Colorado Springs nightclub shooting
Part of mass shootings in the United States and
violence against LGBT people in the United States
CCTV of the shooter entering the building
🌍
LocationClub Q, Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
DateNovember 19–20, 2022
c. 11:56 p.m.[1] â€“ 12:02 a.m. (MST)
TargetPatrons of Club Q
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, hate crime, domestic terrorism[2][3][4][5]
Weapons
Deaths5
Injured26 (including the perpetrator; 19 by gunfire)
PerpetratorAnderson Lee Aldrich[9]
Defenders
  • Richard M. Fierro
  • Thomas James
MotiveAnti-LGBT extremism
VerdictPleaded guilty
Convictions
SentenceFive consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole, plus 2,211 years

On November 19–20, 2022, an anti-LGBT-motivated mass shooting occurred at Club Q, a gay bar in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. Five people were murdered, and 25 others were injured, 19 of them by gunfire. The shooter, 22-year-old Anderson Lee Aldrich, was also injured while being restrained, and was taken to a local hospital.[10][11][12][13] Aldrich was charged and remanded in custody. On June 26, 2023, Aldrich pled guilty in the shooting and was sentenced to five consecutive terms of life in prison without the possibility of parole, plus 2,211 years.[14]

Background

Club Q is located at the 3430 block of North Academy Boulevard and opened in 2002. It was for a time the only LGBT club in Colorado Springs, Colorado's second-most populous city with a population of just under 500,000.[15] A 2021 article by Denver-based magazine 5280 noted the club to be a place "where LGBTQ folks [went] for drag performances, dance parties, and drinks."[15][16] The shooting occurred on the eve of the Transgender Day of Remembrance.[17]

Since 2019, Colorado has had a red flag law that allows citizens or law enforcement to petition a court to order the removal of firearms from a potentially dangerous person. Of the 19 states and the District of Columbia with red flag laws, Colorado has among the lowest per capita rates of invocation of the law. In opposition to the Colorado statute, more than half of the state's 64 counties declared themselves Second Amendment sanctuaries, including El Paso County where the shooting occurred.[18][19][20][21] According to the Los Angeles Blade, "It is El Paso County Sheriff's Office's explicit policy not to petition for an Extreme Risk Protection Order (ERPO) or Temporary Risk Protection Order (TRPO) to remove firearms from at-risk people".[22][23]

Shooting

According to the police chief, the shooting began when Anderson Lee Aldrich entered Club Q while a dance party was being held. Wielding an AR-15 style rifle, carrying multiple magazines of ammunition, and wearing body armor,[6][7][8][24] Aldrich immediately began firing at employees and patrons while moving further into the building. Many survivors at first mistook the gunfire for being a part of the music, until the shots continued and occupants saw the muzzle flashes.[25] Multiple people sheltered behind the bar and in dressing rooms, while others stayed low to the ground.[26]

Minutes into the shooting, a club patron, identified as U.S. Army veteran Richard M. Fierro, charged across the room and tackled Aldrich to the ground, causing the rifle to fall out of reach. Fierro then grabbed a handgun from the shooter's hand and used it to hit the shooter repeatedly in the head. Fierro was assisted by two other patrons he recruited, including Thomas James, who moved the rifle away to safety,[27] and a trans woman who used her high heels to stomp on the shooter, and who helped disable and hold the shooter down until the authorities arrived.[13][28][29] Fierro estimated the shooter's weight at 300 pounds (140 kg).[28][30]

Police received an initial call for service regarding the shooting at 11:56 p.m. on November 19, with the first officer being dispatched a minute later. A total of thirty-nine patrol officers from all four divisions of the Colorado Springs Police Department, along with thirty-four firefighters and eleven ambulances, responded to the scene.[1][13] The suspect was in custody within about five minutes after the first 9-1-1 call.[25] After the shooting stopped, many were at first reluctant to leave from hiding spots as they were unsure if the shooter was reloading or had been stopped.[26] Fierro, who had been covered in blood, was placed in police custody in a squad car for over an hour before he was cleared of suspicion and released.[28]

