Canis mosbachensis
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene
Skull from Würzburg-Schalksberg
Life restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species:
†C. mosbachensis
Binomial name
†Canis mosbachensis
Soergel, 1925[1]
Subspecies

Canis mosbachensis variabilis Pei, 1934[2]

Canis mosbachensis, sometimes known as the Mosbach wolf, is an extinct small wolf that once inhabited Eurasia from the Middle Pleistocene era to the Late Pleistocene.[3] It is widely accepted as the ancestor of Canis lupus, the grey wolf.[3][4]: 239–245 

Taxonomy

The holotype of the Mosbach wolf Canis mosbachensis Soergel, 1925[1] was found in Jockgrim, Germany. In 2010, a study found that the diversity of the Canis group decreased by the end of the Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene and was limited in Eurasia to two types of wolves. These were the small wolves of the C. mosbachensis–C. variabilis group that were a comparable size to the extant Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), and the large hypercarnivorous Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides that was comparable in size to extant northern grey wolves.[5]

The Mosbach wolf occurred in time between C. etruscus in the Early Pleistocene and the modern C. lupus.[4]: p242  The Mosbach wolf was smaller than most North American wolf populations and smaller than C. rufus,[4]: p242 [6] and has been described by Kurten as being similar in size to Canis lupus pallipes, the Indian wolf.[4]: p242 [3] As wolves continue to evolve they become bigger. Nowak proposed that C. mosbachensis was the ancestor of Eurasian and North American wolves, and that one population of C. mosbachensis invaded North America where it became isolated by the later glaciation and there gave rise to C. rufus. Another population of C. mosbachensis remained in Eurasia and evolved into C. lupus, from where it invaded North America.[4]: p242 

The true grey wolves made their appearance at the end of the Middle Pleistocene at about 0.5–0.3 million years before present (YBP).[5] The phylogenetic descent of the extant wolf C. lupus from C. etruscus through C. mosbachensis is widely accepted.[3][4]: 239–245  Thenius,[7] Lumley,[8] and Argant[9] each consider C. mosbachensis to be a subspecies of the grey wolf and propose the designation C. lupus mosbachensis. However, other researchers cannot see a clear anatomical relationship between C. mosbachensis and C. etruscus, that C. mosbachensis is more similar to C. arnensis,[10][11][12] and that it exhibits a size and dentition more similar to an omnivorous jackal.[12]

The last specimen of the Mosbach wolf in Europe dates to 456–416 thousand years ago, when it gave rise to the wolf Canis lupus. The earliest remains of a wolf in Europe were found in the Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio, 20 km north-west of Rome in deposits dated 406 thousand years ago.[13]

Canis variabilis

Mandible of Canis variabilis from the Siberian Arctic dated at least 360,000 years old.[14]

Canis variabilis, sometimes known as the Zhoukoudian wolf, is an extinct small wolf that once inhabited part of what is now China and Yakutia. Richard H. Tedford compared C. mosbachensis (which was once distributed from Western Europe to Kazakhstan) with C. variabilis (which was once distributed from Kazakhstan to China) because they both existed in the Middle Pleistocene across mid-latitude Eurasia. The only difference he noted was that C. variabilis had "nasal bones that terminate at or anterior to the most posterior position of the frontal-maxillary suture", and therefore he proposes these two taxa to represent a variation in the one geographically widespread mid-Pleistocene wolf.[15]: p181 

In 2018, a study proposed that Canis variabilis should be recognized as Canis mosbachensis variabilis, an east Eurasian subspecies of the west Eurasian Canis mosbachensis. The difference is that C. m. variabilis possesses a shorter nasal bone and a slight variation in the ridge of the first upper molar tooth. The craniodental characteristics of C. m. variabilis are more evolved and indicate that it was less of a hypercarnivore than Canis chihliensis, the European Canis etruscus and Canis arnensis, but was less evolved and less of a hypercarnivore than Canis lupus. It is not a direct ancestor of Canis lupus but was a close relative.[16]

Although discovered in China, fossil remains of C. variabilis have been discovered in central Yakutia in Siberia on the Alaseya River and the Aldan River.[17] They are the oldest recorded samples of Olesky fauna found in Yakutia.[18] Canis cf. variabilis (where cf. in Latin means confer, uncertain) is thought to have been widespread in Eurasia until around 300,000 YBP and does not appear to overlap with the earliest occurrence of the morphologically distinctive grey wolf.[14]

The wolf's fossils were found at the Zhoukoudian (once spelt Choukoutien) cave system and archaeological site in 1934 and named by its discoverer, Pei Wenzhong.

