Detroit Police Department
Patch of the Detroit Police Department
Patch of the Detroit Police Department
Seal of the Detroit Police Department
Seal of the Detroit Police Department
Badge of a DPD officer with badge number removed
Badge of a DPD officer with badge number removed
AbbreviationDPD
Agency overview
Formed1865 (1865)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionDetroit, Michigan, United States
Map of Detroit Police Department's jurisdiction
Operational structure
HeadquartersDetroit Public Safety Headquarters
Officers2,450
Agency executive
  • James White, Chief of Police
Facilities
Precincts
12
  • Downtown Services
  • 2nd Precinct
  • 3rd Precinct
  • 4th Precinct
  • 5th Precinct
  • 6th Precinct
  • 7th Precinct
  • 8th Precinct
  • 9th Precinct
  • 10th Precinct
  • 11th Precinct
  • 12th Precinct
[1]
Website
www.detroitmi.gov/Police

The Detroit Police Department (DPD) is a municipal police force based in and responsible for the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan. Founded in 1865, it has nearly 2,500 officers, making it the largest law enforcement organization in Michigan.

History

A patrolling Detroit police cruiser in 1955
The historic former Detroit Police Headquarters at 1300 Beaubien

Establishment

Town constables were appointed for Detroit starting in 1801. A formal Police Commission was established in 1861 but the first forty policemen did not begin working in Detroit until 1865.[2][3]

1890s

Role of women and ethnic minorities

In 1893, the department hired its first policewoman (Marie Owen) and its first black policeman (L. T. Toliver).[2] The Detroit Police Department established a Women's Division in 1921 that was tasked with cases of "child abuse, sexual assaults, juvenile delinquency, and checking establishments for illegal minors."[4] Female officers were not allowed to work on criminal cases unless accompanied by male officers until 1973, after a series of discrimination lawsuits prompted changes in department policy.[5]

1920s

Technological innovations

In 1921, the Detroit Police Department became the first police department in the country to utilize radio dispatch in their patrol cars.[6] A historical marker at Belle Isle Park describes the new advancement in technology.[6]

1940s

Corruption charges

In February 1940, Mayor Richard Reading, the Superintendent of Police, the county sheriff and over a hundred more were indicted on corruption charges. The Mayor was accused of selling promotions in the department. Eighty officers were accused of protecting illegal gambling operations in the city. In the end, the Mayor served three years in jail, ending in 1947.[7]

1950s

In 1957, the Detroit Police Department employed 5,000 policemen and operated a fleet of ambulances to respond to medical emergencies.[8]

2000s

Federal oversight

In 2000, the Detroit Free Press published a series of articles after a four-month investigation into fatal shootings by Detroit police officers.[9] At the time, Detroit had the highest rate of police-involved shootings of any large city in the United States, surpassing New York, Los Angeles, and Houston.[9] The city requested an investigation by the United States Department of Justice into the department's handling of deadly force incidents.[9] By 2001, the Justice Department's investigation had uncovered issues with the department's arrest and detention practices as well.[9] Between 2003 and 2014, the Detroit Police Department was placed under federal court oversight by the Justice Department as the result of allegations about excessive force, illegal arrests and improper detention.[10] This process cost the city of Detroit more than $50 million.[10] By 2014, the department's use of force had been "seriously reduced" and the U.S. District Judge overseeing the case stated that the Detroit Police Department had "met its obligations" for reforms.[11]

Patrol geography changes

In 2005, the department's thirteen precincts were consolidated into six larger districts as a cost-cutting measure.[12] The department restored a number of precincts in 2009 after citizens complained about the change.[12] In 2011, it was announced that the Detroit Police Department would be reverting to the original precinct structure, with officials citing "gap[s] in services" and concerns over the new command structure.[12]

2010s

On January 23, 2011, 38-year-old Lamar Moore walked into the 6th precinct with a pistol shotgun and shot and wounded 4 officers before being killed.[13]