The injured were transported to three hospitals: seven to Penrose Hospital, ten to Memorial Hospital Central, and two to Memorial Hospital North. Some ambulances, with most of them AMR, had to transport up to three patients at a time, and a few police cruisers had to transport victims as well.[1]

Victims

Fatalities
  • Daniel Davis Aston, 28
  • Kelly Loving, 40
  • Ashley Paugh, 35
  • Derrick Rump, 38
  • Raymond Green Vance, 22

Five people were killed, and twenty-five others were injured in the shooting, of whom nineteen were by gunfire. One of the deceased victims, Daniel Aston, was bar supervisor and a frequent performer at the nightclub.[31][32] Another fatality, Raymond Vance, was the boyfriend of Fierro's daughter.[27]

During the press conference, the chief of the Colorado Springs Police Department made a point to say the department respected all community members and that they would be identifying the deceased by the names they and their loved ones used. He then read the names of the deceased victims and included their pronouns.[33]

Aftermath

A vigil was held on November 20 with standing room only at the All Souls Unitarian Church, which was also attended by several members of the City Council.[25] Additional memorials and events were held throughout the week, which promoted spaces for people to gather and donate.[34] Donation drives were set up shortly after the shooting from both local organizations and GoFundMe fundraisers for the victims and their families.[35]

On November 24, Colorado Springs evangelical ministry Focus on the Family was targeted with a graffiti message, reading: "Their blood is on your hands. Five lives taken."[36][37][38]

Perpetrator

The shooter was identified as Anderson Lee Aldrich, a 22-year-old resident of Colorado Springs.[39] Aldrich was born Nicholas Franklin Brink on May 20, 2000, in San Diego, California, to Aaron Brink, a former pornographic film actor and mixed martial arts fighter, and Laura Voepel, the daughter of Randy Voepel, an outgoing Republican member of the California State Assembly and a former mayor of Santee, California.[40][41][42][43] Voepel and Brink separated and divorced one year after Aldrich's birth; while Voepel went on to receive custody over Aldrich, her tumultuous life – which included multiple arrests and mental health evaluations – resulted in Aldrich being cared for by Voepel's mother and stepfather, who eventually became Aldrich's legal guardians.[44][45][46]

Aldrich grew up in northern San Antonio, Texas, and is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, though according to the church, they had not been involved in church services for at least a decade.[47][48][49] Records indicate that Aldrich was a target of online bullying that involved homophobic taunts while in middle school.[42][50][51] Aldrich changed names on April 28, 2016, shortly before turning 16, citing a desire to remove associations with Aaron Brink, who by that point had multiple criminal convictions.[42][46]

Aldrich's attorneys have said in court documents that their client identifies as non-binary and uses they/them pronouns, preferring to be addressed as Mx. Aldrich.[52][53] Neighbors allege Aldrich to have made hateful comments towards the LGBT community in the past, including frequent usage of homophobic slurs.[54][55] Aldrich never mentioned being non-binary prior to the shooting and was referred to with masculine pronouns by family members.[56][51] Police testified they found rainbow-colored shooting targets in Aldrich's home.[57] Experts in online extremism have voiced the possibility that Aldrich's proclaimed self-identification could be disingenuous;[58][59] while the Center for Countering Digital Hate has advised using they/them pronouns for Aldrich, and also acknowledges the suspect's past actions and impact on the LGBT community.[58]

Prior incidents

On June 18, 2021, Aldrich's maternal grandparents revealed their plans to relocate to Florida. Angered at the development, Aldrich complained about losing access to the material stored in the basement which was intended for "conduct[ing] a mass shooting and bombing". Aldrich held the grandparents hostage, and threatened to murder them.[60] Eventually, Aldrich let them go, shifted to Voepel's house, and holed up there.[60] During an hour-long standoff with Colorado SWAT, an armed Aldrich live-streamed from inside and threatened to blow up the house. Neighboring homes had to be evacuated.[61][62] Upon surrendering, a tub filled with explosive grade material — including ammonium nitrate and tannerite — was recovered alongside handguns, ballistic vests, and gas masks; Aldrich was jailed and charged with multiple counts of kidnapping and felony menacing.[60][63] Aldrich entered a not guilty plea and was released on bail, a fortnight later.[60] The case made negligible progress with Voepel and the grandparents refusing to accept any subpoena, under technical grounds, to avoid testifying against Aldrich.[63] In July 2022, the case was dismissed, and records were sealed a month later.[60][63]

