HJ-8
The HJ-8L on display
TypeAnti-tank missile
Place of originChina
Service history
In service1985–present
Used bySee Operators
WarsYugoslav wars
Sri Lankan Civil War[1]
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
Syrian Civil War
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
India–Pakistan border skirmishes
Production history
DesignerResearch Institute 203
Designed1970–1984 [2]
ManufacturerNORINCO (Factory 282, Factory 5618)[2]
GIDS (Pakistan)[3]
Produced1984–present
Variantssee variants
Specifications
Mass25 kg
Length1,566 mm
Diameter120 mm
WarheadHEAT
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
Maximum speed 220 m/s
Guidance
system
SACLOS wire guidance
Launch
platform
Tripod, vehicle, aircraft

The HJ-8 or Hongjian-8 (Chinese: 红箭-8; pinyin: Hóng Jiàn-8; lit. 'Red Arrow-8') is a second generation tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided anti-tank missile system which was originally deployed by the People's Liberation Army since the late 1980s.[4]

Development

In 1970, China's armored corps first proposed to develop a successor to HJ-73 and this was later approved, designated as the AFT-8 or HJ-8. The missile was jointly developed by Research Institute 203 and 282nd Factory, but the program was interrupted by political turmoil. The key designers were Wang Xingzhi (王兴治) and Zhao Jiazheng (赵家铮), who developed the missile.[4] Development was not completed until the early 1980s, after the end of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. After receiving state certification, the missile entered mass-production in 1984. HJ-8 is an optically tracked, wire guided ATGM.

HJ-8 and its variants are manufactured by NORINCO's Factory 282 (Jiangnan Machine Factory—江南机器厂), Factory 5618 (Hunan South China Photoelectricity Instrument Plant—湖南华南光电仪器厂) of China[2] and Khan Research Laboratories of Pakistan,[5] now by GIDS.[3]

Design

HJ-8 of the Sri Lankan Army.

The HJ-8 series is China’s first indigenous anti-tank missile design[6] and it can be considered an equivalent of the US BGM-71 TOW and Franco-German MILAN / Euromissile HOT anti-tank missiles. HJ-8 is a tube-launched, optically tracked and wire-guided missile system armed with a HEAT anti-tank warhead. The HJ-8 is a combination many experts believe of three Western antitank missile systems obtained from nations in the Middle East and Asia that were then examined and reverse engineered and modified: the tripod from the US BGM-71 TOW; the tracker-control unit from the French/German MILAN; and the missile from the UK Swingfire.[7]

There are numerous improved models following the original HJ-8, designated HJ-8A to HJ-8H, each incorporating improved features over the previous model. HJ-8E entered service in mid-1990. The HJ-8E anti-tank missile weighs 24.5 kg, has a range of up to 4,000 m,[4] and can also defeat explosive reactive armour (ERA). It can penetrate 800–1100 mm of RHA at 0° incidence / 180+ mm RHA at 68° incidence.[8]

Designed to be both dependable and accurate, HJ-8 is now the standard anti-tank armament of the Z-9W, Mi-17, and Gazelle (replacing the original Euromissile HOT first carried) helicopter gunships of the PLA.[9]

Turret launch platform

A launching platform that can be installed on armoured fighting vehicles has been developed by Norinco for use as an HJ-8 launching platform, the SW-1 one-man turret. The all-steel welded SW-1 turret weighs 1,750 kg and can be installed on various tracked or wheeled vehicles. The turret is stated to be immune to 0.50 caliber armour-piercing rounds at close range (100 meters) and protection is further increased when add-on armour is installed. The turret can traverse 360 degrees and be elevated -40 to +60 degrees. The fire-control system, based on that of HJ-8H, is internally mounted.

The primary armament of SW-1 includes four HJ-8H ATGM, with two mounted in the rear location on each side of the turret. The secondary armament comprises a 30 mm main gun and a coaxial 0.30 caliber machine gun. A variety of ammo can be used and the maximum rate of fire of the main gun is around 6 rounds per second, and automatic fire can be selected at various rates. The 30-mm gun is claimed to be effective against ground targets up to 4 km away[10] and aerial targets at 2 km, while the HJ-8H missile is effective against ground targets at ranges of 4 km away, and against low and slow aerial targets at the same range. A follow-on model that is remotely operated weighing 1.4 ton has completed its development and entered Chinese service, designed by the same designer, Wu Lixin (吴立辛). Like its predecessor, this unmanned model was also first tested by using HJ-73C ATGM. The unmanned version carries 160 rounds of 30 mm ammunition.

