Arrah
Ara
City
Ara
Prominent places of Ara
Arrah is located in Bihar
Arrah
Arrah
Location in Bihar, India
Coordinates: 25°33′05″N 84°39′37″E / 25.55139°N 84.66028°E / 25.55139; 84.66028
Country India
StateBihar
DivisionPatna
DistrictBhojpur
Named forAranya Devi
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyArrah Municipal Corporation
 • MayorIndu Devi[1]
 • MPRaj Kumar Singh
(BJP)
Area
 • Metro
49 km2 (18.919 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • City261,430[2]
DemonymBhojpuriya
Language
 • OfficialHindi[3]
 • Additional officialUrdu[3]
 • RegionalBhojpuri
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN Code
802301, 802302 & 802312
Telephone code+91-6182
Vehicle registrationBR-03
Railway StationAra Junction

Arrah (also transliterated as Ara)[4] is a city and a municipal corporation in Bhojpur district (formerly known as Shahabad district) in the Indian state of Bihar. It is the headquarters of Bhojpur district, located near the confluence of the Ganges and Sone rivers, some 24 mi (39 km) from Danapur and 36 mi (58 km) from Patna.[5]

Typonym

According to a Jain inscription found at Masarh village near the town, Arrah is mentioned there as Aramnagar (transl. City of Aramas). That "Aramnagar" later become "Arrah".[6][7][8]

According to mythologies, the word "Arrah" or "Ara" is derived from the Sanskrit word Aranya, which means forest. It suggests that the entire area around modern Ara was heavily forested in the old days. According to mythology, sage Vishwamitra, the Guru of Rama, had his 'Ashram' somewhere in this region. Rama killed the demon Taraka somewhere near Arrah.[9][10]

Arrah has also historically been known as Shahabad, a name given to it by Babur in 1529, when he camped here after his victory against the Afghans of Bihar. The name "Shahabad" means "city of the king" and was used in the former Shahabad district.[11]

In mythologies

Arrah has a mention in Ramayana. According to mythology, sage Vishwamitra, the Guru of Rama, had his Ashram somewhere in this region. Rama killed the demon Taraka somewhere near Arrah.[9][10] In Mahabharata it was the home of the powerful demon called Bakra, whose daily food was human being supplied either by villages of Bakri or Chakrapur (or Ekchakra), as Arrah was then called. Pandava came to Ekchakra during their wandering and they were entertained by a Brahmin whose turn it was to supply a human for the demon. On hearing this, Bhima decided to go himself to the demon as he has eaten a Brahmin's salt, and killed the demon.[12]

History

Ancient

The Masarh lion, found at the archeological site Masarh

This place is also described by Xuanzang as the place, where the Demons of the Desert abused their strength and power and feasted on blood and flesh of man.[13]

In ancient India, it was the part of Magadha. In 684BC Arrah was the part of the region ruled by Haryanka dynasty. During Chandragupta Maurya Arrah was the part of the great Magadh empire. The Pillars of Ashoka are found at the Masarh village in Arrah town. During 200 CE it was part of Gupta dynasty. Bhojpuri Folktales of Vikramaditya like Singhashan Battishi, Baital pachisi are still famous in the town and other Bhojpuri speaking area. It was also the part of Pala Empire and Chero empire. Bihiya and Tirawan were the capitals of Chief Ghughulia and Raja Sitaram Rai respectively.

Medieval

Babur crossing the Son River.[14]

In 14th century Chero lost Western Bihar along with Arrah to Ujjainiya Rajputs under the leadership of Hunkar Shahi.[15] They named the territory "Bhojpur" on the name of their ancestor Raja Bhoja. In 1607, a number of Chero chiefs combined to launch a spirited attack against Ujjaniniyas. One of the descendants of Sitaram Rai, Kumkum Chand Jharap drove out Ujjainiyas from the Bhojpur region and captured major parts of the territory.[16] In 1611, Ujjainiyas defeated Cheros and recaptured the lost region again. Sher Shah Suri also defeated Chero during the early 16 century and made Sasaram its capital after defeating the Mughals. In 1604 Chieftain Narayan Mal got a land grant from Jahangir. After that Raja Horil Singh shifted the capital to Dumrao and established Dumraon Raj. Babur pitches his camp in Arrah in 1529 A.D and took control over it.[17]