On November 9, 2017, undercover police posing as drug dealers tried to arrest a group of undercover police posing as drug buyers, which led to a multi-person fight and several injuries. Police Chief James Craig told the Detroit Free Press that the brawl was "probably one of the most embarrassing things I've seen in this department."[14]

Headquarters relocation

On June 11, 2010 it was reported that the City of Detroit would acquire the former MGM Grand Detroit temporary casino building (originally the IRS Data Center) on John C. Lodge Freeway for $6.23 million[15] and convert it into a new police headquarters complex which would also house a crime lab operated by the Michigan State Police.[16] The renovated building also houses the Detroit Fire Department headquarters. The former casino building has 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of space. The historic Detroit Police headquarters is in Greektown. On June 28, 2013, the new public safety headquarters opened for business.

2020s

The 2022 budget for the department was $341 million, constituting 28.7% of the city's general fund.[17]

2020 coronavirus pandemic

As the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues to spread around the United States, several Detroit Police officers tested positive for being infected with the COVID-19 virus, and over 200 more were quarantined to prevent further spread of the virus in the Detroit metro area. Several infected people in the Detroit metro area had already succumbed to the virus and died after it was first discovered in the counties Detroit and its suburbs were located in. The Detroit Police suffered its first casualty to the virus with the death of a 38-year-old civilian dispatcher.

Fallen officers

Since 1878, the Detroit Police Department has lost 228 officers in the line of duty.[18]

Rank structure and insignia

Rank Insignia
Chief
Assistant chief
Deputy chief
Commander
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Detective
Neighborhood police officer
Corporal
Police officer
Reserve officer

Demographics

2013 breakdown of gender and ethnic minorities employed by the DPD:[19][lower-alpha 1]

  • Male: 75%
  • Female: 25%
  • African-American or black: 63%
  • White: 33%
  • Hispanic, any race: 4%
  • Asian: 0.4%

The Detroit Police Department has one of the largest percentages of Black officers of any major city police department, reflecting current overall city demographics. Lawsuits alleging discrimination stemming from the influence of affirmative action and allegations of race-based promotional bias for executive positions have surfaced repeatedly.[20][21][22] As of 2008, the majority of upper command members in the Detroit PD were Black.[23]

Controversies

The table below lists people killed by and controversies involved with the Detroit Police Department.

