Travis
SpeciesCommon chimpanzee
SexMale
BornOctober 21, 1995
Festus, Missouri, U.S.
DiedFebruary 16, 2009 (aged 13)
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
Known forAttack on Charla Nash
OwnerJerome Herold (died 2004)
Sandra Herold (died 2010)[1]
Weight200 lb (91 kg)[2]

Travis (October 21, 1995 – February 16, 2009)[3] was a male chimpanzee who, as an animal actor, appeared in several television shows and commercials, including spots for Pepsi,[4] as well as on television programs including The Maury Povich Show and The Man Show,[5][6] though it has been disputed that Travis is the same chimpanzee who made these appearances.[7] On February 16, 2009, Travis attacked and mauled his owner's friend in Stamford, Connecticut,[8] blinding her, severing several body parts, and lacerating her face, before he was shot and killed by a responding police officer.[9]

Socialization

Travis was born to Suzy and Coco, who were imported from Africa to the U.S. sometime in the 1970s. He was born near Festus, Missouri on October 21, 1995, at Mike and Connie Braun Casey's compound, currently named the Missouri Chimpanzee Sanctuary. In a separate incident, Suzy was fatally shot following an escape in 2001.[10] Sandra and Jerome Herold purchased Travis for $50,000 from a breeder after he was taken from his mother when he was three days old.[3][11] They named the chimpanzee after Sandra's favorite singer, Travis Tritt.[12] The Herolds raised Travis at their home at Rock Rimmon Road in the North Stamford section of Stamford, Connecticut.[13] Travis was the Herolds' constant companion and would often accompany them to work and on their shopping excursions in town.[13] The Herolds owned a towing company, and Travis would pose for photos at the shop and ride with the tow truck, his seatbelt buckled as he wore a baseball shirt. Travis became well known in the town and had been known to greet police officers they would encounter when towing cars.[13]

Having grown up among people, Travis had been socialized to humans since birth. A neighbor said he used to play around and wrestle with Travis. The neighbor added that the animal always knew when to stop and paid close attention to his owner. "He listened better than my nephews," the neighbor remarked after Travis had mauled Nash. "I just don't know why he would do that."[14]

Travis could open doors using keys, dress himself, water plants, feed hay to his owners' horses, eat at a table with the rest of the family, and drink wine from a stemmed glass; he was so fond of ice cream that he learned the schedules of passing ice cream trucks. He logged onto the computer to look at pictures, watched television using a remote control, and brushed his teeth using a Water Pik.[4][5][15] He enjoyed watching baseball on television.[16] Travis had also driven a car on several occasions.[11]

Sandra’s only child died in a car accident in 2000, and Jerome died from cancer in 2004; as a result, Sandra Herold regarded Travis almost as a surrogate son and pampered him.[11][13] Sandra slept and bathed with Travis, saying after his death, "I'm, like, hollow now. He slept with me every night. Until you've eaten with a chimp and bathed with a chimp, you don't know a chimp."[17][18]

Incidents

2003 incident

In October 2003, Travis escaped from Herold's car and held up traffic at a busy intersection; he was on the loose for several hours.[19] The incident began after a pedestrian threw an empty soda bottle at the car that went through a partially open window and struck Travis while they were stopped at a traffic light.[12] Startled, Travis unbuckled his seat belt, opened the car door, and chased the man, but missed him. When police arrived, they lured the chimpanzee into the car several times, only to have Travis let himself out of another door and occasionally chase the officers around the car.[13] The 2003 incident led to the passing of a Connecticut law prohibiting people from keeping primates weighing more than 50 pounds (23 kg) as pets and requiring owners of exotic pets to apply for permits. The new law took effect in 2009, and as of Travis's death in the same year, no one in the state had applied to adopt a chimpanzee. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) did not enforce the law on the Herolds because they had owned 200-pound (91 kg) Travis for so long, and the DEP did not believe Travis posed a public safety risk.[3][20]

2009 attack

On February 16, 2009, at around 3:40 p.m., Travis attacked Sandra Herold's then 55-year-old friend, Charla Nash, inflicting devastating injuries to her face and limbs.[21] Travis had left the house with Sandra Herold's car keys, and Nash came to help get the chimp back in the house; upon seeing Nash holding a Tickle Me Elmo, one of his favorite toys, Travis flew into a rage and attacked her.[13] Travis was familiar with Nash, who had also worked at the Herolds' towing company, although Nash had a different hairstyle and was driving a different car at the time of the attack, which may have confused and alarmed him.[22] He was being given Xanax for Lyme disease.[11] Herold attempted to stop Travis by hitting him on the head with a shovel and stabbing him in the back with a butcher knife.

