Chiang Hung State
Keng Hung
景隴金殿國
1180–1950
Chiang Hung (Chiang Hoong) on a 19th-century map including the Chinese Shan States
Chiang Hung (Chiang Hoong) on a 19th-century map including the Chinese Shan States
StatusShan state under the suzerainty of Burma, Siam and China (1180–1892)
Native Chiefdom of China (1892–1950)
CapitalChiang Hung (present day Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture)
History 
• Chiang Hung state established
1180
• Annexed by China
1950
Today part ofChina

Chiang Hung, Sipsongpanna or Keng Hung[1] (Tai Lü: ᦵᦋᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ; Thai: เมืองหอคำเชียงรุ่ง; Mueang Ho Kham Chiang Rung, Chinese: 車里 or 江洪) was one of the states of Shans under the suzerainty of Burma and China.[2]

Chiang Hung was inhabited mainly by Tai Lü people, a branch of the Shans or Tai, hence its other name Meung Lu. Its capital was the city of Chiang Hung, modern Jinghong. The kingdom, in its most powerful state in the 13th century, covered a large area before being subjugated by neighboring powers such as the Yuan dynasty, the Lan Na kingdom, and the Konbaung dynasty. Chinese dynasties recognized the local leaders as tusi of Cheli (Chinese: 車里宣慰使).[3]

History

The history of the state can be divided in two periods:

  • Early Period 1180 - 1290
    • Chao Phaya Chueang (Pa Zhen) 1180 - 1192
    • Khai Loeung (Ka Leng) 1192 - 12..
    • Thao Ai p. 1290
  • Later Period (State under Chinese suzerainty until annexation) 1312 - 1805

Early history

Phanya Coeng, Paya Jueang (Thai: พญาเจื่อง) or Chao Jueang Han (Thai: เจ้าเจื่องหาญ) was said to wage wars with the native Akha and other Tai peoples in the area and established the kingdom in favor of Tai Lü people at Chiang Hung or Heo Kam on the Mekong in 1180.[4] In the early 13th century, King Inmueng greatly expanded Heokam territories. The tributaries of Heokam kingdom includes Kengtung (Meuang Khün), Chiang Saen (Ngoenyang), Meuang Thaeng (modern Dien Bien Phu – the capital of Tai Dam people), and Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang), making Heokam the sole leader of Tai kingdoms in the north. The Tai Lü people then began scattering throughout Heokam’s area of influence.

However, Heokam then fell to the Mongol invasions in 1290 and became a tributary of Yuan dynasty. After a rebellion and subsequent capture of the city by King Mangrai, the Mongols made a peace agreement and the city remained under Mangrai's rule.[5] The Mongols granted the title Chao Saenwi Fa (Thai: เจ้าแสนหวีฟ้า) and the surname of Dao to the Kings of Chiang Hung. The power vacuum in the area was filled by newly formed Lanna kingdom evolving from Ngoenyang state. Mangrai the Great of Lanna put Chiang Hung under Lanna tributary. However, Lanna authority weakened in the early 16th century and Heokam enjoyed a brief period of autonomy until Lanna was conquered by Burmese Toungoo dynasty in 1558. The Burmese under Bayinnaung had already put the area under its control and Chiang Hung became a Burmese tributary. The Burmese divided Heokam into twelve pans (administration units), translated by the Tai Lü people Sipsong Panna (i.e. Twelve districts). Sipsong Panna served as the battlegrounds between Burma and the Qing dynasty.

Heokam faced three centuries of Burmese rule. In efforts to recover the manpower taken by Burma, Buddha Yodfa Chulalok ordered Prince Adthavorapaño of Nan to invade Kengtung and Chiang Hung to gather the Tai peoples there into Nan and other Lanna cities. Today, Nan hosts the largest Tai Lue community in Thailand. Also King Kawila of Chiang Mai invaded Chiang Hung to get the people. The Tai Lue people and culture therefore surged into Lanna.