Twice before the 2021 incident Aldrich had been reported to Colorado Police for "escalating homicidal behavior."[60] On June 17, 2021, Aldrich's grand-aunt contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation to report Aldrich was planning to kill Christians and government employees, after Aldrich's grandfather had reported being threatened by Aldrich; however, the family did not press charges with local police.[51][64] There is no record that law enforcement authorities or Aldrich's relatives attempted to trigger the Colorado red flag law, which might have allowed for the seizure of any weapons and ammunition that Aldrich possessed.[18]

Aldrich and Laura Voepel had conflicts with passengers and crew during a July 2022 flight from California to Colorado. They were accused of harassing others while aboard the plane, and insulting some with racial slurs. After deplaning, Aldrich was filmed saying to another passenger: "I wish I can shoot all of you" and "You keep following me and I'm going to fuck you up."[65]

Social media activity

Aldrich had allegedly created a "free speech" website that hosted violent and racist content — including a video that advocated killing civilians to "cleanse society" — as of the night of the shooting. A second site, that was identified as a "brother website" on its homepage, had hosted footage of the 2022 Buffalo shooting and, on the night of the Club Q shooting, came to display four other videos, including one which apparently showed Aldrich's face reflected in a vehicle's rear view mirror.[66][67] Testimony from a February 2023 hearing implied that Aldrich had operated a neo-Nazi website prior to the shooting.[68]

After the shooting, Aldrich was charged with ten felony counts: five counts of murder, and five counts of committing a bias-motivated crime causing bodily injury. An El Paso County judge authorized the sealing of Aldrich's prior arrest records, saying the public release of the documents could "jeopardize the ongoing investigation."[69] Aldrich was represented by a public defender.[70]

On December 6, Aldrich was charged with 305 criminal counts, which included first-degree murder, attempted first-degree murder, assault of the first and second degree, and hate crimes. District Attorney Michael Allen said it was "probably the most charges that we’ve ever filed in a single case, on a murder case like this in the state of Colorado".[71] On December 8, a judge ordered the unsealing of court documents pertaining to Aldrich's June 2021 arrest.[63][72]

On January 13, 2023, Aldrich was charged with new felony offenses for attempted murder and hate crimes. The additional twelve charges raised the total number of criminal counts to 317.[73][74]

On June 26, Aldrich pleaded guilty for the shooting and was sentenced to five consecutive terms of life in prison.[75]

Responses

The shooting was condemned by certain politicians in the immediate aftermath. President Joe Biden said, "While no motive in this attack is yet clear, we know that the LGBTI+ community has been subjected to horrific hate violence in recent years."[76] Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said that anti-LGBT political discourse is partially to blame for the shooting.[77] The El Paso County government said "We are deeply saddened by the senseless shooting that occurred early this morning in Colorado Springs at Club Q" and sent condolences to support victim's families.[78]

Colorado's red flag law and its application were scrutinized by advocates of gun violence prevention, politicians, and others.[18][20][21][79][80] Governor Jared Polis, the nation's first openly gay governor, said "We are eternally grateful for the brave individuals who blocked the [shooter] likely saving lives in the process"[17] and called for an examination of the application of Colorado's red flag law by Colorado's sheriffs.[81][82] Colorado Springs Mayor John Suthers said law enforcement should take advantage of the law under appropriate circumstances, while cautioning against jumping to conclusions about the application of the law to this shooting.[18][20] Colorado state representative Tom Sullivan, whose son was killed in the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting and sponsor of the state's red flag law said the prior incident should have alerted the community.[18][62][80] Jeffrey Swanson, a professor at Duke University School of Medicine who studies red flag laws, said Colorado's law could have been invoked.[18][79]