DateName of deceased (age)Officer(s) involvedDescription of event
20046 Killings and 15 Non-Fatal Shootings by PoliceOfficer William Melendez and OthersAccording to reports, a group of cops led by William Melendez "were acquitted in a jury nullification verdict of federal charges of brutality in false arrest in dozens of cases, despite the testimony of nine Black cops against them."[24] Melendez was arrested years later for the beating of Floyd Dent in January 2015.[25]
2004-11-11Dennis Crawford (31)Officers LaRon York and Barron TownsendCrawford was unarmed and was killed by LaRon York and Barron Townsend. According to reports "York shot him four times, once in the back, once in the head, and twice in the leg."[26] The mother of Crawford's son claims that Crawford was shot 15 times in an online report. In addition, the federal lawsuit was settled with the Crawford family for an undisclosed amount and York was later removed from the police force, however Townsend remained and was involved in the killing of Tommie Staples in 2008.[27]
2005-01Unarmed MotoristUndisclosedAn unarmed and unnamed motorist, who according to reports is still unnamed to this day, was "shot to cops as he waited with his stalled vehicle."[28]
2005-02-02Wilbert Burks (39)UndisclosedKilled by police in his home. According to eyewitnesses "It was overkill,” a neighbor told reporter Dianne Bukowski. “They had over 28 shots and he never shot off a round. The house was riddled with bullets. His girlfriend had two children in the house at the time. Her teenage daughter passed out, and they had to call EMS for her. Afterwards, the police were laughing in the street, like it was a party."[29]
2005-02-12Allante Lightfoote-Powell (16)UndisclosedKilled by police in the basement of his home. Police claim he was armed and came out firing however according to reports "no gunshot residue tests were performed on his hands, according to records later obtained from DPD."[30]
2005-07-03Anthony Scott (25)UndisclosedKilled by police at a gas station. Police claim he had a knife in his hand but according to witnesses "he did not pull it or otherwise threaten the cops."[31] Scott's family sued the city of Detroit for a wrongful death. It was settled for $1.2 million.[32]
2005-08-07James A. StoneUndisclosedJames "Poppa" Stone, "died in [police] custody at the Second Precinct after pleading to go to the hospital for several days."[27][33]
2006-02Rosetta C. WilliamsUndisclosedAccording to reports, Williams was "killed by Kevin Lorenzo Collins at Mt. Zion Hope Missionary Baptist Church. Lawsuit filed by Fieger’s office says that police failed to arrest Williams after he viciously assaulted Williams’ daughter."[27]
2006-01 through 2006-06Alleged Rapes by Detroit PoliceOfficers Mishael Osmand, Michael Parish and othersAccording to reports, "dozens of men on Detroit’s southwest side were subjected to literal rapes during pretextual traffic stops by officers Mishael Osmand and Michael Parish, under the guise of anal cavity searches for drugs, conducted on the public streets."[27]
2006-10-03UnidentifiedUndisclosedAccording an inspection by federal monitor’s office "only 15 percent of Detroit police car videotapes are functional."[27] Many alleged crimes committed by Police went unrecorded during this time.
2006-11-26Brandon Martell Moore (16)Officer Eugene WilliamsMoore was unarmed and "shot to death in the back by off duty police officer Eugene Williams."[27]
2006-11-26Unidentified Young ManUndisclosedAccording to reports, "An unidentified young man was shot to death that evening in a hail of gunfire by police, according to neighbors. The police had pursued him on foot after he allegedly tried to rob a Family Dollar store on W. McNichols. They claimed he fired a shot at them as he ran."[27]
2007-02-12Artrell Dickerson (18)Officer Kata-Ante TaylorAccording to reports, Dickerson was "shot in the back and killed by officer Kata-Ante Taylor as the teen, already wounded, lay on the ground next to Cantrell Funeral Home."[27]
2007-07-07Jevon Royall (30)Officers Edward Brannick and Michael McGinnisAccording to reports, Royall was "shot to death outside his home in front of his family by police officers Edward Brannick and Michael McGinnis."[27]
2007-12-26Rose Cobb (47)Sgt. David Cobb (Rose's Husband)[34]
