Calauag
Kalawag (Old Tagalog)
Municipality
Municipality of Calauag
Calauag Central Park
Calauag Central Park
Flag of Calauag
Flag
Official seal of Calauag
Seal
Etymology: Tortoise
Map of Quezon with Calauag highlighted
Map of Quezon with Calauag highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Calauag is located in Philippines
Calauag
Calauag
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 13°57′27″N 122°17′15″E / 13.9575°N 122.2875°E / 13.9575; 122.2875
CountryPhilippines
RegionCalabarzon
ProvinceQuezon
District 4th district
FoundedMay 25, 1584
Barangays81 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Bayan
 • MayorRosalina O. Visorde
 • Vice MayorLeah M. dela Cruz
 • RepresentativeKeith Micah DL. Tan
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electorate46,959 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
 • Total324.71 km2 (125.37 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Highest elevation
240 m (790 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • TotalIncrease71,809
 • RankSteady 8th
 • Households
18,133
 excluding 9 Barangays from East Quezon, currently occupied by Santa Elena
Demonym(s)Calauagenian (English)
Calauagin (Tagalog)
Calauageño/-a (Filipino)
Economy
 • Income class1st municipal income class
 • Poverty incidence
9.77
% (2018)[4]
 • Revenue₱ 247.7 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 656.3 million (2020)
 • IRA156,692,905.00 (2017)
 • Expenditure₱ 224.4 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 160.6 million (2020)
Utilities
 • ElectricityQuezon 1 Electric Cooperative (QUEZELCO 1)
 • WaterCalauag Water District
 • Telecommunications(Wireless) Smart, Globe, DITO
 • Fixed line TelecommunicationsPLDT, Calauag CATV System-Internet
 • Cable TVCalauag CATV System
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
4318
PSGC
045607000
IDD : area code +63 (0)42
Native languagesTagalog
Sister townsGuinayangan
Tagkawayan
Buenavista
Major religionsRoman Catholic, Protestantism, Islam
Feast dateJune 29
Catholic dioceseDiocese of Gumaca
Patron saintPeter the Apostle
Virgin of Fatima
Numbered highwaysN1-Maharlika Highway
N68-Quirino Highway
Websitewww.calauag.gov.ph

Calauag, officially the Municipality of Calauag (Tagalog: [kaˈlaʊag]; Tagalog: Bayan ng Calauag), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 71,809 people.[3]

It is 227 kilometres (141 mi) southeast of Manila and 97 kilometres (60 mi) east from provincial capital Lucena.

History

Aerial view of Calauag, circa 1930s

According to the writings of Valentin Martin in his "Ensayo de una sintesis de los trabajos realizados sos las corporaciones religiosas Españolas de Filipinas", the first record of the establishment of a settlement in Calauag dates as far as the year 1584. However, the formal founding of the town by Spanish conquistadors was placed in the year 1851 with the union of the settlements in Apad and Calauag.[5]

The first elected Captain of the town was Juan Sunog. In 1897 the town was placed the Revolutionary Government and Alipio Declaro became the Municipal President. In 1914 under Municipal President Marciano Roldan, the town was destroyed by fire for the first time in its history. On December 24, 1941, the town was occupied by the Japanese Imperial Army and on January 14, 1942, the town was again destroyed by fire. On April 19, 1945, the United States and Filipino forces liberated the town from Japanese occupation. The general headquarters of the Philippine Army and Constabulary under the Commonwealth regime was built and station in Calauag during and after the war from 1945 to 1946 against the possible remaining Japanese Armies.

Lost barangays to Bicol

Calauag experienced a big controversy due to a decade-long boundary dispute with the neighboring town of Santa Elena in the Province of Camarines Norte, which resulted in a Supreme Court case, Presidential intervention, and the loss of a quarter of its land area. The disputed barangays were:

  • Don Tomas
  • Guitol
  • Kabuluan
  • Kagtalaba
  • Maulawin
  • Plaridel
  • Patag Ibaba
  • Patag Ilaya
  • Tabugon

On October 14, 1991, the Provincial Government and Municipal Government of Calauag ordered the demolition of a boundary marker installed by the DENR. In October 1995, then-President Fidel V. Ramos came to Calauag to meet with local officials to resolve the boundary dispute between the two provinces and surveyed the whole disputed area. Calauag retained its jurisdiction. However, the case was elevated to the Supreme Court. The Case of Province of Quezon vs. Province of Camarines Norte eventually ruled in favor of Camarines Norte and Calauag ceased its political jurisdiction on the said barangays.[6]

