 | |
| Nickname(s) | Team GB |
|---|---|
| Association | Ice Hockey UK |
| General manager | Andy Buxton |
| Head coach | Peter Russell |
| Assistants | Corey Neilson |
| Captain | Jonathan Phillips |
| Most games | Jonathan Phillips (118)[1] |
| Top scorer | Colin Shields (42) |
| Most points | Tony Hand (108) |
| Team colors | |
| IIHF code | GBR |
 | |
| Ranking | |
| Current IIHF | 20  2 (28 May 2023)[2] |
| Highest IIHF | 16 (2021) |
| Lowest IIHF | 31 (2006) |
| First international | |
Great Britain  3–0 .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Switzerland(Chamonix, France; 23 January 1909) | |
| Biggest win | |
Great Britain 26–0  New Zealand(Geel or Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium; 16 March 1989) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
Yugoslavia .svg.png.webp){kind=small} 21–1 Great Britain(Barcelona, Spain; 25 March 1979) | |
| IIHF World Championships | |
| Appearances | 56 (first in 1930) |
| Best result |  Gold: (1936) |
| European Championships | |
| Appearances | 3 (first in 1910) |
| Best result |  Gold: (1910) |
| Olympics | |
| Appearances | 4 (first in 1924) |
| Medals |  Gold: (1936) Bronze: (1924) |
| International record (W–L–T) | |
| 227–245–38 | |
| Medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Olympic Games | ||
.svg.png.webp){kind=icon} | 1936 Germany | Team |
.svg.png.webp){kind=icon} | 1924 France | Team |
| World Championship | ||
| 1936 Germany | Team |
.svg.png.webp){kind=icon} | 1937 Great Britain | |
| 1938 Czechoslovakia | |
| 1924 France | Team |
| 1935 Switzerland | |
| European Championships | ||
| 1910 Switzerland | |
The Great Britain men's national ice hockey team (also known as Team GB) is the national ice hockey team that represents the United Kingdom. A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) in 1908, the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK.[3]
History
The team was a force on the international scene in the early 20th century, winning the first ever IIHF European Championship in 1910, finishing as bronze medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, and becoming Olympic champions in 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.[4] The gold medal-winning Olympic team was composed primarily of dual-national British Canadians, many of whom having learned and played the game in Canada.[5][6] However, since then the national team has made little impact on the sport. Until they surprisingly qualified for the 2019 installment of the tournament, their last appearance in the top-level World Championship came in 1994. Great Britain last qualified for the Olympics in 1948.[7] The current head coach of the team is Peter Russell, who is also the head coach for the Cardiff Devils.
Tournament record
Olympic Games
| Games | GP | W | OW | T | OL | L | GF | GA | Coach | Captain | Finish | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 1924 Chamonix |
5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 38 | George Elliot Clarkson | ? | Final Round |  Bronze | |
| 1928 St. Moritz |
6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 27 | ? | ? | First round | 4th place | |
 1932 Lake Placid |
did not participate | ||||||||||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen |
7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 3 | Percy Nicklin | Carl Erhardt | Final Round |  Gold | |
| 1948 St. Moritz |
8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 39 | 47 | Carl Erhardt | ? | Round-robin | 5th place | |
| Year | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1924 | Bronze | |||
| 1928 | 4th place | |||
| 1936 | Gold | |||
| 1948 | 5th place | |||
| Totals | ||||
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
World Championships
- Note: Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic ice hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year.
- Note: World War II forced cancellation of all tournaments from 1940 to 1946.
- Note: In 1972, a separate tournament was held both for the World Championships and the Winter Olympics for the first time.
- Note: No World Championships were held during the Olympic years 1980, 1984, and 1988.