2008-06Tommie Staples Jr.Officers Steven Kopp and Barron TownsendStaples was unarmed and shot by Steven Kopp and Barron Townsend. Townsend was also involved in the killing of Dennis Crawford with another officer LaRon York, in 2004 which had led to a federal settlement.[35] In the killing of Staples they "chased him down an alley in retaliation for the role he and his wife Jacquelyn Porter played as advocates for neighborhood children stopped by police."[36] The federal lawsuit was reported as "settled for $2.5 million" in 2010.[37]
2008-07-01Shelton Bell Jr. (16)UndisclosedAccording to reports, Bell was "shot to death by an off-duty cop after allegedly demanding the keys to the cop’s car at a gas station on the west side, then running when the cop pulled his gun. The autopsy report shows that Bell, Jr. was shot ten times, five in the chest, three in the back, once in the head behind his right ear, and once in his left arm."[27]
2008-07-18Robert Hill (35)UndisclosedAccording to reports, Hill "rode his bicycle to an apartment building in Detroit and was rammed by a police car into another vehicle."[38]
2008-11-08James Willingham and Jeffrey FrazierUndisclosedBoth were killed after a high-speed state trooper chase. According to reports, Troopers "violated their own high-speed chase regulations and should have been considered criminally liable for the deaths of the two Detroit men."[39] In addition, Troopers arrested a reporter on scene who was trying to cover the incident and claimed she "interfered at the scene of a fatal traffic accident that followed a police chase."[40]
2009-14Robert MitchellUndisclosedAccording to reports, Mitchell, a high school sophomore, was unarmed and tasered to death by multiple Detroit police officers.[41]
2009-08-13Unnamed MotoristUndisclosedAccording to reports, an unidentified motorist "died in a fiery crash" after being pursued by Detroit Police.[42]
2009-10-28Imam Luqman AbdullahUndisclosedAccording to reports, Abdullah, the leader of a Detroit Mosque, was "shot 21 times in a raid, coordinated by a joint task force of FBI, Detroit and Deerborn cops."[43] No explanations have been provided for this killing, and according to Attorney Lena Masri there was a "concerted effort by the government to cover up what actually happened that day."[44]
2010-05-16Aiyana Stanley-Jones (7)Officer Joseph Weekley Jr.Stanley-Jones, aged 7, was shot during a Detroit Police raid. According to reports, "juries twice failed to reach a verdict in Weekley's case" allowing Weekley to walk free.[45][46]
2010-07-04Demarlo Hobbs (31)UndisclosedAccording to reports, Hobbs was "shot to death while riding a bicycle."[47]
2010-07Unidentified ManUndisclosedAn unidentified alleged robbery suspect shot to death by police.[48]
2010-09Unidentified ManUndisclosedAn unidentified alleged shooting suspect shot to death by police.[49]
2010-09-17Unidentified Young Man (22)UndisclosedAn unidentified alleged carjacking suspect shot to death by police.[50]
2011-08Robert Coffee (16)Undisclosed Retired CopAccording to reports, "Coffee was shot 8 times" after he had allegedly robbed a McDonalds.[51]
2012-03-23Ian May (18)Retired Officer Lamar Nowell Sr.May was shot while fleeing the scene of a robbery that he allegedly took part in.[52]
2012-07-08Adaisha Miller (24)Officer Isaac L. Parrish IIIMiller, was shot to death while "dancing with Detroit cop" and witnesses claim that Parrish accidentally discharged his firearm, because he was improperly carrying it.[53] The Detroit Police Chief claimed it was a "freak accident."[54]
2013-04-12Matthew Joseph (23)Officer Patrick HillAccording reports, Joseph was allegedly involved in a crack deal, and was shot after a short chase. Officer Patrick Hill later also died, as a result of wounds from "friendly fire."[55]
2014-01-28Mackenzie Cochran (25)Lucius Hamilton, John Seiberling, Gaven King and Aaron MareeAccording to reports, Cochran was "choked to death" by mall security guards. At the time, no arrests were made, and Detroit prosecutors refused to press charges.[56] In May 2023, 4 Security guards were charged.[57]
2015-01-28Floyd Dent (57)Officer William MelendezDent, was unarmed and beaten by Inkster Police during a traffic stop. Dent later agreed to a $1.4 million settlement with the city. Melendez was subsequently fired and charged with assault.[58]
2015-03-30Anthony Clark Reed (24)UndisclosedReed died during a traffic stop. According to reports, he had asthma and police "yanked him out of his car, shortened his breath more, and increased his heart rate" where he subsequently died.[59]