Herold later said, "For me to do something like that, put a knife in him, was like putting one in myself." The chimp turned around, she said, as if to say, "'Mom, what did you do?'"[11] The animal grew angrier. Herold, at this point, believing Nash to be dead, then rushed to her car, locked herself inside and called 9-1-1. Travis' screams can be heard in the background at the start of the tape as Herold pleads for the police, who initially believed the call to be a hoax until she said, "He's eating her!"[23][24][25] Emergency medical services waited for police before approaching the house. When they arrived, Travis headed towards the police car, tried to open a locked passenger door, and smashed a side-view mirror. Then he went around to the driver's-side door and opened it, at which point Officer Frank Chiafari shot him four times with his service pistol.[26] Travis retreated to the house, where he was found dead next to his cage.[13]

Aftermath

The emergency crew described Nash's injuries as "horrendous".[19] Within the following 72 hours, Nash underwent more than seven hours of surgery on her face and hands by four teams of surgeons. The hospital provided counseling to its staff members who initially treated her because of the extraordinary nature of Nash's wounds.[27] Paramedics noted she had lost 9 fingers, nose, eyes, lips, and mid-face bone structure and received significant brain tissue injuries.[28] Doctors removed chimpanzee hair and teeth that had been implanted into her bones and reattached her jaw, but announced on April 7, 2009, that Nash would be blind for life. Her injuries made her a possible candidate for an experimental face transplant surgery.[27] After initial treatment at Stamford Hospital, Nash was transferred to the Cleveland Clinic.[29] Her family started a trust fund to raise money to pay her "unfathomable" medical bills and support her daughter.[30] Nash revealed her damaged face in public for the first time on The Oprah Winfrey Show on November 11, 2009. She was not at that time in physical pain from the attack, and family members said she hoped to leave the Cleveland Clinic soon.[31] Pictures have surfaced on the Internet displaying Nash's face before and after the attack.[32]

In accordance with standard procedure, Travis' head was taken to the state laboratory for a rabies test, and the body was taken to the University of Connecticut for a necropsy.[4] The head tested negative for rabies,[33] but there was Xanax (Alprazolam) remaining in his system.[34] Necropsy results in May 2009 confirmed the chimp was overweight and had been stabbed.[35] The remains were cremated at All Pets Crematory in Stamford on February 25, 2009.[36] Toxicology reports confirmed Sandra's statement that she had given Travis Xanax-laced tea the day of the attack, which could have exacerbated his aggression.[37][38] Xanax is a short-acting, potent anti-anxiety drug that can cause disinhibition and disorientation and occasionally paradoxical reactions of hallucination, aggression, rage, and mania in humans.[39]

Shortly after the attack, a woman who had lived in the same area as Herold came forward with information that, in 1996, the chimpanzee had bitten her hand and tried to pull her into a vehicle as she greeted him.[40] She claimed to have complained to the Herolds and to police, who stated they had no record of any such complaint.[41] Afterward, PETA members allegedly harassed Herold, although the organization stated that it did not have any official involvement.[42][43]

On May 24, 2010, 15 months after the attack, Sandra Herold died suddenly of a ruptured aortic aneurysm at the age of 72. Her attorney, Robert Golger, released the following statement: "Mrs. Herold had suffered a series of heartbreaking losses over the last several years, beginning with the death of her first and only daughter who was killed in a car accident, then her husband, then her beloved chimp Travis, as well as the tragic maiming of friend and employee Charla Nash. In the end, her heart, which had been broken so many times before, could take no more."[44]

On May 28, 2011,[45] Nash underwent transplant surgery performed by a team led by Bohdan Pomahač at Brigham and Women's Hospital, receiving a donated face and hands. The transplant of the hands was initially successful, but because Nash developed pneumonia shortly thereafter, doctors were forced to remove her newly transplanted hands 5 days after the transplant due to the infection and resulting poor circulation.[46]

Lawsuits

In March 2009, Charla Nash's family attorney filed a $50 million lawsuit against Sandra Herold.[47] On May 6, a Stamford judge froze Herold's assets, valued at US$10 million.[48] Other potential defendants included the DEP, the city of Stamford, and the veterinarian who prescribed the Xanax.[49] The defense claimed the chimp had no violent behavior before the attack, and the two accusations from the 1996 and 1998 attacks were not true because the chimp had no teeth at either time.[50] In November 2012, Nash reached a settlement with Herold's estate and received approximately $4 million.[51]