- Note: the 2020 tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[8]
| Championship | Coach | Captain | Division | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | did not participate | |||
| 1924 Chamonix |
George Elliot Clarkson | ? | Top Division | Bronze |
| 1928 St. Moritz |
? | ? | Top Division | 4th place |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} / / 1930 Chamonix, Berlin, Vienna |
? | William Home | Top Division | tied 10th place |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1931 Krynica-Zdrój |
Clarence Wedgewood | John Magwood | Top Division | 8th place |
| 1932 | did not participate | |||
| 1933 | did not participate | |||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1934 Milan |
John Magwood | Carl Erhardt | Top Division | 8th place |
| 1935 Davos |
Bunny Ahearne | Carl Erhardt | Top Division | Bronze |
| 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen |
Percy Nicklin | Carl Erhardt | Top Division | Gold |
| 1937 London |
Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | Top Division |  Silver |
 1938 Prague |
Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | Top Division | Silver |
| 1939 Zürich, Basel |
Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | Top Division | 8th place |
| 1940–1946 | Competitions not held because of World War II | |||
| 1947 | did not participate | |||
| 1948 St. Moritz |
Carl Erhardt | ? | Top Division | 5th place |
| 1949 | did not participate | |||
| 1950 London |
Lou Bates | Ken Nicholson | Top Division | 4th place |
| 1951 Paris |
James Mowat | Ken Nicholson | Top Division | 5th place |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1952 Liège |
Johnny Murray | Johnny Murray | Pool B | 10th place (1st in the "B" pool) |
| 1953 Zürich, Basel |
Johnny Murray | Laurie Spence | Pool B | 5th place (2nd in the "B" pool) |
| 1954 | did not participate | |||
| 1955 | did not participate | |||
| 1956 | did not participate | |||
| 1957 | did not participate | |||
| 1958 | did not participate | |||
| 1959 | did not participate | |||
| 1960 | did not participate | |||
| 1961 Geneva, Lausanne |
Johnny Carlyle | Johnny Murray | Pool B | 10th place (2nd in the "B" pool, promoted) |
| 1962 Colorado Springs, Denver |
Johnny Murray | Billy Brennan | Top Division | 8th place, relegated |
 1963 Stockholm |
Malcolm Beaton | Bert Smith | Pool B | 15th place (7th in the "B" pool) |
| 1964 | did not participate | |||
 1965 Turku, Rauma, Pori |
Billy Brennan | Marshall Key | Pool B | 14th place (6th in the "B" pool) |
| 1966 Zagreb |
Billy Brennan | Billy Brennan | Pool B | 16th place (8th in the "B" pool, relegated) |
| 1967 | did not participate | |||
| 1968 | did not participate | |||
| 1969 | did not participate | |||
| 1970 | did not participate | |||
 1971 Nijmegen, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Tilburg, Rotterdam, Geleen,Den Bosch, Groningen, Heerenveen |
Johnny Carlyle | Robert Stevenson | Pool C | 18th place (4th in the "C" pool) |
| 1972 | did not participate | |||
| 1973 Geleen, Rotterdam, Nijmegen, Utrecht, Tilburg, The Hague |
Ellis Firestone | Terry Matthews | Pool C | 22nd place (8th in the "C" pool) |
| 1974 | did not participate | |||
| 1975 | did not participate | |||
 1976 Gdańsk |
George Beach | ? | Pool C | 21st place (5th in the "C" pool) |
 1977 Copenhagen, Hørsholm |
Terry Matthews | ? | Pool C | 24th place (7th in the "C" pool) |
| 1978 | did not participate | |||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1979 Barcelona |
Joe McIntosh | Alastair Brennan | Pool C | 23rd place (5th in the "C" pool) |
 1981 Beijing |
Alex Dampier | ? | Pool C | 24th place (8th in the "C" pool, relegated) |
| 1982 | did not participate | |||
| 1983 | did not participate | |||
| 1985 | did not participate | |||
| 1986 | did not participate | |||
| 1987 | did not participate | |||
| 1989 Geel, Heist-op-den-Berg |
Terry Matthews | Stephen Cooper | Pool D | 27th place (3rd in the "D" pool) |
| 1990 Cardiff |
Alex Dampier | Chris Kelland | Pool D | 26th place (1st in the "D" pool, promoted) |
| 1991 Brøndby |
Alex Dampier | Chris Kelland | Pool C | 21st place (5th in the "C" pool) |
| 1992 Kingston upon Hull |
Alex Dampier | Chris Kelland | Pool C | 21st place (1st in the "C" pool, promoted) |
| 1993 Eindhoven |
Alex Dampier | Chris Kelland | Pool B | 13th place (1st in the "B" pool, promoted) |
 1994 Bolzano, Canazei, Milan |
Alex Dampier | Chris Kelland | Top Division | 12th place, relegated |
 1995 Bratislava |