Although no sharp line can be traced between the above described Canis and a true C. lupus, the marked differences found in size, and in cranial characters, seem to be sufficient for creating, at least, a new variety, Canis lupus variabilis, for the Zhoukoudian Locality 1 small wolf.[2]: 17 

The small wolf was initially named Canis lupus variabilis but was later recognised as a variant of Canis variabilis (Pei 1934) that was also discovered and named by Pei in the same year.[19] Pei stated that the Nihewan wolves[20] attributed to Canis chihliens should also be included in this new category.[2]: 18  Canis variabilis was also known from Lantian County in Shaanxi Province,[21] so it had a wide range in time and space. At the site, the small wolf's remains were in close proximity to Homo erectus pekinensis or Peking man, in layers dating back to 500,000-200,000 YBP.

Relationship to the domestic dog and the modern wolf

Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled

Pei describes this small wolf as exhibiting variation in size and tooth adaptations, stating that its skull differs from the typical wolf in much smaller size (about 175.0 mm total length for a large C. variabilis specimen), with a more slender muzzle and noticeably reduced or absent sagittal crest. In addition, the lower border of some C. variabilis mandibles is "strongly convex as in the dog".[2]: 15  The one trait aligning C. variabilis with wolves is relatively large carnassial teeth (P1 20.4 – 23.0 mm; M1 22.0 – 24 mm). A later researcher has confirmed Pei's measurements, and describes the wolf's skull as having "heavy, wolf-like proportions although smaller than any extant C. lupus.[22] More recent researchers have revisited Pei's view that the ancestor of the dog is a now extinct Canis lupus, and proposed that C. variabilis might be an ancestor of the dog lineage.[23][24]: 7 

In 2012, a study of the wolf-like Canis species of ancient China conducted by the noted vertebrate paleontologist and geologist Xiaoming Wang found that C. variabilis was "very strange" compared to other Canis in China as it had much smaller cranio-dental dimensions than earlier and later species. The study concluded that "It is very likely that this species is the ancestor of the domestic dog Canis familiaris, a hypothesis that has been proposed by previous authors."[2][22][25][26]

In 2015, a study looked at the mitochondrial control region sequences of 13 ancient canid remains and one modern wolf from five sites across Arctic north-east Siberia. The fourteen canids revealed nine mitochondrial haplotypes, three of which were on record and the others not reported before. The phylogentic tree generated from the sequences showed that four of the Siberian canids dated 28,000 YBP and one Canis c.f. variabilis dated 360,000 YBP were highly divergent. The haplotype designated as S805 (28,000 YBP) from the Yana River was one mutation away from another haplotype S902 (8,000 YBP) that represents Clade A of the modern wolf and domestic dog lineages. Closely related to this haplotype was one that was found in the recently-extinct Japanese wolf. Several ancient haplotypes were oriented around S805, including Canis c.f. variabilis (360,000 YBP), Belgium (36,000 YBP – the "Goyet dog"), Belgium (30,000 YBP), and Konsteki, Russia (22,000 YBP). Given the position of the S805 haplotype on the phylogenetic tree, it may potentially represent a direct link from the progenitor (including Canis c.f. variabilis) to the domestic dog and modern wolf lineages. The grey wolf is thought to be ancestral to the domestic dog, however its relationship to C. variabilis, and the genetic contribution of C. variabilis to the dog, is the subject of debate.[14]

The Zhokhov Island (8,700 YBP) and Aachim (1,700 YBP) canid haplotypes fell within the domestic dog clade, cluster with S805, and also share their haplotypes with – or are one mutation away from – the Tibetan wolf (C. l. chanco) and the recently-extinct Japanese wolf (C. l. hodophilax). This may indicate that these canids retained the genetic signature of admixture with regional wolf populations. Another haplotype designated as S504 (47,000 YBP) from Duvanny Yar appeared on the phylogenetic tree as not being connected to wolves (both ancient and modern) yet ancestral to dogs, and may represent a genetic source for regional dogs.[14] The authors concluded that the structure of the modern dog gene pool was contributed to from ancient Siberian wolves and possibly from Canis c.f. variabilis.[27]