Combat use

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Baktar-Shikan variant from Pakistan were supplied to Bosnian government forces in the early 1990s. Used by the Bosnian army forces against Serb tanks during the mid-1990s which helped the Bosniaks to destroy Serb tanks and helped in further combat.

Sri Lanka

The Sri Lanka Army acquired HJ-8 from China, during the civil conflict against the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[1] They were mostly used to take out LTTE strucuture, including bunkers.[1]

On at least one occasion, during the 2009 Battle of Mullaitivu the Army used these weapons against fast attack craft of the LTTE's Sea Tigers naval wing.[11]

Syria

Since June 2013, videos showing the use of the HJ-8 by Free Syrian Army rebels against Syrian Arab Army armor have surfaced and have been successful in destroying T-72 tanks.[12]

Iraq

Since December 2014, videos showing the use of the HJ-8 by the Peshmerga against Islamic State (ISIL) have surfaced. The HJ-8 systems might have been captured from ISIL stockpiles.[13][14]

Pakistan

The Bhaktar Shikan variant of the HJ-8 made by Pakistan has been used in large numbers against TTP insurgents during Operation Zarb-e-Azb where it was mainly used to destroy Hideouts and caves where the insurgents would usually hide. Its use in the Line of Control was reported against Indian Army Bunkers and Checkposts on the Line of Control during border skirmishes.

Variants

Launchers:

  • HJ-8 – The original version. Claimed to be able to achieve a kill probability of 90%[15]
  • HJ-8A – First upgrade of HJ-8 with greater penetration power, slightly larger than HJ-8, with range increased to 4 km.
  • HJ-8B – A HJ-8 model specifically developed for helicopters, with greater penetration power and range increased to 5.3 km.
  • HJ-8C – Specifically developed to defeat explosive reactive armour with a tandem-charge. From HJ-8C onward, all HJ-8 missiles can be carried by various platforms.
  • HJ-8D – Upgraded variant with tandem charge.
  • HJ-8E – Upgrade of HJ-8B/C with a new rocket motor with a range of up to 4 km, entered service in mid-1990. Fire-control system (FCS) is highly digitized and includes a thermal imaging system for all-weather day-night capability. The HJ-8E anti-tank missile weighs 24.5 kg, has a range of up to 4,000 m,[4] can also defeat explosive reactive armour (ERA).
  • HJ-8F – Variant with an anti bunker warhead.
  • HJ-8FAE – Version featuring a thermobaric warhead.
  • HJ-8L – A model with reduced overall weight, L meaning "light". Using feedback from the Bosnian War, HJ-8E was designed to meet the need of a lightweight ATGM that is just as capable as heavier models. HJ-8L can accommodate two missiles, one smaller with 3 km range and one larger with 4 km range. New microelectronics are used in the fire-control system and use of composite materials in the launching/storage system reduce weight to 22.5 kg, so that HJ-8L can be carried by a crew of two.
  • HJ-8H – Upgraded HJ-8E; adopting the same fire-control system and lightweight launching/storage system of HJ-8L. Uses a new missile, capable of engaging ground targets 6 km away and low speed aerial targets such as helicopters 4 km away.
  • HJ-8S – Variant with an anti ship warhead.
  • Baktar-Shikan – Baktar-Shikan (Urdu: بکتر شکن "Armour Piercing") is a variant of HJ-8 that has been manufactured under license by Pakistan at Khan Research Laboratories.[5][16][2] The missile and launch system can be quickly disassembled into four sub-units, each weighing less than 25 kg, making the system crew-portable. Baktar-Shikan is also mounted on Pakistani armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and a modified air-launched variant is used to arm the AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships and other helicopters of the Pakistan Army Aviation wing. Pakistan also exports Baktar-Shikan. The export version is credited to destroy all currently known tank targets with a 90% hit and penetration probability at a distance of 3 km.[17] Baktar-Shikan has been exported to Bangladesh and Malaysia.[18] A multi-launcher station for four Baktar-Shikan tubes were displayed by GIDS in 2016.[19] An indoor training simulator is also available with Baktar-Shikan. It is an exact replica of the weapon and is used to train operators by simulating various target speeds, ranges and angles. The target's movement parameters can be adapted to the progressive skill level of the operator under training.[20] An optional laser aiming device is also under development to increase accuracy at longer ranges.[18] According to SIPRI, between 1990 and 2022, Pakistan has produced 26,350 Baktar-Shikan missiles.[21]
  • HJ-11 (AFT-11): development of HJ-8 with semi-active laser guidance, received a new designation HJ-11 because it is claimed to be the third generation anti-tank missile by Chinese.[22]