Jiří Petrnoušek | Shannon Hope | Pool B | 19th place (7th in the "B" pool) |
| 1996 Eindhoven |
Peter Woods | Shannon Hope | Pool B | 16th place (4th in the "B" pool) |
| 1997 Katowice, Sosnowiec |
Peter Woods | Shannon Hope | Pool B | 18th place (6th in the "B" pool) |
 1998 Ljubljana, Jesenice |
Peter Woods | Shannon Hope | Pool B | 22nd place (6th in the "B" pool) |
| 1999 Odense, Rødovre |
Peter Woods | Steve Moria | Pool B | 18th place (2nd in the "B" pool) |
| 2000 Katowice, Kraków |
Peter Woods | Steve Moria | Pool B | 19th place (3rd in the "B" pool) |
| 2001 Ljubljana |
Chris McSorley | David Longstaff | Division I | 19th place (2nd in Division I, Group B) |
 2002 Székesfehérvár, Dunaújváros |
Chris McSorley | David Longstaff | Division I | 23rd place (4th in Division I, Group B) |
 2003 Zagreb |
Chris McSorley | David Longstaff | Division I | 25th place (5th in Division I, Group B) |
 2004 Oslo |
Chris McSorley | Steve Thornton | Division I | 25th place (5th in Division I, Group A) |
| 2005 Debrecen |
Rick Strachan | Ashley Tait | Division I | 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A) |
| 2006 Amiens |
Rick Strachan | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 26th place (5th in Division I, Group A) |
| 2007 Ljubljana |
Paul Thompson | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 24th place (4th in Division I, Group B) |
| 2008 Innsbruck |
Paul Thompson | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 23rd place (4th in Division I, Group A) |
| 2009 Toruń |
Paul Thompson | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 22nd place (3rd in Division I, Group B) |
| 2010 Ljubljana |
Paul Thompson | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 23rd place (4th in Division I, Group B) |
 2011 Kyiv |
Paul Thompson | Jonathan Weaver | Division I | 20th place (2nd in Division I, Group B) |
| 2012 Ljubljana |
Tony Hand | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 21st place (5th in Division I, Group A) |
| 2013 Budapest |
Tony Hand | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 22nd place (6th in Division I, Group A, relegated) |
 2014 Vilnius |
Doug Christiansen | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 26th place (4th in Division I, Group B) |
| 2015 Eindhoven |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 24th place (2nd in Division I, Group B) |
| 2016 Zagreb |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 24th place (2nd in Division I, Group B) |
| 2017 Belfast |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 23rd place (1st in Division I, Group B, promoted) |
| 2018 Budapest |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 17th place (1st in Division I, Group A, promoted) |
| 2019 Bratislava, Košice |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Top Division | 13th place |
| 2020 Zürich, Lausanne |
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic[9] | |||
 2021 Riga |
Corey Neilson | Jonathan Phillips | Top Division | 14th place |
| 2022 Tampere, Helsinki |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Top Division | 16th place, relegated |
| 2023 Nottingham |
Peter Russell | Jonathan Phillips | Division I | 17th place (1st in Division I, Group A, promoted) |
| 2024 Prague, Ostrava |
Top Division | |||
European Championships
Standalone tournaments
| Games | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Coach | Captain | Finish | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 Les Avants |
3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 | ? | ? | Round-robin | Gold |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1911 Berlin |
did not participate | |||||||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} 1912 Prague* |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1913 Munich |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1914 Berlin |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1915–1920 | No Championships (World War I). | |||||||||
| 1921 Stockholm |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1922 St. Moritz |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1923 Antwerp |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1924 Milan |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1925 Štrbské Pleso, Starý Smokovec |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1926 Davos |
7 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 19 | ? | ? | Third round | 4th place |
| 1927 Wien |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1929 Budapest |