List of chiefs

Order Name Tenure start Tenure end Mayor(s) served under Notes Ref
1stFrank C. AndrewsMay 4, 1901February 10, 1902William C. Maybury[60]
2ndGeo W. FowleFebruary 11, 1902June 20, 1905William C. Maybury
George P. Codd		[60]
3rdJohn B. WhelanJuly 1, 1905May 14, 1906[60]
4thFred W. SmithMarch 14, 1906June 30, 1909[60]
5thFrank H. CroulJuly 1, 1909May 17, 1913[60]
6thJohn GillespieMay 17, 1913September 30, 1916[60]
7thJames J. CouzensSeptember 30, 1916July 5, 1918[60]
8thErnest MarquardtJuly 5, 1918January 14, 1919[60]
9thJames Woffendale InchesJanuary 14, 1919February 3, 1923James J. Couzens,
John C. Lodge		[60]
(5th)Frank H. CroulFebruary 3, 1923July 15, 1926John C. Lodge,
Frank Ellsworth Doremus,
Joseph A. Martin,
John C. Lodge,
John W. Smith		Previously served from 1909–1913[60]
10thWilliam P. RuteledgeJuly 15, 1926January 21, 1930John W. Smith,
John C. Lodge,
Charles Bowles		[60]
11thHarold H. EmmonsJanuary 21, 1930March 21, 1930Charles Bowles[60]
12thThomas C. WilcoxMay 21, 1930January 9, 1931Charles Bowles
Frank Murphy		[60]
13thJames K. WatkinsJanuary 10, 1931August 14, 1933Frank Murphy
Frank Couzens		[60]
14thJohn P. SmithAugust 15, 1933March 31, 1934Frank Couzens,
John W. Smith		[60]
15thHeinrich A. PickertApril 1, 1934January 1, 1940Frank Couzens,
Richard Reading		[60]
16thFrank D. EamanJanuary 2, 1940June 1, 1942Edward Jeffries[60]
17thJohn H. WitherspoonJune 1, 1942December 31, 1943Edward Jeffries[60]
18thJohn F. BallengerJanuary 1, 1944January 1, 1948Edward Jeffries[60]
19thHarry S. ToyJanuary 1, 1948January 2, 1950Edward Jeffries,
Eugene Van Antwerp		[60]
20thGeorge F. BoosJanuary 2, 1950September 30, 1952Eugene Van Antwerp,
Albert Cobo		[60]
21stDonald S. LeonardOctober 1, 1952June 4, 1954Albert Cobo[60]
22ndEdward S. PigginsJune 5, 1954September 1, 1958Albert Cobo,
Louis Miriani		[60]
23rdHerbert W. HartSeptember 2, 1958January 2, 1962Louis Miriani[60]
24thGeorge Clifton Edwards Jr.January 2, 1962December 19, 1963Jerome Cavanagh[60]
25thRay GirardinDecember 19, 1963July 21, 1968Jerome Cavanagh[60]
26thJohannes SpreenJuly 22, 1968January 5, 1970Jerome Cavanagh[60][61]
27thPatrick V. MurphyJanuary 6, 1970October 1, 1970Roman Gribbs[60][61][62]
28thJohn NicholsOctober 15, 1970September 21, 1973Roman Gribbs[62][63]
29thPhilip G. Tannian19741975Roman Gribbs,
Coleman Young		[64]
30thBill Hart1976February 14, 1991Coleman Young[65][66][67]
31stStanley KnoxFebruary 14, 19911994Coleman Young[68][69]
32ndIsaiah McKinnon19941998Dennis Archer[70][71]
33rdBenny NapoleonJuly 1998July 15, 2001Dennis Archer[72][73]
34thCharles WilsonJuly 15, 20012002Dennis Archer[73][64]
35thJerry OliverOctober 31, 20032003Kwame Kilpatrick[74]
36thElla Bully-CummingsNovember 3, 2003September 2008Kwame KilpatrickActing chief November 3, 2003 – 2004[75][76][77][78][79][80]
37thJames BarrenSeptember 2008July 4, 2009Kenneth Cockrel Jr.,
Dave Bing		[81][82]
38thWarren EvansJuly 6, 2009June 21, 2010Dave Bing[83][84]
39thRalph GodbeeJune 21, 2010October 9, 2012Dave BingWas interim police chief from Jun. 21-Sep. 21, 2010; suspended from position from Oct. 3, 2012 until his Oct. 9, 2012 resignation[84][85][86][87][88]
—Chester Logan (interim)October 9, 2012July 1, 2013Dave Bing[89]
40thJames CraigJuly 1, 2013June 1, 2021Dave Bing,
Mike Duggan		[90][91]
41stJames E. WhiteJune 1, 2021presentMike DugganWas interim police chief from Jun. 1–Sep. 21, 2021[92][93]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Does not equal 100 percent due to rounding.