Geography

Calauag is located on the north-eastern end of Tayabas Isthmus. The Daang Maharlika or Pan-Philippine Highway runs at the town after Lopez in Southbound and after Santa Elena at the Northbound or from Manila. At the north end of Quirino Highway, it meets Daang Maharlika in Barangay Tabugon. It also meets the north end of Guinayangan Provincial Road which also meets Daang Maharlika in Barangay Sumulong. It is bounded to the north-west by Calauag Bay, south-west by Lopez, to the east by Guinayangan, and to the north by Basiad Bay and Tinig Bay; it is separated from Alabat Island by a 1 kilometer narrow strait.

Barangays

Calauag is politically subdivided into 81 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Agoho
  • Anahawan
  • Anas
  • Apad Lutao
  • Apad Quezon
  • Apad Taisan
  • Atulayan
  • Baclaran (Poblacion)
  • Bagong Silang
  • Balibago
  • Bangkuruhan
  • Bantolinao
  • Barangay Uno (Poblacion)
  • Barangay Dos (Poblacion)
  • Barangay Tres (Poblacion)
  • Barangay Cuatro (Poblacion)
  • Barangay Cinco (Poblacion)
  • Bigaan
  • Binutas (Santa Brigida)
  • Biyan
  • Bukal
  • Buli
  • Dapdap
  • Dominlog
  • Doña Aurora
  • Guinosayan
  • Ipil
  • Kalibo (Santa Cruz)
  • Kapaluhan
  • Katangtang
  • Kigtan
  • Kinamaligan
  • Kinalin Ibaba
  • Kinalin Ilaya
  • Kumaludkud
  • Kunalum
  • Kuyaoyao
  • Lagay
  • Lainglaingan
  • Lungib
  • Mabini
  • Madlangdungan
  • Maglipad (Rosario)
  • Maligaya
  • Mambaling
  • Manhulugin
  • Marilag (Punaya)
  • Mulay
  • Pandanan
  • Pansol
  • Patihan
  • Pinagbayanan (Poblacion)
  • Pinagkamaligan (Poblacion)
  • Pinagsakayan
  • Pinagtalleran (Poblacion)
  • Rizal Ibaba
  • Rizal Ilaya
  • Sabang Uno (Poblacion)
  • Sabang Dos (Poblacion)
  • Salvacion
  • San Quintin
  • San Roque Ibaba
  • San Roque Ilaya
  • Santa Cecilia
  • Santa Maria (Poblacion)
  • Santa Milagrosa
  • Santa Rosa
  • Santo Angel
  • Santo Domingo
  • Sinag
  • Sumilang
  • Sumulong
  • Tabansak
  • Talingting
  • Tamis
  • Tikiwan
  • Tiniguiban
  • Villa Magsino
  • Villa San Isidro
  • Viñas
  • Yaganak

Town proper

The town center (poblacion) consists of 12 barangays and 11 blocks from the PNR Station in the east to Pinagkamaligan ES on the west. Going west from Barangay Pinagtalleran via Quezon Street, there are five blocks of high concentration of shops, groceries, and banks.

The Government Center is located in the south of the town which consists of Municipal Hall which houses the City Library, Fire Station, Police Station and Precinct, and the Municipal Council building. Quezon Plaza is a well-used spot for programs and events. The Livelihood Center is two blocks away from the plaza and Quezon Street. Central Park is also located in front of the plaza and the City Hall.

Land area

Calauag has a land area size of 324.71 km2 (125.37 sq mi). Its land is three times bigger than San Francisco, California 121.51 km2 (46.91 sq mi) and almost half-smaller than the size of Singapore 728.3 km2 (281.2 sq mi).

Climate

Climate data for Calauag, Quezon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26
(79)		 27
(81)		 29
(84)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 30
(86)		 29
(84)		 29
(84)		 29
(84)		 29
(84)		 28
(82)		 27
(81)		 29
(84)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 23
(73)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 23
(73)		 23
(74)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51
(2.0)		 35
(1.4)		 37
(1.5)		 39
(1.5)		 91
(3.6)		 131
(5.2)		 168
(6.6)		 132
(5.2)		 162
(6.4)		 184
(7.2)		 166
(6.5)		 101
(4.0)		 1,297
(51.1)
Average rainy days 13.4 10.5 11.8 12.0 19.8 24.1 26.7 25.1 25.3 23.9 21.2 17.6 231.4
Source: Meteoblue[7]

Calauag has a tropical climate, like most of the country. Summers are hot and dry while the rainy season is cold and wet . It also falls under the Type IV Tropical Climate which has rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Rainy season must be expected from end of May to last week of December.