Modern

"Sketch of a fortified house, with two sepoys in front of it."
House at Arrah fortified against the Dinapore Mutineers – From a sketch by Sir Vincent Eyre, 1857 from the Illustrated London News (1857)

After the Battle of Buxar the British took control over Arrah. Arrah was one of the centres of revolt in 1857.

During the Indian rebellion of 1857, a group of 18 British civilians and 50 Indian soldiers was besieged in the Little House at Arrah, by a band of 2500–3000 armed soldiers and around 8000 others under the command of 80-year-old Veer Kunwar Singh, the Zamindar of adjacent Jagdishpur. A British regiment, dispatched to their assistance from Danapur, was repulsed,[18] but the group withstood the siege for eight days until they were relieved by other East India Company troops.[19]

In 1911 the king of England George V visited Arrah and prayed at the Holy Saviour Church.[20][21] Between 1901 and 1911 the town suffered severely due to Plague. As a result, the population in 1911 became 38,549 which was 46,170 in 1901.[22]

Geography

Arrah is located at the elevation of 192 m from the sea level at the bank of Son river, Ganga River and Gangi River.[23] Arrah lies at the confluence of the Ganga and the Son River, other small rivers that flow in the town are Gangi River, Badki Nadi and Chhotki Nadi.

The Ganga river acts as northern boundary of the town and due alluvial deposit the area is very fertile and considered as best wheat growing area of Bihar.The eastern boundary of the town is the Son river which separates and Bhojpuri and Magahi speaking regions of Bihar.[24]

During the British Raj Arrah was the part of Bengal presidency. The land of the city is fertile and most used for cultivation with very low forest cover. The main crops that are grown here are rice, mango and mahuaa.

Climate

The climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Cwa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).[25]

Climate data for Arrah
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23
(73)		 26
(78)		 32
(90)		 37
(99)		 38
(100)		 36
(96)		 33
(91)		 32
(89)		 32
(90)		 32
(89)		 28
(82)		 24
(75)		 31
(88)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11
(51)		 13
(55)		 18
(64)		 23
(74)		 26
(78)		 27
(80)		 27
(80)		 27
(80)		 26
(79)		 23
(73)		 16
(61)		 11
(52)		 21
(69)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15
(0.6)		 18
(0.7)		 10
(0.4)		 7.6
(0.3)		 36
(1.4)		 180
(7.1)		 290
(11.6)		 330
(13.1)		 220
(8.6)		 58
(2.3)		 7.6
(0.3)		 5.1
(0.2)		 1,190
(46.7)
Average precipitation days 1.4 1.7 1 0.7 3 10.1 14 15.1 8.1 4 0.8 0.6 60.5
Source: Weatherbase[26]

Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Arrah Municipal Corporation had a total population of 261,099, out of which 139,319 were males and 121,780 were females. It had a sex ratio of 874. The population below 5 years was 34,419. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population was 83.41 per cent.[27]

Languages

Languages in Arrah (2011 census)[28]

  Bhojpuri (77.16%)
  Hindi (12.51%)
  Urdu (9.96%)
  Others (0.37%)

Hindi is the official language with Urdu being the additional official.[3] Bhojpuri is the most commonly spoken language, followed by Hindi and Urdu.[28]

Government and politics

Administration

The Arrah sub-division (Tehsil) is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM).

Blocks

The Arrah Tehsil is divided into 8 Blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). List of Blocks is as follows:

  1. Arrah
  2. Agiaon
  3. Barhara
  4. Koilwar
  5. Udwant Nagar
  6. Sandesh
  7. Sahar
  8. Garhani

Civic administration

Arrah is the headquarters of the Bhojpur district. On 1 June 1865, the town constituted into a municipality which later became municipal corporation, which currently divides the city in 45 wards.[29] Each ward elects its ward commissioner and, the Mayor is chosen through indirect election in which ward commissioners from respective wards cast their votes.