References

  1. ↑ "Police Stations". Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Detroit Police Department". Encyclopedia of Detroit. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  3. ↑ Hunter, George (February 26, 2015). "Detroit Police Department marks its 150th anniversary". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  4. ↑ ArchiveGrid: Detroit Police Department Women's Division Collection, 1919-1973, 2010. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Former Detroit Police Women's Division honored by City Council Internet Archive: Wayback Machine
  6. 1 2 Police Dispatch Radio Archived December 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Mich Markers
  7. ↑ Austin, Dan (August 29, 2014). "Meet the 5 worst mayors in Detroit history". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  8. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jg1r1c2Qun8&ab_channel=DetroitHistoricalSociety
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Report of the Independent Monitor for the Detroit Police Department" (PDF).
  10. 1 2 "Court oversight of Detroit Police Department cost city $50 million, chief says". Crain's Detroit Business. April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Detroit police finally rid of federal oversight". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 "Explaining the Detroit Police's Return to Precincts". Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Detroit Precinct Shooting Update: Gunman Lamar Moore Was Suspect in Sexual Assault". CBS News. January 25, 2011.
  14. ↑ Anderson, Elisha. "Detroit police chief embarrassed after cops from neighboring precincts trade punches". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
  15. ↑ New Detroit Police Headquarters (WXYZ-TV YouTube page)
  16. ↑ Michigan State Police to run Crime Lab in new DPD HQ Associated Press via MLive July 6, 2010
  17. ↑ Dwyer, Dustin; Khan, Nisa (June 22, 2021). "A year after "defund" protests, most large Michigan cities spending more on police, not less". Michigan Radio. NPR. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  18. ↑ "The Officer Down Memorial Page". Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Police Department Race and Ethnicity Demographic Data". www.governing.com. August 27, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  20. ↑ Detroit Police Officers Association v. A Young Morgan Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  21. ↑ "989 F.2d 225". Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  22. ↑ Detroit accused of bias against white cops Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  23. ↑ 2008 Detroit Police Department Organizational Chart Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  24. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  25. ↑ "Ex-cop 'has no idea' why he beat motorist". Detroit News. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "ELLA BULLY-CUMMINGS: CHIEF OF KILLER COPS". Voice of Detroit.
  28. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  29. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  30. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  31. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  32. ↑ "Wrongful Death, Family awarded $1.2 million settlement after police shot and killed a man sitting in his car at a gas station". LawyersAndSettlements.com. December 3, 2007.
  33. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  34. ↑ "MURDER TANGLE UNRESOLVED AFTER WIFE'S KILLING, COP'S SUICIDE" (PDF). Detroit Free Press. crimeindetroit.com. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020". The Detroit Free Press.
  36. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  37. ↑ "Detroit family wins $2.5 million in police lawsuit". The Final Call.
  38. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  39. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  40. ↑ "Charged". Metro Times.
  41. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  42. ↑ "1 killed, 2 injured in Detroit police chase". San Diego Tribune. August 13, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  44. ↑ Khan, Aysha (October 29, 2019). "A decade after FBI killing of Detroit imam, Muslims still look for answers".
  45. ↑ Hackman, Rose (January 31, 2015). "This article is more than 8 years old 'She was only a baby': last charge dropped in police raid that killed sleeping Detroit child". The Guardian.
  46. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  47. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  48. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  49. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  50. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  51. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  52. ↑ Bukowski, Diane. "Ian May Death: Vigilante "Justice" at work?". Voice of Detroit.
  53. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  54. ↑ "Adaisha Miller Killed: Detroit chief calls fatal hug at weekend party a 'freak accident'". CBS News. July 10, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  56. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  57. ↑ "4 former mall security guards to face trial in 2014 death of McKenzie Cochran". ABC News.
  58. ↑ Ortiz, Erik (May 28, 2015). "Floyd Dent, Man Beaten by Michigan Cops on Camera, Settles for $1.4 Million". NBC News.
