Chandragiri River
Perumpuzha[1][2][3]
A view of the Chandragiri river from Kanathur, Kasaragod
EtymologyChandragupta Maurya[4]
Location
CountryIndia
StateKerala, Karnataka
DistrictKasaragod,Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu
CitiesSullia, Jalsoor, Chengala , Chemnad , Kasaragod
Physical characteristics
SourceKadamakal Reserve Forest, Karnataka
 • locationKodagu District, India
 • coordinates12.45495°N, 75.67224°E
 • elevation1290m
MouthArabian Sea
 • location
Near Thalangara, Kasaragod, India
 • coordinates
12°28′25″N 74°59′04″E / 12.4737°N 74.9845°E / 12.4737; 74.9845
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length105 km (65 mi)
Discharge 
 • locationmouth
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftKudumbur River

The Chandragiri River or Payaswini also known as the Perumpuzha River,[1][2][3] is the longest river in Kasaragod district, Kerala, India. The River Is A Historical Treasure Of Chemnad. It was named after the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya.[5][6][7]

The river originates in the Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats of Kodagu district, Karnataka. It flows through towns including Sullia, Jalsoor, Parappa, Adoor, Chengala, Kasaragod, and Chemnad later flows into the Arabian Sea. In Sullia taluk, it is the major water source for domestic and agricultural purposes. Chemnad Is Considered As The Land Of Chandragiri.

History

The Chandragiri or Perumpuzha River is considered the traditional boundary between the Tulu Nadu and Malayalam regions of Kerala from the 14th century AD onwards; before that it was north of Kumbala.[8]

In 16th-century Portuguese geographies, the Chandragiri River is called the "Rio Cangerecora", and identified as the boundary between the "province of Canará" (Kannada-speaking coastal south Karnataka, vassal of "Bisnaga", Vijayanagara Empire) and the independent kingdoms of "Malabar" (Kerala).[9] [10]

The 17th-century Chandragiri Fort is located on the river.

Course

The Chandragiri River originates from the northern slopes of the Greater Talacauvery National Park in the Western Ghats at the Kodagu district, Karnataka. Initially the river flows through the Malenadu region of Karnataka passing the Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary and flowing through several hilly towns in Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada like Adyadka, Biliyar, Parivarkana, Paladka, Sullia, Pilikodi and Kanyana. Chandragiri then enters Kerala and flows through several hilly towns in the eastern part of the Kasaragod district, namely Panjikkal, Kottyadi, Adhur, Poovadka, Kottamkuzhy, Bethurpuzha, Kundamkuzhy, Kolathur, Muliyar and Bovikanam. At Bovikanam its major tributary, Kudumbur River merges with Perumpuzha. Then the river enters into the Malabar plains where it flows through Thekkil, Chengala, Chattanchal, Perumbala, Chemnad and Kasaragod. The Chandragiri River empties into the Arabian Sea at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.

Tributaries

The River Chandragiri's largest tributary is the Kudumbur River, which joins the Payaswini on its left bank east of Chattanchal.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 S. Jayashanker (2001). Temples of Kasaragod District. Controller of Publications. p. 4.
  2. 1 2 Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair (1986). Kerala State Gazetteer. State Editor, Kerala Gazetteers. p. 9.
  3. 1 2 "Namboothiri Rulers (Naaduvaazhikal)". www.namboothiri.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  4. ↑ "Kasaragod Rivers". www.keralatourism.org. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  5. ↑ "District Census Handbook - Kodagu District 2011" (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations-Karnataka. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  6. ↑ "District Census Handbook - Dakshina Kannada District 2011" (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations-Karnataka. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "District Census Handbook - Kasaragod District 2011" (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations-Kerala. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Bhatt, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press. p. 2.
  9. ↑ João de Barros (1552) Decadas da Asia, Dec. I, Bk.9, ch.1, p.296
  10. ↑ Duarte Barbosa (c.1518) Book of Duarte Barbosa, 1918 trans., v.1, p.196
  11. ↑ "Draft Map" (PDF). keralaczma.gov.in. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
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