Police in Arrah is headed by a Superintendent of Police, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.

Economy

The city has industry area located near Koilwar. The mineral which is abundant here is sand of Son river. The alluvial deposits of Ganga river is considered suitable for brick making, the city mainly produces the revenue through building materials like sand and bricks. In last three year, 300 million tonnes of sand has been mined which has produced a royalty of ₹2800 crores.[30]

Culture/Cityscape

Chhath Celebration at Gangi River

Arrah's native language is Bhojpuri, a language derived from Magadhi Prakrit. Bhojpuri festivals and cuisine is followed here. Food of Bhojpuri cuisine includes Litti-Chokha, Makuni (Paratha stuffed with roasted gram flour), Dal Pitthi, Pittha, Aaloo Dum, Jaaur (Kheer) and main snack and sweets are Khurma (sweets made of Chhena), Thekua, Pudukiya, Patal ke Mithai, Anarsa, Gargatta and Laktho. Some of the drinks are Satuā, Amjhor, Taadi and Māthā. Khurma and Belgrami are the native sweets of this place.[31]

The festivals celebrated here are Holi, Durgapuja, Chhath, Diwali, Teej, Jitiya, Gai Dadh (Govardhan Puja), Jamdutiya, Eid, Christmas, etc.

Tourism

Arrah House.jpg
Arrah House

Arrah is a holy place for Jains and there are 44 Jain temples in the city.[32] There is a centuries-old Jain temple of Parashanatha in the Masarh village. Some notable places of Arrah are:

Aranya Devi Temple

This is a temple of Aranya Devi (Forest Goddess). She is said to be the deity goddess of Ara town. Here one statue is of Adi Shakti and the second is established by the Pandavas. The temple is very old and draws many devotees every day. It is situated at the top of stone boulders.[33][34]

Maulabagh Mosque

This Masjid was built in 18th century by John Deane, the collector of Shahabad. He had a Mohammedan wife with whom he lived 20 years with 6 children.[35] After his death in 1817, he was buried in the outer garden of Maulabagh Mosque (called as Bibi Jaan ke Hata or Handa) where his tomb can still be seen.[36] This mosques is also mentioned by British officers in their writings.[37][33]

Koilwar Bridge

Koilwar Bridge connects Arrah and Patna, and is the oldest railway bridge of India. It was built in 1862 and is 157 years old.

Ramna Maidan

Ramna Maidan, located in Arrah, Bhojpur District, Bihar, with 60 acres of land one of the largest urban parks in Arrah.

Arrah–Chhapra Bridge

Arrah–Chhapra Bridge

Arrah–Chhapra Bridge is also called Veer Kunwar singh Setu which connects Arrah and Chhapra is the world's longest multi span extradosed bridge in the world with a length of 1920m.[38]

Maharaja College, Ara

The present Maharaja college premises is an important historical site.

Masarh

Masarh is a village 10 km from Arrah, the Lion capitals of Mauryan period have been found here. Masarh has been identified by Cunningham with Mo-ho-so-lo of the Chinese pilgrim Huen Tsang,

Arrah House

Arrah House is a small British building in the premises of Maharaja College.

Holy Saviour Church

Holy Saviour Church is a church in Arrah, built by the British in 1911, when King of United Kingdom George V visited the city.

Education

Schools in Arrah are either government-run or private schools. Schools are affiliated by Central Board of Secondary Education and Bihar School Examination Board. Veer Kunwar Singh University is located here. Harprasad Das Jain College, Maharaja Collage, and Jagjiwan College are some of the premier institutions for higher education. Jain Siddhant Bhawan is a Jain Library in Arrah which is illustrious for collecting centuries older manuscripts in various languages.[39]

In 2018, Bihar government has opened Government Engineering Colleges in each district of Bihar under the Department of Science and Technology. Government Engineering College, Bhojpur runs in the campus of Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering and its own campus will be completed by 2020.[40]

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport, however other sports such as volleyball, basketball, and athletics are also played.