Nash attempted to sue the state of Connecticut in 2013 but her claim was denied. She had asserted that officials knew the animal was dangerous but did nothing about it.[52] Nash's petition to sue was denied on the basis that at the time of the attack, no statute existed that prohibited the private ownership of a chimpanzee. In July 2013, Nash's attorneys began efforts to appeal the court's decision.[53]

In media

News reports of the incident spread as far as China.[54] The attack, similar to another chimpanzee attack four years earlier in California,[55] provoked discussion about the logic of keeping such exotic animals as pets by sources such as Time magazine and primatologists Jane Goodall and Frans de Waal.[56][57][58]

Reality television actress Kim Kardashian received criticism for posting photos of her family with a three-year-old chimpanzee on her blog only days after the attack.[59][60][61] The chimpanzee had been rented for her television show, Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[61] Kardashian apologized and noted "I understand my timing was not appropriate, and it was insensitive of me. What happened to the woman that was attacked by the chimpanzee was devastating. In no way did I mean to insult or offend anyone by posting these pictures."[62]

Travis' escape and the subsequent attack of Charla Nash were used as part of the "Chimps" episode of the Animal Planet 2010-2011 documentary series: Fatal Attractions. Sound from the original 9-1-1 call, radio traffic from the police shooting of Travis, and the aftermath of the hunt were used in the episode. In June 2009, American deathcore band Suicide Silence released their second album No Time to Bleed, featuring the track "...And Then She Bled", a song recreation of the 911 emergency phone call placed by Sandra Herold during the February 16, 2009 attack.[63]

An attack similar to the incident is depicted in the 2022 film Nope,[64] in which an animal actor chimp is startled on set and attacks its human co-stars. A young girl mauled by the chimp in the film is shown years later to wear a mesh covering over her face similar to the one worn by Nash.

Influence on legislation

Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal noted that a defect in the existing 2004 Connecticut law prohibiting chimpanzees of Travis' size, itself a result of the 2003 incident, allowed the attack to occur. A Connecticut DEP spokesman clarified that Travis was exempt because he did not appear to present a public health risk and was owned before the registration requirement began. Blumenthal subsequently sent letters to legislative leaders and the DEP Commissioner, asking them to support a proposed law that would ban all potentially dangerous exotic animals, such as chimpanzees, crocodiles, and venomous snakes, from being kept in a residential setting in Connecticut. The DEP was seeking a similar law banning large primates and, after the incident, announced that it sought the help of the public, police officers, and animal control officers to report such pets to the agency.[65] The editorial board of The Advocate newspaper in Stamford also supported banning the possession of all exotic birds and reptiles.[66]

U.S. Representative Earl Blumenauer of Oregon, introduced the Captive Primate Safety Act introduced on January 6, 2009, which would have added monkeys, great apes, and lemurs to the list of "prohibited wildlife species" that cannot be sold or purchased through interstate and foreign sales.[20][67] The attack led the Humane Society of the United States to join with the Wildlife Conservation Society in supporting the Act.[20] Travis' attack resulted in the bill's reintroduction by co-sponsor, Rep. Mark Kirk, on February 23, 2009.[67][68] Rep. Rob Bishop argued against the bill during the floor debate, noting it would cost $4 million annually and do nothing directly to prevent chimpanzee attacks on humans. He also claimed such attacks are relatively rare.[69] Twenty states and the District of Columbia already have laws banning primates as pets.[70] On February 23, 2009, the House voted 323 to 95 in favor of the bill,[69] and the editorial boards of several major newspapers, including The New York Times and Newsday, supported its passage.[71][72] The bill was never taken up by the U.S. Senate.

