of a vast network of tunnels.
  27. 1 2 Dubai, Dov Lieber in Tel Aviv and Omar Abdel-Baqui in (22 November 2023). "Inside Israel's Campaign to Prove a Gaza Hospital Was a Hamas Command Center". WSJ. While many security analysts agree the latest evidence Israel has released increasingly suggests a Hamas presence at the hospital, most say they have yet to see something that constitutes a smoking gun showing it was a command center for Hamas, as Israel has alleged.
  28. 1 2 Sabbagh, Dan (23 November 2023). "Israel arrests Gaza hospital director and bombs 300 targets amid truce delay". The Guardian. Israel has repeatedly claimed that Hamas ran a command and control centre from tunnels running near and under the hospital, although so far the evidence presented has fallen short of that.
  29. 1 2 "Secrets of the tunnels: What lies beneath al Shifa hospital?". Sky News. The Israeli army is continuing to search the site for evidence of Hamas's presence, including the alleged command and control centre.
  30. 1 2 Vasilyeva, Nataliya; Barnes, Joe (23 November 2023). "Inside the tunnels beneath Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 November 2023. While the footage does prove the existence of tunnels underneath the complex, it remains unclear whether they formed part of a Hamas command centre, as Israel claims.
  31. 1 2 "Videos Show Exact Path of Hamas Tunnels Under Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital". Haaretz. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  32. 1 2 "Amnesty International UK Briefing: CRISIS IN ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES 23 November 2023" (PDF). Amnesty International UK. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  33. 1 2 3 "Hamas Used Gaza Hospital as a Command Center, U.S. Intelligence Says". The New York Times. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  34. 1 2 "US intel confident militant groups used largest Gaza hospital in campaign against Israel: AP source". AP News. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  35. ↑ Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.135.
  36. ↑ وضع اللمسات النهائية على مبنى الجراحات التخصصية في غزة Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine [Putting the final touches on the Special Surgical Building in Gaza]
  37. ↑ Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.136.
  38. ↑ Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.137.
  39. ↑ Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.139.
  40. ↑ Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.141.
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  42. 1 2 3 4 אלחייני, צבי (28 July 2014). "הצצה נדירה: כך תיכננו ובנו אדריכלים ישראלים את בית החולים שיפא בעזה" [A rare glimpse: this is how Israeli architects designed and built the Shifa Hospital in Gaza]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  43. 1 2 Harel, Amos (1 December 2009). "Hamas leaders hiding in basement of Israel-built hospital in Gaza". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009.
  44. 1 2 3 Beaumont, Peter (30 October 2023). "What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Rosenberg, Matthew; Bergman, Ronen; Boxerman, Aaron; Yee, Vivian (12 November 2023). "Israeli Forces Near a Struggling Hospital They Say Covers a Hamas Complex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
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    "After I was dismissed they threatened to kill me, to shoot me, if I entered the hospital again." According to Dr Alsaqqa, about 600 doctors were "fired or pushed out of their jobs."
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