Veer Kunwar Singh Stadium is the stadium situated in the Ramna Maidan which hosts various cricket, football, and hockey tournaments. Other grounds in the town are Ramna Maidan, Maharaja college ground, Airport Ground, and Jain Collage Ground.

From 5–7 December 2019, East Zone Inter University Kabaddi championship took place in the premises of Maharaja College in which 47 universities of 12 different states participated.[41]

"Sketch of a fortified house, with two sepoys in front of it."
Defence of the Arrah House, 1857 (1858) by William Tayler.

In folk tradition

  • There is a very famous Bhojpuri saying about this place, Ara jilā Ghar Ba ta, kawana bāt kē dar bā" (trans. If you belong to Arrah, there is nothing to fear).[42][43]
  • Arrah also has mentions in many Bhojpuri Folk songs like Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela.

Films and songs

Books

Sketch of a seated man surrounded by other men
Koor Sing, "The Rebel of Arrah", and his attendants – From a photograph, from the Illustrated London News (1857)

Notable people

Villages

Arrah block contains the following 115 villages:[47]

Village name Total land area (hectares) Population (in 2011)
Mahadewa(Unsurveyed)
Gongsar2001700
Sundarpur Barja2024,951
Rampur1420
Pipra1181,814
Ijri595,455
Baghakol1261,324
Teksemar76523
Salempur3600
Tetaria931,304
Behra2342,087
Parkhotampur1291,103
Bakharia310
Sakatpura360
Mainpura521,355
Sukulpur542,120
Dariapur2082,268
Sarsiwan821,705
Basantpur3103,323
Basantpur1050
Bela1662,519
Rampur Mathia85769
Gheghta401,386
Makhampur Bara2583,023
Rokaiya Chak360
Bhakura3354,835
Alipur3062,888
Jamira84913,891
Santpur870
Piprahiya702,465
Hasanpura1332,863
Bhusahula821,387
Gothahula2955,548
Karwa1062,841
Sonadia1855,262
Nayagaon61361
Sonadia912,767
Chatarsainpur 1263,049
Alimullah Chak290
Ramsara Chandar Chur420
Daulatpur874,416
Lachhmanpur2151,859
Mirza Beg25483
Mathaulia851,521
Basantpur1162,815
Dhauandhua513,601
Balua02,457
Sobhi Dumra1842,742
Sarangpur2852,805
Nirmalpur631,089
Saidpur631,479
Bahira Chak570
Bheldumra1171,424
Makhdumpur Dumra1682,988
Garaiyan1472
Jadopur91590
Piraunta1843,887
Pipra7152,392
Chamukha64310
Nagopur55713
Mathurapur1150
Babhnauli431,327
Sonadia4172,743
Tulshipur720
Ratanpur1062,238
Ratan Dularpur1411,568
Ganghar3625,324
Ramdih Chhapra69789
Bakhria1911,139
Khushhalpur821,155
Balua1222,031
Mahuli5324,166
Kurwa140
Karari3294,679
Mohanpur53861
Deorhi35838
Karra3022,058
Bakula520
Bairampur450
Bhadea1531,821
Gazipur980
Duraundha1431,458
Dhobaha1491,556
Belghat941,073
Jura1041,066
Amma63467
Ghoradei991,496
Ganauli581,437
Udaipur28742
Singhi Tola71813
Baghipakar1883,070
Agarsanda1462,659
Dharampura1301,267
Tenua105712
Paut2662,122
Pipra94991
Basmanpur66727
Semaria501,312
Milki271,127
Dhamar2887,279
Chanda3462,154
Amarpur Marwatia1302,565
Khajuria3723,777
Bara641,019
Kunria1001,135
Pathanpur1221,741
Perhap13003500
Misraulia410
Dularpur Kosik50478
Chit Kundi841,449
Durg Tola50500
Mahazi Dokti (Unsurveyed)00
Dokti (Unsurveyed)00
Dharampura (Unsurveyed)00
Horlahi (Unsurveyed)00
Singhai (Unsurveyed)00
Dalan Chhapra (Unsurveyed)00