LGBT groups have widely memorialized the victims, and linked the mass shooting to recent rhetoric.[83][84][85] Club Q said on social media that it was "devastated by the senseless attack on our community" and that it offered condolences to the victims and their families.[17] The co-owners of Club Q attributed the shooting to a different kind of anti-LGBT hatred,[86] inflamed by some Republican politicians and right-wing influencers[87][88] and rooted in the demonization of drag queens as "groomers".[86][89][90] Democrats have also been criticized by some for historically not doing enough to counteract anti-trans narratives, and generally being reluctant to proactively defend the transgender community.[89]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints released a statement condemning the shooting. The statement read, in part, "The senseless act of violence in Colorado Springs is of great sadness and concern to us. We are greatly troubled by any violence in our communities and condemn most especially violent acts that are the result of intolerance ..."[91]

In their responses to the shooting, several far-right pundits have promoted an LGBT grooming conspiracy theory,[92][93][94][95] as well as perpetuating moral panic.[96][97][98][99] Conservative media personality Tucker Carlson displayed a banner on his Fox News program Tucker Carlson Tonight that read "Stop Sexualizing Kids" while later hosting a guest who said that mass shootings would keep happening "until we end this evil agenda that is attacking children".[100] YouTube commentator Tim Pool responded by criticizing the venue's drag show performances, saying, "We shouldn't tolerate pedophiles grooming kids. Club Q had a grooming event";[101] while right-wing commentators Matt Walsh, Candace Owens, Chaya Raichik, and Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene all continued to publish content targeting LGBT people, some of which focused specifically on the Colorado area.[102][100][103][93]

After issuing a statement in which she offered her prayers to those affected by the shooting and called for the lawless violence to end, Representative Lauren Boebert (R-CO) was accused of hypocrisy based on her history of anti-LGBT rhetoric.[104] Her past comments have included false grooming narratives and the litter boxes in schools hoax.[84][105] She has been criticized for blocking gun control laws.[106][107]

Jenna Ellis, a former lawyer for Donald Trump, was criticized for saying that the five people killed during the shooting were "now reaping the consequences of ... eternal damnation" because she claimed that there was "no evidence" the victims were Christian.[108][109][110]

Far-right provocateurs, including Jack Posobiec, questioned Richard Fierro's presence at the drag show, while others on the far-right called Fierro a "groomer" and a "faggot" simply because he and his family were at Club Q.[111][112] Analysis published by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue has estimated that online usage of the terms 'pedophile' and 'groomer' increased sharply in the days following the shooting, as part of far-right and neo-Nazi celebration of, and apologia for, the massacre.[110] The Department of Homeland Security also reported in a bulletin published on November 30 that online extremists praised the actions of the shooter.[113] A significant rise in homophobic and transphobic posts following the shooting has been tracked by LGBT advocates both in far-right forums such as Gab and in more mainstream social media such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube.[114]

On December 14, 2022, several survivors of the mass shooting presented their testimony to the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform. The witnesses placed blame for the attack on hateful rhetoric, calling it the direct cause of the massacre, and also warned of the dangers of hate speech, saying that it is damaging even in the absence of explicit calls for violence. At the hearing, Club Q owner Matthew Haynes pushed back at Republican politicians, saying "I know that we, our Club Q community, are in the thoughts and prayers of so many of you. Unfortunately these thoughts and prayers alone are not saving lives. They're not changing the rhetoric of hate." Haynes also read aloud examples from some of the hundreds of the hateful messages received following the shooting, including one that said "the shooter was doing God's work". Survivor James Slaugh said that LGBT issues should not be politicized, and urged respect for basic human rights: "Outside of these spaces, we are continually being dehumanized, marginalized and targeted. The fear-based and hateful rhetoric surrounding the LGBT community, especially around trans individuals and drag performers, leads to violence."[88][115]