  59. ↑ "Detroiters Killed by Police 1992-2020" (PDF). Voice of Detroit.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Detroit Police Commissioners". Detroit Public Library, Detroit, MI. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  61. 1 2 McFadden, Robert D. (September 14, 1970). "Ex‐Detroit Police Aide to Teach Here". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  62. 1 2 Neumann, Ladd (October 16, 1970). "Supt. Nichols Police Boss". Newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Tannian One of Band of Police-Politicians". Newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. September 26, 1973. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  64. 1 2 "A History of Reform, Civil Rights, Community Partnership, and Public Safety" (PDF). City of Detroit Board of Police Commissioners. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  65. ↑ "Detroit Police Department {". detroithistorical.org. Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  66. ↑ "Ex-Detroit police chief regrets he set bad example". mlive. The Associated Press. October 16, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  67. ↑ "NEW POLICE CHIEF NAMED IN DETROIT". The New York Times. February 14, 1991. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  68. ↑ "February 14, 1991 (vol. 101, iss. 96) - Image 1". Michigan Daily Digital Archives. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  69. ↑ "Detroit's Former Police Chief Robbed At Gunpoint While Mowing Lawn". May 8, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  70. ↑ "Ike McKinnon's promise - 10 years before the riots". FOX 2 Detroit. July 21, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  71. ↑ "Chief Isaiah McKinnon "Policing from the Inside"". Gerald R. Ford Foundation. January 21, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  72. ↑ Siegel, Susan (July 17, 1998). "17 Jul 1998, Page 16 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  73. 1 2 Potts, Laura (July 13, 2001). "Detroit mayor names new police chief". Newspapers.com. The Times Herald (Port Huron, Michigan). The Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  74. ↑ "Detroit police chief resigns". Crain's Detroit Business. November 3, 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  75. ↑ "Detroit appoints first female to top police post". The Michigan Daily. The Associated Press. November 4, 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  76. ↑ Hackney, Suzette and Schmitt, Ben (with Audi, Tamara). "New chief lays down the law: Preferring progress over praise, she has changes planned" Detroit Free Press, November 8, 2003, 1A.
  77. ↑ Hackney, Suzette and Schaefer, Jim. "Native Detroiter worked her way up" Detroit Free Press, November 4, 2003, 1A.
  78. ↑ "Lawsuits of '70s shape current police leadership". USA Today. April 25, 2004. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  79. ↑ "Person of the Week: Ella Bully-Cummings". ABC News. November 14, 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  80. ↑ "Detroit police chief announces her retirement". mlive. The Associated Press. September 4, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  81. ↑ "Incoming Detroit mayor appoints police chief". The Oakland Press. September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
  82. ↑ "Report: Detroit Police Chief James Barren being fired". MLive.com. Associated Press. July 4, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  83. ↑ Jonathan Oosting (July 6, 2009). "Updated: Detroit Mayor Dave Bing names Warren Evans new chief of police". MLive.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  84. 1 2 "Detroit police chief resigns - CNN.com". CNN. June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  85. ↑ "Ralph Godbee named permanent Detroit Police Chief". mlive. The Associated Press. September 21, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  86. ↑ "Detroit Police Chief Godbee Retires Amid Sex Scandal". detroit.cbslocal.com. WWJ-TV. Associated Press. October 8, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  87. ↑ Cournoyer, Caroline (October 9, 2012). "Detroit Police Chief Resigns Amid Scandal". Governing. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  88. ↑ Ng, Christina (October 3, 2012). "Detroit Police Chief Suspended Amid Sex Scandal Allegations". ABC News. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  89. ↑ "Chester Logan To Retire After Detroit Hires New Police Chief". detroit.cbslocal.com. WWJ-TV. Associated Press. May 4, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  90. ↑ Herrera, Halston (July 12, 2013). "Detroit police chief: 'Tremendous' change is coming". www.clickondetroit.com. ClickOn Detroit (WDIV). Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  91. ↑ Williams, Corey (May 10, 2021). "Detroit police chief announces retirement effective June 1". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  92. ↑ "James White Named Detroit Police Chief After National Search". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. August 23, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  93. ↑ "Police Chief". City of Detroit. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022.
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