Demographics

Population census of Calauag
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 3,185—    
1918 6,195+4.54%
1939 13,629+3.83%
1948 16,875+2.40%
1960 37,101+6.78%
1970 49,113+2.84%
1975 54,035+1.93%
1980 57,907+1.39%
1990 64,856+1.14%
1995 60,941−1.16%
2000 65,907+1.69%
2007 69,475+0.73%
2010 69,223−0.13%
2015 73,139+1.05%
2020 71,809−0.36%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[8][9][10][11]

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Calauag
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[12][13]
[14][15][16][17][18]

Calauag has an agricultural-based economy. Most economic activity happens in Municipal Market and its vicinity. Most agricultural products are coconut-based and followed by rice, corn, fish, crabs and other seafoods. It is currently classified as First class-municipality.

Government

Local government

The mayor for the 2022-2025 term is Rosalina O. Visorde. Leah Dela Cruz is the town's incumbent vice mayor. Under the 1987 Constitution, The mayor is restricted to three consecutive terms with three years per term, although a mayor can be elected again after an interruption of term. The mayor has the direct control of the departments while the Municipal Administrator is indirectly in charge of all departments of the Municipal Government while the Vice Mayor is in charge of the Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council) which consists of seven Councilors and one Municipal Sangguniang Kabataan/SK (Youth Council) Chairman and one President of Liga ng mga Barangay (Barangay League) which are elected every three years and Municipal Administrator is appointed by the seating municipal mayor.

Congressional and provincial legislators

In the 18th Congress of the House of Representatives, Calauag is Represented by Keith Micah Tan of the Fourth Congressional District of Quezon. The former disputed nine barangays are under First Congressional District of Camarines Norte, Represented by Josefina "Josie" B. Tallado.

In the Provincial Board, Calauag, together with the other municipalities of 4th District of Quezon is represented by three elected board members for the term of 2022 to 2025: Roderick "Derick" Magbuhos of Atimonan, Harold Butardo of Guinayangan and Isaias Ubana II of Lopez, and are members of ruling Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC). Provincial Councilors' League also has a seat in the Provincial Board, represented by Angelo "Ola" Eduarte, also of NPC which hails from Calauag.