See also

References

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  11. ↑ Roscoe, Matthew (November 20, 2022). "BREAKING UPDATE: Five dead after mass shooting at Colorado Springs gay nightclub". EuroWeekly News. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
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  21. 1 2 Ax, Joseph (November 21, 2022). "'Red flag' gun laws in focus after attack at Colorado LGBTQ nightclub". Reuters.
  22. ↑ Bland, Brandie (November 22, 2022). "Black queer lawmaker speaks out: 'Hell yes, I support trans youth!'". Los Angeles Blade. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
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  32. ↑ Sherry, Allison (November 20, 2022). "Club Q victim Daniel Aston was everyone's best friend and the life of the party". Colorado Public Radio News. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  33. ↑ Pietsch, Bryan (November 22, 2022). "Colorado police prioritize proper pronouns, names of shooting victims". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
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  37. ↑ Goldsberry, Jenny (November 25, 2022). "SEE IT: Christian group vandalized following Club Q shooting". Washington Examiner. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
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  57. ↑ Prentzel, Olivia (February 22, 2023). "Police found rainbow-colored shooting target, map of Club Q in suspect's apartment". The Colorado Sun.
  58. 1 2 "Why extremism experts say it's worth discussing the Colorado shooting suspect's pronouns". NBC News. December 10, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2023. The best course of action is to take the suspect's assertion 'in stride' and use they/them pronouns for Aldrich, while at the same time keeping in mind the suspect's alleged crimes, past and the impact that this kind of troll could have on the LGBTQ community, according to Imran Ahmed, CEO of the Center for Countering Digital Hate.
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  61. ↑ "'Next mass killer': Dropped case foretold Colorado bloodbath". AP NEWS. December 6, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  62. 1 2 Hurley, Bevan (November 23, 2022). "Livestream shows Colorado Springs shooting suspect Anderson Lee Aldrich threatening to blow up home in 2021". The Independent.
  63. 1 2 3 4 "The Colorado shooting suspect's 2021 case dropped for lack of cooperation, DA says". NPR. Associated Press. December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
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  80. 1 2 Healy, Jack; Romero, Simon; Smith, Mitch; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Goldman, Adam (November 23, 2022). "Could the Colorado Shooting Have Been Prevented?". The New York Times.
  81. ↑ Rosa, Joanne (November 22, 2022). "Gov. Jared Polis says Colorado will focus on red flag law after LGBTQ club shooting". ABC News.
  82. ↑ Cotton, Anthony (November 21, 2022). "Jared Polis calls on Colorado to 'evangelize' red flag gun laws in the wake of the Club Q shooting". Colorado Public Radio.
  83. ↑ "'Straight line' between anti-LGBTQ+ politics and Colorado Springs shooting, activists say". Pink News. November 22, 2022.
  84. 1 2 Zialcita, Paolo (November 22, 2022). "Colorado politicians have promoted anti-LGBTQ rhetoric and policies — from local school boards to Congress — that escalate violence, experts and advocates say". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  85. ↑ "The Club Q Shooting and The Ripple Effect of Anti-LGBTQ+ Hate". Anti-Defamation League. November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  86. 1 2 "Colorado Springs shooting shows LGBTQ+ people facing 'different kind of hate'". The Guardian. November 25, 2022.
  87. ↑ Block, Melissa (May 11, 2022). "Accusations of 'grooming' are the latest political attack — with homophobic origins". NPR. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  88. 1 2 Fortinsky, Sarah (December 14, 2022). "'Shame on you': Club Q survivors blame GOP rhetoric for mass violence". CNN. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  89. 1 2 Grant, Melissa Gira (November 21, 2022). "The Massacre at Club Q Should Not Have Felt Inevitable". New Republic. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  90. ↑ Goldberg, Michelle (November 21, 2022). "Club Q and the Demonization of Drag Queens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  91. ↑ Walch, Tad (November 21, 2022). "Latter-day Saint leaders condemn Colorado Springs LGBTQ club shooting". Deseret News. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  92. ↑ Huppke, Rex (November 22, 2022). "Forget thoughts and prayers: Colorado Springs shooting is what comes from anti-LGBTQ hate". