Carolina hemlock
Habit, Arboretum in Rogów, Poland

Imperiled  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Tsuga
Species:
T. caroliniana
Binomial name
Tsuga caroliniana

Tsuga caroliniana, the Carolina hemlock,[3] is a species of hemlock endemic to the United States. As of 2023, it is under review for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Carolina hemlock is native to the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Virginia, western North Carolina, extreme northeast Georgia, northwest South Carolina, and eastern Tennessee.[5] Its habitat is on rocky mountain slopes at elevations of 700–1,200 m (2,300–3,900 ft). The optimal growing condition is a partly shady area with moist but well-drained soil in a cool climate.[6] There is a small, self-sustaining population of Carolina hemlock in the Virginia Kendall State Park Historic District of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northeast Ohio planted originally as part of reforestation efforts during the park’s development in the 1930s and 40s.[7]

Description

It is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 30 m (98 ft) (exceptionally 34 m or 112 ft) tall and 110 cm (43 in) in trunk diameter under forest conditions. The crown is compact and pyramidal, growing up to 8 m (26 ft) wide. The bark is thick and reddish-brown, and becomes fissured between scaly ridges. The branches are stout and usually horizontal, but often slightly drooping. The shoots are red-brown to orange-brown, and finely hairy. The leaves are 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long and 1.8–2 mm (0.071–0.079 in) broad, flattened, not tapering toward their ends, with a rounded or slightly notched apex; they radiate outward in all directions from the twigs, and smell of tangerine if crushed. They are glossy dark green above and paler on the underside, with two white stomatal bands. The cones are 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long, green, maturing light to mid-brown 6–7 months after pollination. When fully open, their scales are positioned at a right angle or reflexed to the central axis.[6][8][9]

Threats

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an adelgid introduced to the United States from Asia in 1924, threatens Carolina hemlock, which is as susceptible as the related eastern hemlock.[8] The trees may also be attacked by elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa).[7]: 15–16 [10]

Horticulture

Carolina hemlock is used more often as an ornamental tree than for timber production, due to its overall rarity.[9] In landscaping, it is similar in appearance to eastern hemlock, but the Carolina hemlock has a deep taproot, compared with the shallow, aggressive roots of eastern hemlock. This means shrubs and other plants can be grown more easily under Carolina hemlock.[11]

Foliage, Rogów Arboretum, Poland

References

  1. ↑ Farjon, A. (2013). "Tsuga caroliniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T34200A2850654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34200A2850654.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  3. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tsuga caroliniana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  4. ↑ "Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Geographic Distribution Map: Tsuga caroliniana (Carolina Hemlock).
  6. 1 2 Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  7. 1 2 MacKay, Becky; Trimbath, Ryan (22 September 2022). "Where Did the Carolina Hemlock Come From?". National Park Service. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  8. 1 2 Gymnosperm Database: Tsuga caroliniana Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. 1 2 Flora of North America: Tsuga Caroliniana.
  10. ↑ Hoover, Sr., Gregory A. (October 2009). "Elongate Hemlock Scale". PennState Extension. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  11. ↑ Bir, Richard E. (1992). Growing and Propagating Showy Native Woody Plants. University of North Carolina Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8078-4366-0.
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