See also

References

  1. ↑ "e-Municipality Bihar". nagarseva.bihar.gov.in. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  2. ↑ "Arrah City Population Census 2011–2019 | Bihar". www.census2011.co.in.
  3. 1 2 3 "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  4. ↑ "Bhojpur district full information". www.bihar.com.
  5. ↑ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ara, India". www.fallingrain.com.
  6. ↑ "Lion Motif in Mauryan Art: Indigenous or Foreign?" (PDF). heritageuniversityofkerala.com. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  7. ↑ Singh, Rana (September 2019). "Masarh : A Great Archaeo-Historic Site of Bihar". J. P. University, Chapra. 63.
  8. ↑ Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23.
  9. 1 2 "History | Welcome To Bhojpur District | India". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019.
  10. 1 2 Sinha, Nishi (1999). Tourism Perspective in Bihar. APH Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9788170249757.
  11. ↑ Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Routledge. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781000651522. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  12. ↑ Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. pp. 151–152.
  13. ↑ Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23.
  14. ↑ "Baburnama". 1590s. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
  15. ↑ Surendra Gopal (22 December 2017). Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. pp. 289–295. ISBN 978-1-351-03416-6.
  16. ↑ Surinder Singh; I. D. Gaur (2008). Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia. Pearson Education India. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-317-1358-7.
  17. ↑ Bihar District Gazetteer: Shahabad. Secretarial Press. 1966.
  18. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arrah" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 642.
  19. ↑ Halls, John James (7 July 1860). Two months in Arrah in 1857 – via Internet Archive. arrah.
  20. ↑ "जार्ज पंचम की प्रार्थना को ले बना था होली सेवियर चर्च". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  21. ↑ Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteer: Shahabad. 1924. p. 37.
  22. ↑ O'Malley, L. S. S. Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 151. ISBN 8172681224.
  23. ↑ "About District | Welcome To Bhojpur District | India". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  24. ↑ "Geographical Structure". Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  25. ↑ "Arrah, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
  26. ↑ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.
  27. ↑ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  28. 1 2 "C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level)". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  29. ↑ Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 151.
  30. ↑ "District survey report of Bhojpur, Bihar". Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Bihar Vikas Bhawan New Secreteriat, Patna.
  31. ↑ "Bihar's sweet cuisines gourmet's delight". Times of India. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  32. ↑ Bhāratīya saṃskr̥tike vikāsameṃ Jaina vāṅmayakā avadāna, Volume 2. Akhila Bhāratavarshīya Digambara Jaina Vidvatparishad. 1983.
  33. 1 2 "Tourism". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  34. ↑ Tilak, Sudha G. Temple Tales: Secrets and Stories from India's Sacred Places. Hachette UK.
  35. ↑ Ghosh, Durga, Sex and the family in colonial India: The Making of Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2006, page 123
  36. ↑ O'Malley, L. S. S. Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 156. ISBN 8172681224.
  37. ↑ Halls (1860). Two months in Arrah.
  38. ↑ "Arrah-Chhapra Bridge". Structurae. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  39. ↑ Gottschalk, Peter (2013). Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying Hinduism and Islam in British India. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0195393019.
  40. ↑ "Official Website of Department of Science & Technology, Govt. Of Bihar : Home Page". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  41. ↑ "Jagran Josh". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  42. ↑ Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal (1986). Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence. Oxford University Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780195616811.
  43. ↑ Guha, Ranjit (1983). Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Volume. Oxford University Press.
  44. ↑ "The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges". Rediff.
  45. ↑ Banerjee, Arnab (25 March 2017). "Anarkali of Arrah movie review: Bold, beautiful and endearing". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  46. ↑ Notes on Books: Being an Analysis of the Works Published During Each Quarter by Longmans, Green, and Company, Volume 2. Longmans, Green. 1865.
  47. ↑ "Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook – Bhojpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory)". Census 2011 India. pp. 260–307. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
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