References

  1. 1 2 Soergel, V. H. W. (1925). "Die Säugetierfauna des altdiluvialen Tonlagers von Jockgrim in der Plalz". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft Abhandlungen (in German). 77: 405–438. (The mammal fauna of the old diluvial camp of Jockgrim in the Plalz)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Pei, W.C. (1934). The carnivora from locality 1 of Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, vol. 8, Fascicle 1. Geological Survey of China, Beijing. pp. 1–45. Archived from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kurtén B. (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. 317 pp. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 R.M. Nowak (2003). "9-Wolf evolution and taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-51696-2.
  5. 1 2 Sotnikova, M (2010). "Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia, Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene". Quaternary International. 212 (2): 86–97. Bibcode:2010QuInt.212...86S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.008.
  6. ↑ Nowak, R. M. (1995). "Another look at wolf taxonomy". In Carbyn, L. H.; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Edmonton, Canada: Canadian Circumpolar Institute. pp. 375–397. ISBN 978-0-919058-92-7.
  7. ↑ Thenius, E. 1954. Die Caniden (Mammalia) aus dem Altquartár von Hundsheim (Niederosterreich) nebst Bemerkungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Gattung Cuon. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontology. Abhandlungen 99, 230-286. [The canids (Mammalia) from the Old Quarter of Hundsheim (Lower Austria), along with remarks on the tribal history of the genus Cuon]
  8. ↑ Lumley, H. de, Kahlke, H.D., Moigne, A.M., Moulle, P.E., 1988. Les faunes de grands mammifères de la grotte du Vallonnet Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes. L’Anthropologie 92, 465–496.
  9. ↑ Biochronologie et grands mammifères au Pléistocène moyen et supérieur en Europe occidentale : l’apport des Canidés, des Ursidés et des Carnivores en general Argant, A. Quartenair vol. 20/4 | 2009 : Biochronologie et Grands Mammifères [Biochronology and large mammals of the Middle and the Upper Pleistocene in Western Europe: the contribution of ursids, canids and of carnivores in general]
  10. ↑ Soergel, W., 1928. Ein Kleiner Wolf aus dem Kiesen von Süssenborn. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologische Gesellschaft 80, 227–255. (A small wolf from the gravels of Süssenborn)
  11. ↑ Garrido, Guiomar; Arribas, Alfonso (2008). "Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain)". Geobios. 41 (6): 751–761. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.05.002.
  12. 1 2 Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Belmaker, Miriam; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2009). "The large carnivores from 'Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): Biochronological and biogeographical implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (5): 514–24. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.004. PMID 19427671.
  13. ↑ Iurino, D.A., Mecozzi, B., Iannucci, A. et al. A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe. Sci Rep 12, 2882 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06812-5
  14. 1 2 3 4 Lee, E. (2015). "Ancient DNA analysis of the oldest canid species from the Siberian Arctic and genetic contribution to the domestic dog". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125759. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025759L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125759. PMC 4446326. PMID 26018528.
  15. ↑ Tedford, R (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
  16. ↑ Jiangzuo, Qigao; Liu, Jinyi; Wagner, Jan; Dong, Wei; Chen, Jin (2018). "Taxonomical revision of fossil Canis in Middle Pleistocene sites of Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China and a review of fossil records of Canis mosbachensis variabilis in China". Quaternary International. 482: 93–108. Bibcode:2018QuInt.482...93J. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.003. S2CID 134288431.
  17. ↑ Vangengeim, E.A. (1961). "Paleontological study of anthropogenic sediment stratigraphy north of Eastern Siberia (on the fauna of mammals)". Proc. Geological Sciences of the USSR. 48: 183.
  18. ↑ Sher, Andrei (1971). Pleistocene Mammals and stratigraphy of the Far Northeast USSR and North America. Science, Moscow. pp. 1–310.
  19. ↑ Teilhard de Chardin, P., and W.-C. Pei. 1941. The fossil mammals from locality 13 of Choukoutien. Palaeontologica Sinica Series C 11: 1–106.
  20. ↑ Teilhard de Chardin, P & Pivetean, J. (1930). Les Mammiferes Fossiles De Nihowan (China). Annales de Paleontology vol 19, Paris. pp. 88–89. (The mammal fossils of Nihowan)
  21. ↑ Hu, C. & Qi, T. (1978). Gongwangling Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Lantian, Shaanxi. Paleontologia Sinica, Whole Series no. 155, New Series C no. 21. Geological Survey of China, Beijing. pp. 1–64. Cited in S. Olsen 1985
  22. 1 2 Olsen, S. J. (1985). Origins of the domestic dog: the fossil record. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, USA. pp. 88–89.
  23. ↑ Lawrence, B. (1967). "Early domestic dogs". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 32: 44–59.
  24. ↑ Koler-Matznick, Janice (2002). "The Origin of the Dog Revisited" (PDF). Anthrozoös. 15 (2): 98–118. doi:10.2752/089279302786992595. S2CID 14850835. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  25. ↑ Tong, H.-w., N. Hu, and X. Wang. 2012. New remains of Canis chihliensis (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Shanshenmiaozui, a lower Pleistocene site in Yangyuan, Hebei. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 50(4):335-360 - refer page 357
  26. ↑ Olsen S J, Olsen J W, Qi G Q, 1982. The position of Canis lupus variabilis, from Zhoukoudian, in the ancestral lineage of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. Vert PalAsia, 20(3): 264-267(in Chinese with last page abstract in English)
  27. ↑ Irizarry, Kristopher J. L.; Vasconcelos, Elton J. R. (2018). "Population Genomics of Domestication and Breed Development in Canines in the Context of Cognitive, Social, Behavioral, and Disease Traits". In Rajora, O. (ed.). Population Genomics. pp. 755–806. doi:10.1007/13836_2018_43. ISBN 978-3-030-04587-6.
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