Vidin
Видин (Bulgarian)
City
Vidin
Coat of arms of Vidin
Coat of arms
Location of Vidin Province in Bulgaria
Location of Vidin Province in Bulgaria
Vidin is located in Bulgaria
Vidin
Vidin
Location of Vidin
Vidin is located in Balkans
Vidin
Vidin
Vidin (Balkans)
Coordinates: 44°00′N 22°52′E / 44.000°N 22.867°E / 44.000; 22.867
CountryBulgaria
Province
(Oblast)		Vidin
Government
 • MayorTsvetan Tsenkov
Area
 • City63.218 km2 (24.409 sq mi)
Elevation
34 m (112 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • City40,422
 • Density640/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
 • Urban
50,274
DemonymVidinite
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
3700
Area code094
Websitehttps://vidin.bg/?lang=en

Vidin (Bulgarian: Видин, pronounced [ˈvidin]; Romanian: Diiu) is a port city on the southern bank of the Danube in north-western Bulgaria. It is close to the borders with Romania and Serbia, and is also the administrative centre of Vidin Province, as well as of the Metropolitan of Vidin (since 870).

An agricultural and trade centre, Vidin has a fertile hinterland renowned for its wines.

Name

The name is archaically spelled as Widdin in English. Its older form Dunonia meant "fortified hill" in Celtic with the dun element found frequently in Celtic place names.[2]

Geography

Vidin is the westernmost important Bulgarian Danube port and is situated on one of the southernmost sections of the river. The New Europe Bridge, completed in 2013, connects Vidin to the Romanian town of Calafat on the opposite bank of the Danube. Previously, a ferry located 2 km (1 mi) from the town was in use for that purpose.

Climate

Vidin has a humid subtropical climate close to a temperate continental climate, from which it is shifting further and further away due to global warming. In the winter months, inversions are very common.The average annual temperature is 11.8 °C (53.2 °F).

Climate data for Vidin, Bulgaria (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 32.4
(90.3)		 35.4
(95.7)		 41.2
(106.2)		 43.6
(110.5)		 40.2
(104.4)		 36.4
(97.5)		 31.2
(88.2)		 26.4
(79.5)		 21.4
(70.5)		 43.6
(110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 13.3
(55.9)		 19.2
(66.6)		 24.4
(75.9)		 28.6
(83.5)		 30.9
(87.6)		 31.0
(87.8)		 25.2
(77.4)		 18.2
(64.8)		 10.4
(50.7)		 5.0
(41.0)		 18.2
(64.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 6.6
(43.9)		 12.4
(54.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.0
(73.4)		 17.4
(63.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 5.7
(42.3)		 0.8
(33.4)		 11.8
(53.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.8
(42.4)		 11.1
(52.0)		 14.8
(58.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 15.9
(60.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 6.5
(43.7)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 6.3
(43.4)
Record low °C (°F) −24.0
(−11.2)		 −28.6
(−19.5)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 2.8
(37.0)		 9.2
(48.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −16.4
(2.5)		 −21.4
(−6.5)		 −28.6
(−19.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6)		 40
(1.6)		 43
(1.7)		 44
(1.7)		 56
(2.2)		 51
(2.0)		 55
(2.2)		 44
(1.7)		 44
(1.7)		 51
(2.0)		 46
(1.8)		 50
(2.0)		 565
(22.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) 6 6 6 7 8 6 6 4 6 7 7 7 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 82 112 168 209 256 292 325 306 218 153 79 69 2,269
Source: NOAA NCEI[3]

History

Vidin emerged at the place of an old Celtic settlement known as Dunonia. The settlement evolved into a Roman fortified town called Bononia. The town grew into one of the important centres of the province of Upper Moesia, encompassing the territory of modern north-western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia.

When Slavs settled in the area, they called the town Badin or Bdin, where the modern name comes from. Similarly, Anna Komnene refers to it as Vidynē (Βιδύνη) in the Alexiad.

The central streets of Vidin
Orthodox Cathedral of St Dimitar (St Dimitrius)

Vidin's main landmark, the Baba Vida fortress, was built in the period from the 10th to the 14th century. In the Middle Ages Vidin used to be an important Bulgarian city, a bishop seat and capital of a large province. Between 971 and 976 the town was the center of Samuil's possessions while his brothers ruled to the south. In 1003 Vidin was seized by Basil II after an eight-month siege because of the betrayal of the local bishop. Its importance once again rose during the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1422) and its despots were influential figures in the Empire and were on several occasions chosen for Emperors. From the mid 13th century it was ruled by the Shishman family.