did not participate | |||||||||
| 1932 Berlin |
4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 9 | ? | ? | Consolation round | 7th place |
European Championship results from combined events
| Year | Coach | Captain | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | ? | ? | Bronze |
| 1930 | ? | William Home | tied 8th place |
| 1931 | Clarence Wedgewood | John Magwood | 7th place |
| 1934 | John Magwood | Carl Erhardt | 6th place |
| 1935 | Bunny Ahearne | Carl Erhardt | Silver |
| 1936 | Percy Nicklin | Carl Erhardt | Gold |
| 1937 | Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | Gold |
| 1938 | Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | Gold |
| 1939 | Percy Nicklin | Gordon Dailley | 6th place |
| 1948 | Carl Erhardt | ? | 4th place |
| 1950 | Lou Bates | Ken Nicholson | Silver |
| 1951 | James Mowat | Ken Nicholson | 4th place |
| 1962 | Johnny Murray | Billy Brennan | 6th place |
Current roster
Roster for the 2022 IIHF World Championship.[10]
Head coach: Peter Russell[11]
| No. | Pos. | Name | Height | Weight | Birthdate | Team |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | G | Jackson Whistle | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 87 kg (192 lb) | 9 June 1995 | Belfast Giants |
| 2 | D | Dallas Ehrhardt | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | 102 kg (225 lb) | 31 July 1992 | Manchester Storm |
| 5 | F | Ben Davies | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | 81 kg (179 lb) | 18 January 1991 | Cardiff Devils |
| 7 | F | Robert Lachowicz | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 8 February 1990 | Guildford Flames |
| 8 | F | Matthew Myers | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | 93 kg (205 lb) | 6 November 1984 | Nottingham Panthers |
| 9 | F | Brett Perlini | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | 91 kg (201 lb) | 14 June 1990 | Ringerike Panthers |
| 10 | F | Scott Conway | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 9 April 1995 | Belfast Giants |
| 13 | D | David Phillips | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 14 August 1987 | Sheffield Steelers |
| 16 | F | Sam Duggan | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 13 July 1998 | Cardiff Devils |
| 17 | D | Mark Richardson – A | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 3 October 1986 | Cardiff Devils |
| 18 | F | Lewis Hook | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 18 August 1996 | Belfast Giants |
| 19 | F | Luke Ferrara | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 89 kg (196 lb) | 7 June 1993 | Coventry Blaze |
| 20 | F | Jonathan Phillips – C | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | 82 kg (181 lb) | 14 July 1982 | Sheffield Steelers |
| 24 | D | Josh Tetlow | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | 103 kg (227 lb) | 12 January 1998 | Nottingham Panthers |
| 26 | F | Evan Mosey | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 17 March 1989 | Cardiff Devils |
| 28 | D | Ben O'Connor | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 85 kg (187 lb) | 21 December 1988 |  HSC Csíkszereda |
| 33 | G | Ben Bowns | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 81 kg (179 lb) | 21 January 1991 | HK Dukla Trenčín |
| 34 | G | Jordan Hedley | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 7 August 1996 | Coventry Blaze |
| 41 | D | Josh Batch | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) | 100 kg (220 lb) | 15 January 1991 | Cardiff Devils |
| 44 | D | Sam Jones | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | 86 kg (190 lb) | 11 November 1997 | Sheffield Steelers |
| 58 | D | David Clements | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | 84 kg (185 lb) | 20 September 1994 | Coventry Blaze |
| 62 | F | Joshua Waller | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | 73 kg (161 lb) | 2 June 1999 | Cardiff Devils |
| 75 | F | Robert Dowd – A | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | 80 kg (180 lb) | 26 May 1988 | Sheffield Steelers |
| 91 | F | Ben Lake | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 77 kg (170 lb) | 31 May 1990 | Belfast Giants |
| 94 | F | Cade Neilson | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | 88 kg (194 lb) | 15 May 2001 | Aberdeen Wings |
Uniform evolution
- National team jerseys
2019–2021- 2022–
All-time record
- As of 5 May 2023.[12]
| Opponent | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | GF | GA | GD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 8 | +34 |