List of former chief executive

Term Chief Executive Others:
(Political Party, position and origin)
Spanish Era
1851 Juan "Juan Sunog" Parcero Atimonan
1851 Pascual Siazon Apad
1852 Benito Jorbina Calauag
1853 Antonio Cerilla Apad
1854 Eustaquio Geneblazo Atimonan
1855 Pantaleon Cerdinia Apad
1856 Pedro Juaris Nueva Cáceres
1857 Vicente Penidles Apad
1858 Marciano Junillis Nueva Cáceres
1859 Agapito Jorbina Calauag
1860 Arcadio Cerilla Apad
1861 Felipe Labiste Libmanan
1862 Benito Jorbina 2nd Term, Apad
1863–1864 Pantaleon Jorbina Apad
1865–1866 Domingo Jorbina Calauag
1867 Antonio Uransa Gumaca
1868 Lucas Dela Costa Mauban
1869–1870 Domingo Jovida Calauag
1871–1872 Raymundo Locido First Term, Apad
1873–1874 Antonio Lerum Apad
1875–1876 Raymundo Locido 2nd Term, Apad
1877–1878 Canuto Escolano Apad
1879–1880 Juan Geneblazo Calauag
1881–1882 Severino Villafranca
1883–1886 Juan Enteria Gumaca
1887–1888 Sinfroso Matos Gumaca
1889 Raymundo Daroga Gumaca
1890–1891 Pedro Segui Gumaca
1892–1893 Sebastián Uransa Gumaca, Maura Law passed on 1893
1894 Antonio Lerum 2nd Term, Apad
1895–1896 Tomás Rañola Last Capitán Municipal, Lucban
Philippine Revolution
1897–1899 Alipio Declaro First Municipal President. Mauban
1900 Juan Lerum Calauag
1901–1903 Hilario Cantre Cantre Street named after him in Barangay Poblacion Tres. Gumaca
1904–1905 Felix Jubilo Calauag
1906–1907 León Tañada Tañada Street named after him in Barangay Poblacion Dos. Gumaca
American Civil Government
1908–1909 Basilio De Guzman De Guzman Street in Barangay Poblacion Dos named after him. Gumaca
1910–1912 Arcadio Vera Cruz Vera Cruz Street in Barangay Poblacion Uno named after him. Atimonan
1913–1916 Marciano Roldan Roldan Street in Barangay Poblacion Tres named after him. Boac
1916–1922 Pedro Pica Atimonan
1922–1925 Espiridion Argüelles Arguelles Street in Barangay Poblacion Uno named after him. Calauag
1925–1928 Armando C. Villaverde Calauag
1928–1931 Donato O. Cabangon Calauag
1931–1934 Jacinto Lerum Calauag
Commonwealth
1934–1938 Tomás Bernabéu Morató Last Municipal President of Calauag, First Mayor of Quezon City. Morato Street in Town Proper named after him. NP Calauag
1938–1940 José Jiménez First Municipal Mayor. Calauag
Japanese-sponsored Philippines
1941–1947 Sisenando V. Villarubia Japanese Occupation Mayor of Calauag. Town proper raged with fire during his reign due to war. Villarubia Street in Town Proper named after him. Atimonan
Third Republic
1948–1951 Arturo Morató Also became Mayor of Tagkawayan. Calauag
January–April 1952 Cirilo Pareja Atimonan
April 1952 – 1955 Simon Leonor Calauag
January 1956 – December 1959 Edgardo S. Cabangon First Term. Cabangon Street in Barangay Poblacion Cuatro named after him. Calauag
January 1960 – December 1964 Marceliano C. Parcero Calauag
Bagong Lipunan era
January 1965 – February 3, 1982 Edgardo S. Cabangon Second Term. Mayor during Marcos dictatorship. LP, Assassinated
February 4, 1982 – February 15, 1986 Julio U. Lim, M.D. Removed from Office due to EDSA People Power Revolution. LP. Calauag
People Power Revolution, Restoration of Democratic Government
February 16, 1986 – December 1987 Rogelio Regala Officer in charge. Calauag became first-class municipality. Calauag
enactment of 1987 Constitution
February 2, 1988 – December 30, 1995 Julio U. Lim, M.D. East Quezon occupied by Camarines Norte. Camarines Norte v. Province of Quezon ruled that East Quezon belongs to Santa Elena. Second Term.
June 30, 1995 – June 30, 2004 Pedro C. Inofre Calauag
June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010 Eric N. Entienza Calauag recovered its status as first-class municipality. Lakas–CMD Calauag
June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2019 Luisito S. Visorde Incumbent. LP/NUP/NPC Calauag
July 1, 2019–June 30, 2022 Rosalina Visorde NPC, Sariaya, Incumbent

[19]

Tourism

Capaluhan Beach
  • Capaluhan Beach
  • Pulong Pasig
  • Pangahoy Beach
  • Santa Milagrosa Cave
  • Calauag Central Park
  • Calauag Crossing
  • Plaza Quezon
  • Yaganak Hanging Bridge
  • The "C" Lighthouse
  • Quezon Canal
  • Calauag Municipal Library
  • Sabang Playground
  • Calauag East Central Elementary School

Infrastructure

Transportation

Buses

Calauag is accessible by Bus Transportation through inter-city buses with signboards plying to Calauag and Bicol Region. Preferable bus companies plying to 4th District servicing the town are AB Liner, Barney Auto Lines, both with terminals in the town. Superlines, Daet Express and DLTBCo also unloads passenger at the town. Raymond Transportation, mostly bound for Bicol makes a short stopover at the town, being its headquarters and its historical route.

Railways

PNR Calauag Station (KM 243) is currently idle and the Intercity Service of PNR is currently defunct.

Roads and Waterways

Traveling around the town proper is no problem since there are thousands of tricycles circling the Town Proper. Tourists are advised to take Tricycles as primary mode of transportation around the town. Cycling is also a common form of personal transportation in the town. Tollway nearest to Calauag is Ibaan Exit of STAR Tollway (E2). Santo Tomas Exit of STAR Tollway (E2) is preferable, as it does not require a detour to interior of Batangas. All Buses currently exits at Calamba (Turbina) Exit of the South Luzon Expressway. Calauag soon will be serviced by Toll Road 4 Mayao Exit once the toll road fully opens. Toll Road 5 and Quezon–Bicol Expressway are also planned to have exits for Calauag.