By early 1290s Serbia expanded towards the vicinity of Vidin. Threatened by Serbian expansion, Shishman failed to repel the brothers forces, and accepted Serbian suzerainty.[4] In practice, Shishman continued to be largely independent and dealt mainly with Bulgaria. Serbian suzerainty lasted until Serbian king Stefan Milutin´s death, in 1321. As Milutin left no testament, after his death, in Serbia occurred a period of civil war with Stefan Dečanski, Stefan Konstantin and Stefan Vladislav II fighting for power. Shishman took advantage of this situation, set free from Serbian rule, and returned to the Bulgarian sphere. In 1323 Shishman was chosen to be the Bulgarian tsar. Shishman made an anti-Serbian treaty with the Byzantines, however, after Serbian victory over Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330, Bulgaria lay militarily crippled and politically subordinated to Serbia's interests.[5]

In 1356, Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander isolated Vidin from the Bulgarian monarchy and appointed his son Ivan Stratsimir (1356–1396) as absolute ruler of Vidin's new city-state - the Tsardom of Vidin (Bdin / Badin).

Hungarian occupation of Vidin

In 1365, the Tsardom of Vidin was occupied by Magyar crusaders. Under Hungarian rule, the city became known as Bodony, but the occupation was short-lived. In 1369, the Second Bulgarian empire drove out the Hungarian military, but in 1396 Vidin was occupied by a foreign force again this time being the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I after the Battle of Nicopolis.

The Ottomans

The Ottomans went on to conquer the despotates of Dobrudzha, Prilep and Velbazhd as well. Vidin's independence did not last long. In 1396, the Ottomans invaded and turned Vidin into a sandjak.

In the late years of Ottoman rule, Vidin was the centre of Ottoman rebel Osman Pazvantoğlu's breakaway state.

In 1853, The Times of London reported that Widdin, as it was called, was

a considerable town, with a population of about 26,000, and a garrison of 8,000 to 10,000 men. Widdin is one of the important fortified places of the military line of the Danube. It covers the approaches of Servia, commands Little Wallachia, the defiles of Transylvania, and, above all, the opening of the road which leads through Nissia and Sophia on to Adrianople. Its form is an irregular pentagon; it is strongly bastioned, possesses a fortified castle, with two redoubts in the islands, and its defences are completed by an extensive marsh.[6]

In 1859 the English traveler Samuel Baker happened to visit Vidin and spotted the 14-year old Florence Barbara Maria von Sass from Transylvania (then in Hungary now in Romania) being sold into slavery, by some accounts destined to be owned by the Pasha of Vidin. Baker bribed her guards and took her with him, she eventually became Florence Baker, his wife and partner in the exploration of Africa .[7][8]

Modern rule

During the Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885), the town was besieged by a Serbian army.

Population

Vidin is the 20th town by population in Bulgaria, but serious demographic problems have been experienced in the area during the last two decades. The number of the residents of the city reached its peak between 1988 and 1991 when the population exceeded 65,000.[9] As of 2011, the town had a population of 48,071 inhabitants[10] and 40,422 inhabitants as of 2021. The following table presents the change of the population after 1887.

Vidin
Year 1887 1910 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2005 2009 2011 2021
Population 14,772 16,450 18,465 18,481 23,932 36,981 53,179 62,541 62,666 57,395 52,558 49,471 48,071 40,422
Highest number 68,164 in 1991
Sources: National Statistical Institute,[9][11][1] citypopulation.de,[12] pop-stat.mashke.org,[13] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[14]

Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition

According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:[15][16]

  • Bulgarians: 40,550 (91.8%)
  • Roma: 3,335 (7.5%)
  • Turks: 60 (0.1%)
  • Others: 199 (0.4%)
  • Indefinable: 280 (0.6%)
  • Undeclared: 3,647 (7.6%)

Total: 48,071

Tourism

The Vidin Synagogue, deserted after Jewish emigration to Israel.