Mounted Platforms:

  • BJ212 HJ-8: HJ-8 launcher mounted on a Beijing BJ212 as a mobile anti-tank platform.[23]
  • BJ2020 HJ-8E: HJ-8E launcher mounted on a Beijing BJ2020 as a mobile anti-tank platform.[24]
  • CSK-181 AFT-11 Carrier: AFT-11 (HJ-11) launcher mounted on a CSK-181 MRAP assault vehicle.[25][26]

Operators

Map with HJ-8 operators in blue


Non-State actors

See also

Related development
Similar weapons
Related lists

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Sri Lanka: Beijing's Growing Foothold in the Indian Ocean". Jamestown.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sino Defence's HJ-8 Page". Sino Defence. 2008-09-28. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  3. 1 2 "GIDS of Pakistan presents muliti-missile launcher station armed with 4 Baktar Shikan missiles 12711163 | IDEAS 2016 Official Online Show Daily News | Defence security military exhibition 2016 daily news category".
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Global Security's HJ-8 Page". Global Security. Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  5. 1 2 "Kahuta – Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  6. ↑ "Is China's HJ-8 'Tank Killing' Missile Still Worthy of Fear?". The National Interest. 22 November 2021.
  7. ↑ Jane's Weapon Systems 1988–1989 page 137
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ "HJ-8". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-08-10. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  10. ↑ Jane's International Defense Review, 25 September 2008. This claimed range is likely exaggerated as the typical effective range of 30-mm automatic cannon is considerably less than four kilometers. The range claimed may be the maximum, as opposed to maximum effective, range of the weapon. By comparison, the M230 30-mm cannon has an effective range of 1.5 kilometers and a maximum range of 4.5 kilometers.
  11. ↑ "- YouTube". YouTube.
  12. 1 2 Oryx. "A new weapon on the Syrian battlefield; The HJ-8". Oryx Blog. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 Beckhusen, Robert (25 October 2017). "What Destroyed This Abrams Tank? Possibly a Chinese-made missile". War is Boring. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  14. ↑ https://www.dw.com/downloads/41953510/weapons-of-the-islamic-state.pdf
  15. ↑ Christopher Chant (January 1988). A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware (1st ed.). Routledge Kegan & Paul. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-7102-0720-3. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  16. ↑ "Pakistan Army Inventory". Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  17. ↑ "Anti Tank Guided Missile Weapon System, Baktar Shikan". Defence Export Promotion Organization. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  18. 1 2 "KARACHI: POF, French firm sign deal for co-production: Artillery ammunition". November 21, 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "GIDS of Pakistan presents muliti-missile launcher station armed with 4 Baktar Shikan missiles 12711163 | IDEAS 2016 Official Online Show Daily News | Defence security military exhibition 2016 daily news category".
  20. ↑ Jane's Information Group. "IICS – Baktar Shikan ATGM Simulator (Pakistan), Land systems – Anti-armour". Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  21. 1 2 SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. "Transfers and licensed production of major conventional weapons". Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  22. ↑ "中国单兵导弹出口多国 又添新成员"红箭11"". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  23. ↑ "Beijing BJ 2020". tanks encyclopedia.
  24. ↑ "Beijing BJ2020". Military Today.
  25. ↑ Arthur, Gordon (31 March 2021). "PREMIUM: PLA adopts a new anti-tank guided missile". Shephard Media.
  26. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel (12 March 2021). "Update: CCTV shows footage of possible new ATGM for Chinese army". Janes.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ancile".
  28. ↑ "Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  29. ↑ "ROCA (United Nations Register of Conventional Arms)". www.unroca.org.
  30. 1 2 3 Bromley, Mark; Duchâtel, Mathieu; Holtom, Paul (October 2013). China's Exports of Small Arms and Light Weapons (PDF) (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-02. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). The Military Balance. Vol. 120. Routlegde. ISBN 978-0-367-46639-8.: 90 
  32. ↑ "SIPRI arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  33. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark (30 June 2013). "Taking Outsize Role in Syria, Qatar Funnels Arms to Rebels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-09-23.
  34. ↑ "Small Arms Archive Detail Page for 7878". Small Arms Review. Archived from the original on 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  35. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2014). "Weapons tracing in Sudan and South Sudan" (PDF). Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and guns (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  36. ↑ Southern Africa Report, (various) (July 2011). "Zimbabwe Security Forces" (PDF). Randburg: Mopani Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  37. ↑ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2015-08-16.
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