Utilities

Quezon I Electric Cooperative (QUEZELCO 1)[20] provides Electricity to the entire 3rd and 4th congressional districts including Santa Elena, Camarines Norte and Del Gallego, Camarines Sur. Calauag Water District (CWD) provides potable water to the residents of the Town Proper and nearby barangays (villages). The Yaganak-Mambaling Dam is the source of water for the entire town. The Local, National Direct Dial and Fiber internet are provided by PLDT which absorbed the local franchise of Santos Telephone Corporation. The wireless network and internet are provided by national telecommunications companies PLDT (Smart), Globe and Dito. Digital Cable Television is provided by local cable operator (Calauag CATV System) and national satellite television providers (Cignal, G Sat, and previously prior to lapse of congressional franchise, SkyDirect). Liquified petroleum gas meanwhile may be purchased per cylinder tanks in gasoline stations or in local distributors.

Education

Public Schools

Calauag East Central Elementary School

Public Schools are operated by the Department of Education, Division of Quezon and divided by two districts: The East District and The West District. There are also one public high school that operates inside the town proper.

  • Sabang Elementary School (K-6) on Quezon Street Ext.
  • Pinagkamaligan Elementary School (K-6) on Rizal Street Ext.
  • Calauag East Central Elementary School (K-6) on Declaro Street, between Bonifacio Street and Rizal Street
  • Municipal Sector Elementary School (K-6) on Rizal Street beside the East Central Elementary School
  • Santa Maria Elementary School (K-6) on Rizal Street
  • Calauag National High School (7-12/Junior High School-Senior High School) on Maharlika Highway
  • South Luzon State University, Calauag Extension Campus in New Municipal Hall Complex

Private Schools

  • Calauag Central College (K-12+College level) on Rizal Street corner Arguelles Street
  • Saint Peter's School (Catholic, Parochial School) (Junior High School-College level) on Rizal Street beside the Saint Peter Parish
  • Froebelian School of Calauag, Inc. (K–Grade 6) on Barangay Cinco
  • Enverga University

Media

Calauag and nearby towns were being served by Radyo Natin 100.9 FM.

Sister cities

Historically, the sister cities of Calauag are Guinayangan, Tagkawayan (Daughter town of Guinayangan), and Buenavista (then Piris).

Notable personalities

  • Rey Danseco – Award winner-International Boxing Judge, journalist, TV Host, Radio Commentator
  • Ice Seguerra – Former host Eat Bulaga!, singer, Former National Youth Commission chairman
  • Marcelito Pomoy—Singer, Pilipinas and America's Got Talent contestant
  • Alisha del Campo—Member, Philippine Women's National Football Team
  • Edelyn Cornejo – former Star Circle Kid Questor, child actress
  • Maria Regine Maravilla Talento – Star Circle Kid Questor, child actress
  • Madeleine Nicolas – stage and film actress
  • Gerry Igos – 1989 Philippine cycling champion
  • Romeo Asinas – stuntman & fight scene instructor
  • Tomas Morato – Last Municipal President (Jan. 1935-Dec. 1937) first Municipal Mayor of Calauag (Jan 1938 – Dec 1940) . First Representative of the 2nd District of Tayabas
  • Arturo Morato Sr.- First licensed pilot (1936) and first Mayor of Tagkawayan, Quezon.
  • Manoling Morato – PCSO and Movie and Television Review and Classification Board Chairman and former TV host
  • Raymundo Punongbayan – Former director, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

References

  1. ↑  Municipality of Calauag | (DILG)
  2. ↑ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. 1 2 Census of Population (2020). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ↑ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Municipality of Calauag". Quezon Province. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Province of Camarines Norte Vs. Province of Quezon, Re: Urgent Petition to Cite Governor Eduardo T. Rodriguez of Quezon Province, and Mayor Julio U. Lim of Calauag Quezon, in contempt of court". G.R. No. 80796. Supreme Court of the Philippines. October 11, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  7. ↑ "Calauag: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  8. ↑ Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  9. ↑ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  10. ↑ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "Province of Quezon". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  14. ↑ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  15. ↑ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  16. ↑ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  18. ↑ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  19. ↑ Autobiography of Mayor Pedro C. Inofre
  20. ↑ Quezon 1 Electric Cooperative: http://quezelco1.com/
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