Dynastic struggle

A dynastic struggle in 1847 brought chaos to Chiang Hung. According to Siamese chronicles King Mahawan of Chiang Hung died in 1847, to be succeeded by his son Prince Sarawan. However, Mahawan's uncle Prince Mahakhanan took the throne. Prince Sarawan fled to Dali in dismay and sought supports from Qing dynasty. Sarawan returned and killed Mahakhanan, Mahakhanan's son, Prince Nokam, went to Ava to gain supports from Pagan Min. The Burmese invaded and took Chiang Hung - culminating a large Tai Lue emigration into Lanna.[6] Prince Nokam was then crowned but was later killed by his own nobles. Ava then re-installed Sarawan as the king.

Sarawan's brother, Oalnawudh, fled to Luang Prabang and proceeded to Bangkok in 1852. The Siamese nobles then saw this as an opportunity to gain control over Shan States and Chiang Hung and planned to take Kengtung on the way to Chiang Hung. The Siamese invaded the north but were unable to penetrate the mountainous highlands. In 1855, another attempt was made to march to Chiang Hung but yet failed.

Later history and legacy

Chiang Hung then came under the suzerainty of Qing dynasty for about a century. After the Chinese Empire was overthrown, the kingdom status of Chiang Hung technically ended. However, Republic of China continued to recognize local leaders as tusi. The last chieftain of Jinghong, Dao Shixun, attended the foundation ceremony of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and later became president of the Yunnan Minzu Institute. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region was established in 1953 and became an autonomous prefecture in 1955. A former tusi of Mengpeng, Shao Cunxin, was the head of Xishuangbanna government from 1953 to 1992.

Following constant warfare in the late 18th century, a large number of Tai Lue people were displaced. Nowadays some Tai Lue settlements can be found in the northern provinces of Thailand and Laos.

Some members of the ruling family, such as Dao Shixun's brother, fled to Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai, Thailand in 1949. Dao Shixun visited them in 1986.[7]

List of Saophas of Chiang Hung

  • 1160-1180 Phanya Coeng, Paya Jueang
  • 1181-1201 Sam Hkai Nueng
  • 1201-1224 Ai Phoung
  • 1225-1246 Thao Hung Kaen Chaing
  • 1246-1271 Thao Haeng Luang
  • 1272-1285 Thao Phou Wark
  • 1285-1286 Yi Phiang Larg Chaing
  • 1286-1345 Sao Ai
  • 1346-1390 Sao Hkan Möng
  • 1391-1413 Sao Sida Hkam
  • 1413-1414 Thao Koum Mane
  • 1414-1415 Thao Kue Möng
  • 1415-1416 Thao Ba Gaung
  • 1416-1434 Thao Saung Möng (join with Hso Luang Hpa)
  • 1417-1431 Hso Luang Hpa (join with Thao Saung Möng)
  • 1432-1457 Thao Pra Saeng (Pha Saeng)
  • 1458-1490 Thao Sam Phau Lue Tai
  • 1490-1504 Sam Hkai Nueng
  • 1504-1538 Sao Hkan Möng
  • 1538-1561 Sao Sri Samaphan
  • 1561-1578 Sao Oun Möng
  • 1578-1579 Sao Sri Sunantha
  • 1579-1583 Sao Inn Möng
  • 1583-1628 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1628-1644 Sao Srisuthamma
  • 1645-1658 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
  • 1658-1666 Sao Möm Thao
  • 1665-1672 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1672-1686 Sao Möng Thao
  • 1686-1726 Sao Phaeng Möng
  • 1726-1729 Thao Chin Phao
  • 1729-1767 Thao Sao Wen
  • 1772-1777 Thao Wui Phin
  • 1777-1797 Sao Möm Suwan
  • 1797-1802 Sao Möm Mahawongse
  • 1803-1834 Sao Maha Nwe 1803-1834
  • 1834-1864 Suchawan Rachabutra
  • 1864-1876 Sao Möm Saw
  • 1878-1925 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
  • 1925-1943 Suwanprakang
  • 1944-1950 Sao Möm Hkam Lue

Bibliography

  • Fred. W. Carey. A Trip to the Chinese Shan States The Geographical Journal Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1899), pp. 378-394
  • Henry Rodolph Davies. Yün-nan: The Link Between India and the Yangtze, Cambridge University Press, 2010 ISBN 9781108010795
  • Charles Patterson Giersch, Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier, Harvard University Press, 2006 ISBN 9780674021716

See also

References

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