Frank Chiafari—the police officer who fatally shot Travis—was initially unable to get therapy for his depression and anxiety after the incident. This led to legislation proposed in 2010 that would cover a police officer's compensation for mental or emotional impairment after using justifiable deadly force to kill an animal.[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Christoffersen, John (May 25, 2010). "Owner of chimpanzee in Conn. mauling dies at 72". The Guardian. London. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  2. ↑ "Chimpanzee Attack Revives Calls for Federal Primate Law". Fox News. February 18, 2009. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 Lockhard, Brian (February 17, 2009). "State turned blind eye to Stamford chimpanzee". The Advocate. Stamford. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 Gallman, Stephanie (February 17, 2009). "Chimp attack 911 call: 'He's ripping her apart'". CNN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  5. 1 2 Roger Catlin, About that Chimp, Hartford Courant, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  6. ↑ James Bone, Celebrity chimp who savaged handler in drug-fuelled frenzy shot dead Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Times, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  7. ↑ Lee, Dan P. (January 21, 2011). "Travis the Menace". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  8. ↑ Nashtrust.com Archived July 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Chimp mauling victim Charla Nash's $150 million lawsuit against Connecticut denied". New York Daily News. Associated Press. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  10. ↑ Rich Schapiro, Mom of crazed chimpanzee, Travis, also shot dead during rage in 2001 Archived February 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, February 21, 2009. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Mike Celizic, Owner describes chimp’s terrifying rampage, TODAYShow.com, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009; also see associated video available on the Today Show website.
  12. 1 2 Lee, Dan (January 21, 2011). "Travis the Menace". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jeff Morganteen, Victim's face mauled in Stamford chimpanzee attack, Stamford Advocate, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  14. ↑ "Residents Shocked By Brutal Chimp Attack - Connecticut News Story - W…". wfsb.com. December 5, 2010. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Chimp, owner had unusual bond". USA Today. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  16. ↑ Ed Pilkington, Chimpanzee shot after attack outside New York Archived September 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, February 17, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  17. ↑ Chiaramonte, Perry (February 19, 2009). "It's animal attraction". New York Post. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  18. ↑ "Owner Shared Bed and Took Baths With Chimpanzee From Connecticut Attack". Fox News. February 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
  19. 1 2 Andy Newman and Anahad O'Connor, Woman Mauled by Chimp Is Still in Critical Condition Archived March 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  20. 1 2 3 Travis Led to New Law in '04, NBCConnecticut.com, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  21. ↑ Newman, Andy (February 17, 2009). "Pet chimpanzee attacks woman in Connecticut (Published 2009)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  22. ↑ Devon Lash, Family: Victim makes 'good, but small, progress", Stamford Advocate, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 20, 2009.
  23. ↑ Residents Shocked By Brutal Chimp Attack, Eyewitness News 3, updated: March 4, 2009. Accessed September 19, 2010.
  24. ↑ Chimp Attack 911 Call Archived September 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, CBS's official channel on YouTube, February 17, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Chilling 911 Call Chronicles Chimp Attack". Eyewitness News 3. February 18, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Officer Who Shot Rampaging Chimp Describes What He Witnessed". Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  27. 1 2 Anahad O'Connor, Woman Mauled by Chimp Has Surgery, and Her Vital Signs Improve Archived December 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 19, 2009.
  28. ↑ Edgar Sandoval and Rich Schapiro, Charla Nash lost eyes, nose, and jaw in chimpanzee attack Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, February 19, 2009. Accessed February 19, 2009.
  29. ↑ Lawrence K. Altman and Anahad O'Connor, Cleveland Clinic Gets Victim of Chimp Attack Archived December 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 19, 2009. Accessed February 20, 2009.
  30. ↑ Lash, Devon. Family sets up fund for chimp attack victim. March 5, 2009. Stamford Advocate. Accessed March 13, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Chimp Attack Victim Reveals Face During Oprah Interview", by "combined staff and wire reports [...] Associated Press and Hartford Courant", Hartford Courant website, November 11, 2009, retrieved same day