Vidin maintains two well-preserved medieval fortresses, Baba Vida and Kaleto, as well as many old Orthodox churches such as St Pantaleimon, St Petka (both 17th century), and St Dimitar (Demetrius of Thessaloniki) (19th century), the Vidin Synagogue (1894), the Osman Pazvantoğlu Mosque and library, the late 18th-century Turkish ruler of north-western Bulgaria, the Krastata Kazarma of 1798, and a number of old Renaissance buildings. Also remarkable is the theatre building which was the first Bulgarian theatre in "European model" and was built in 1891. The Vidin Synagogue built in 1894 was in 2021 a shell of its former self; plans are made to turn it into an interfaith cultural center; the Jews of Vidin number about a dozen[17]

Another tourist attraction in the Vidin area is the town of Belogradchik, famous for its unique and impressive rock formations, the Belogradchik Rocks and the medieval Belogradchik Fortress and also the nearby Magura Cave with its beautiful prehistoric cave paintings.

Transportation

Danube Bridge II at Vidin

In Vidin is a border-station to neighbouring Romania via the Danube river. It was operated by ferryboats only until 14 June 2013 when the Vidin–Calafat Bridge opened. Crossing by ferry was possible only every 1⁄2 hour with just five trucks per ferry. Ticket prices were €50 per truck and €12 per car.

The city has a regional airport (Vidin Airport, ICAO code LBVD) a few kilometres to the north-west; as of 2000, there is no scheduled passenger service, and the buildings are in a state of disrepair. There are, however, state development plans to rebuild and restore the activity of Vidin airport.[18][19]

Landmarks

Close to the town lies a powerful medium wave broadcasting station (since 1973) whose signals can be easily received throughout Europe. It works on 576 khz with a power of 500 kW. For transmission on 576 kHz a 259-metre-tall (850 ft) guyed mast equipped with a cage antenna at its lower part is used. A powerful FM transmitter on 88.2 MHz provides good coverage for Hristo Botev radio. Also, Horizont and Radio Vidin are broadcast on 102.3 and 103.9 MHz with similar coverage to Hristo Botev

Honour

Vidin Heights on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Vidin.

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Vidin is twinned with:[20]

Partner towns

Partner towns of Vidin:[20]

Consulate

  • Honorary Consulate of Romania

Sports

FC Bdin

The football team of the town (FC Bdin) was established in 1923.

References

  1. 1 2 "Население по области, общини, местоживеене и пол | Национален статистически институт". nsi.bg.
  2. ↑ Veyrenc, Charles Jacques (1981). Bulgaria Nagel's encyclopedia-guide (2 ed.). Nagel. p. 413. ISBN 978-2-8263-0560-6. In the 3rd century BC the Celts established on the site now occupied by Vidin a fortress to which they gave the name of Dunonia, "fortified hill"
  3. ↑ "Climate normals for 1991-2020: Vidin" (CSV). Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  4. ↑ The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism by D. Hupchick, page 88
  5. ↑ The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism by D. Hupchick, page 89
  6. ↑ "The Seat of War on the Danube," The Times, December 29, p. 8
  7. ↑ Dorothy Middleton, 'Baker, Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 5 Sept 2015
  8. ↑ Science historian chronicles true story of Lady Florence Baker, Penn State University, 3 February 2004, Retrieved 4 September 2015
  9. 1 2 "CDS/ISIS on the Web - Navigator". Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  10. ↑ "ПРЕБРОЯВАНЕ 2011" (PDF). Nsi.bg. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "6.1.4. Population by towns and sex – Table data". Archived from the original on November 13, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Bulgaria: Major Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2015-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-02-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ↑ "Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age" (XLS). Bulgarian National Statistical Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  16. ↑ "Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification" (XLS). Bulgarian National Statistical Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  17. ↑ Kay, Jonah Goldman. "Abandoned Bulgarian synagogue to become cultural center and interfaith hub". www.timesofisrael.com.
  18. ↑ Kostova, Anelia (2022-08-06). "Vidin airport near the village of Inovo will be rebuilt" (in Bulgarian). Darik. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  19. ↑ "Northwest Bulgaria's Authorities Seek Investors to Revive Vidin Airport". Novinite.com. 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  20. 1 2 "Международно сътрудничество". vidin.bg (in Bulgarian). Vidin. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
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