| Austria | 20 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 57 | 101 | -44 |
 Belarus | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 17 | 32 | -15 |
| Belgium | 23 | 19 | 1 | 3 | 188 | 54 | +134 |
 Bulgaria | 8 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 36 | 47 | -11 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada | 19 | 3 | 0 | 16 | 23 | 157 | -134 |
| China | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 52 | 29 | +23 |
| Croatia | 9 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 42 | 13 | +29 |
| Czech Republic | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 11 | −9 |
| Czechoslovakia | 11 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 27 | 31 | −4 |
| Denmark | 28 | 9 | 4 | 15 | 89 | 132 | -43 |
 Estonia | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 49 | 25 | +24 |
| Finland | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 19 | −6 |
| France | 33 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 130 | 117 | +13 |
| Germany | 15 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 26 | 65 | -39 |
| Hungary | 34 | 15 | 1 | 18 | 96 | 113 | -17 |
 Israel | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | +12 |
| Italy | 19 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 61 | 93 | -32 |
 Japan | 14 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 36 | 39 | -3 |
 Kazakhstan | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 21 | 30 | -9 |
| Latvia | 11 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 39 | 44 | -5 |
| Lithuania | 10 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 35 | 25 | +10 |
| Netherlands | 30 | 22 | 1 | 7 | 155 | 99 | +56 |
| New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 | +26 |
 North Korea | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 9 | +15 |
| Norway | 21 | 4 | 1 | 16 | 55 | 113 | -58 |
| Poland | 36 | 24 | 2 | 10 | 128 | 111 | +17 |
| Romania | 25 | 20 | 1 | 4 | 131 | 59 | +72 |
 Russia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 19 | −15 |
 Serbia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | +4 |
| Slovakia | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 29 | -22 |
| Slovenia | 13 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 34 | 40 | -6 |
 South Korea | 9 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 46 | 23 | +23 |
 Spain | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 17 | +29 |
| Sweden | 15 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 27 | 65 | −38 |
| Switzerland | 21 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 54 | 100 | -46 |
| Ukraine | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 33 | -18 |
| United States | 13 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 37 | 54 | −17 |
| Yugoslavia | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 33 | -22 |
| Total | 510 | 227 | 38 | 245 | 1 899 | 1 991 | -92 |
See also
References
- ↑ "Jonathan Phillips Set to Become Most-Capped Player in Gb History – Ihuk".
- ↑ "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ↑ Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. p. 123. ISBN 9781598843002. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Jeux Olympiques de Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 – Hockey sur glace". Hockeyarchives.info. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ↑ Steve Pinder. "Ice Hockey: Britain complete 58-year circle: Today the British ice hockey team face Russia in their first appearance in a world championship since the 1936 Olympics. Steve Pinder reports". The Independent. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Team Great Britain made up of traitorous Canadians stole 1936 Olympic gold in ho". Calgarysun.com. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Winter Olympics 2020: Great Britain miss out on ice hockey qualification".
- ↑ Steiss, Adam. "2020 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship cancelled". iihf.com. IIHF. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ↑ "IIHF cancels Division I tournaments". iihf.com. 17 March 2019.
- ↑ "Two changes to GB squad for world in Finland". icehockeyuk.co.uk. 22 April 2022.
- ↑ "Team Roster Great Britain" (PDF). iihf.com. 15 May 2021.
- ↑ "Great Britain - National Teams of Ice Hockey". nationalteamsoficehockey.com. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
External links
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.