  32. ↑ "Chimp mauling victim Charla Nash's $150 million lawsuit against Connecticut denied". New York Daily News. Associated Press. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  33. ↑ John Christofferen, Woman says Connecticut chimpanzee bit her in '96, Associated Press, February 19, 2009. Accessed February 19, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Conn. chimp that mauled woman had Xanax in system". San Diego Union-Tribune. May 13, 2009. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Chimp that mauled woman had Xanax in system". Gainesville Sun. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Stamford chimpanzee cremated". Stamford Advocate. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Tests Show Chimp Had Anti-Anxiety Drug Xanax in System During Vicious Attack". Fox News. May 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  38. ↑ Harmon, Katherine (February 19, 2009). "Why would a chimpanzee attack a human?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on March 20, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  39. ↑ "The Journal of Mind and Behavior, Winter, 1998" (PDF). benzosupport.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  40. ↑ Ahuja, Gitika; Canning, Andrea; Ibanga, Imaeyen (February 19, 2009). "Chimp Has Attacked Before, Woman Claims". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Owner, Travis the chimp had unusual bond". NBC News. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  42. ↑ Roy Edroso, Crazed Chimp 911 Tape Revealed; PETA Peeps Harass Owner, Village Voice, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  43. ↑ Tony Aiello, Chimp Owner Hammered With Threatening Calls, WCBStv.com, February 17, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  44. ↑ Christoffersen, John (May 25, 2010). "Sandy Herold Dead: Owner of Chimp Who Attacked Charla Nash Dies". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  45. ↑ "Charla's Story". November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
  46. ↑ Khan, Amina (June 10, 2011). "Charla Nash, chimpanzee attack victim, receives full face transplant in Boston". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  47. ↑ Potts, Monica. 3-16-09. Lawyer for chimp attack victim says lawsuit imminent. Stamford, CT: The Stamford Advocate. Retrieved, 3-16-09
  48. ↑ "$50M Chimp Attack Lawsuit Heads to Court". NBC Connecticut. Associated Press. May 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  49. ↑ Staff reporters. 03-17-2009. Family of Stamford chimp attack victim seeks $50M. Stamford, CT: The Stamford Advocate, Southern CT. Newspapers, Inc, Hearst CT Post, LLC. Retrieved, 3-17-09, 1:46PM
  50. ↑ Christoffersen, John (2009) Associated Press Lawyer for Stamford chimp owner: animal wasn't violent. Archived November 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Stamford, CT: The Advocate Archived May 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Posted: 04/10/2009 Retrieved: 6/02/20
  51. ↑ "Charla Nash, chimp attack victim, settles lawsuit for less than sought". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  52. ↑ Collins, Dave (June 14, 2013). "Charla Nash, Chimp Attack Victim, Denied $150 Million Lawsuit". Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  53. ↑ "Chimp Victim Tries Again to Sue Conn. for $150M". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  54. ↑ TV advert chimp attacks woman, police Archived February 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, China Daily, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  55. ↑ Dillon, Nancy (February 22, 2009), "Man who lost face in '05 mauling knows hell of new chimpanzee victim", The New York Daily News, archived from the original on September 18, 2009, retrieved November 17, 2009
  56. ↑ Bryan Walsh, Why the Stamford Chimp Attacked, Time, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  57. ↑ Jane Goodall, Loving chimps to death Archived April 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, February 25, 2009. Accessed February 26, 2009
  58. ↑ Frans de Waal, Another Chimp Bites the Dust Archived September 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Huffington Post, February 17, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  59. ↑ Kim Kardashian, Keeping Up with the Kardashians: MONKEY!, Kim Kardashian Official Website, February 20, 2009, Accessed February 26, 2009
  60. ↑ Breanne L. Heldman, Kim Kardashian Apologizes for Untimely Chimp Pix, E! Online, February 25, 2009, Accessed February 26, 2009
  61. 1 2 Kardashian Apologizes for 'Insensitive' Chimp Pictures, San Francisco Chronicle, February 25, 2009, Accessed February 26, 2009
  62. ↑ Kim Kardashian, The low-down on Suzy, Kim Kardashian Official Website, February 23, 2009, Accessed February 26, 2009
  63. ↑ Sandoval, Edgar (February 18, 2009). "911 tape captures chimpanzee owner's horror as 200-pound ape mauls friend". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  64. ↑ Is Nope's Gordy Attack a True Story?Archived August 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑ John Christofferen, Slain chimp's owner now says it wasn't on Xanax Archived February 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, February 18, 2009. Accessed February 18, 2009.
  66. ↑ Ban the possession of wild animals, The Advocate (Stamford), February 18, 2009. Accessed February 20, 2009.
  67. 1 2 Peter Urban, U.S. House to vote on primate ban, The Advocate (Stamford), February 23, 2009. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  68. ↑ Ben Smith, The Primate Act of '09 Archived February 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Politico.com, February 23, 2009. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  69. 1 2 Peter Urban, House approves primate pet ban, Connecticut Post, February 24, 2009,l. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  70. ↑ House tightens restrictions on chimps as pets, USA Today, February 24, 2009. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  71. ↑ Primates Aren’t Pets Archived January 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 26, 2009. Accessed February 26, 2009.
  72. ↑ Pass the primate act, Newsday, February 26, 2009. Accessed February 26, 2009.
  73. ↑ Wilson, Michael (February 24, 2010). "After Shooting Chimp, a Police Officer’s Descent" Archived March 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times.
  • The Hartford Courant, a small photo gallery in The Hartford Courant's web site, showing Herold, Travis, and Nash
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