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  93. 1 2 Wilson, Jason (November 22, 2022). "Colorado Springs: Far-Right Influencers Made LGBTQ People Into Targets". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  94. ↑ Burns, Katelyn (November 22, 2022). "The Club Q shooting was a predictable next phase of anti-LGBTQ rhetoric". MSNBC. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  95. ↑ Donegan, Moira (November 22, 2022). "The US right is stoking anti-LGBT hate. This shooting was no surprise". The Guardian. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  96. ↑ Romano, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over 'grooming' invokes age-old homophobia". Vox. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  97. ↑ Kirchick, James (May 31, 2022). "The Long, Sordid History of the Gay Conspiracy Theory. Today's right-wing campaign against 'groomers' is America's latest moral panic". Intelligencer. New York Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  98. ↑ Rogers, Kaleigh (April 13, 2022). "Why So Many Conservatives Are Talking About 'Grooming' All Of A Sudden". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  99. ↑ Mathias, Christopher (June 18, 2022). "The Far-Right's Assault On An Idaho Pride Event Was Meticulously Planned". HuffPost. Retrieved November 25, 2022. This last year has seen Republican politicians and right-wing media influencers across the country stir up a moral panic about the LGBTQ community being 'groomers' — a term for manipulating children to make them vulnerable to sexual abuse. A wave of anti-LGBTQ laws, like Florida's 'Don't say gay' bill, has swept the nation. This type of rhetoric and legislation has inspired far-right groups to confront and harass queer people in America at an accelerating rate that experts fear could soon mean more violence.
  100. 1 2 Goggin, Ben; Tenbarge, Kate (November 23, 2022). "Right-wing influencers and media double down on anti-LGBTQ rhetoric in the wake of the Colorado shooting". NBC News.
  101. ↑ Knefel, John (November 23, 2022). "YouTuber Tim Pool responds to Club Q shooting by using 'groomer' slur, accusing LGBTQ communities of harming children". Media Matters. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  102. ↑ Bollinger, Alex (November 22, 2022). "Guilty consciences? Conservatives deny responsibility in Club Q shooting". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  103. ↑ Parks, Casey (November 20, 2022). "Club Q shooting follows year of bomb threats, drag protests, anti-trans bills". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  104. ↑ Kim, Caitlyn (November 22, 2022). "Lauren Boebert defends her past anti-LGBTQ and anti-trans tweets". The Durango Herald. Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  105. ↑ Luning, Ernest (November 28, 2022). "Criticism of anti-LGBTQ rhetoric mounts in wake of mass shooting at gay club". The Gazette. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  106. ↑ Adragna, Anthony (November 21, 2022). "Democrats slammed Lauren Boebert after the far-right firebrand tweeted condolences following a mass shooting a gay bar in Colorado Springs". www.politico.com. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  107. ↑ Salam, Erum (November 24, 2022). "Lauren Boebert accused of hypocrisy over prayers for LGBTQ+ club shooting". The Guardian. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  108. ↑ Harvey, Josephine (November 23, 2022). "Ex-Trump Lawyer Slammed As A 'Monster' After Vile Take On Club Q Shooting". HuffPost. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  109. ↑ Madarang, Charisma (November 23, 2022). "Trump's Ex-Lawyer Says Colorado Victims Reaping Consequences of 'Eternal Damnation'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  110. 1 2 "'Groomer' discourse intensifies and neo-Nazis celebrate in wake of Colorado Springs attack". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  111. ↑ Gilbert, David (November 23, 2022). "The Far Right Is Already Attacking the Club Q Hero". Vice News. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  112. ↑ Villarreal, Daniel (November 23, 2022). "Right-wing media giants say LGBTQ bar patrons are responsible for their own murders". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  113. ↑ "Surging Twitter antisemitism unites fringe, encourages violence, officials say". The Washington Post. December 3, 2022.
  114. ↑ "Anti-LGBTQ hate thrives online, spurs fears of more violence". AP News. December 17, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  115. ↑ Wenzler, Elliott (December 14, 2022). "Club Q survivors, co-owner testify before Congress and ask federal lawmakers to take action". The Colorado Sun. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
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