Vice Marshal
Choe Ryong-hae
최룡해
Choe in 2019
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
Assumed office
11 April 2019
LeaderKim Jong Un
Preceded byKim Yong-nam
First Vice President of the
State Affairs Commission
Assumed office
11 April 2019
PresidentKim Jong Un
Vice President of the
State Affairs Commission
In office
29 June 2016 – 11 April 2019
PresidentKim Jong Un
Preceded byPosition established
Director of the
Organization and Guidance Department
In office
October 2017 – 10 April 2019
ChairmanKim Jong Un
Preceded byKim Jong Un
Succeeded byRi Man-gon
Vice Chairman of the
Central Military Commission
In office
11 April 2012 – April 2014
ChairmanKim Jong Un
Preceded byRi Yong-ho & Kim Jong Un
Succeeded byHwang Pyong-so
Vice Chairman of the
National Defence Commission
In office
9 April 2014 – 25 September 2014
ChairmanKim Jong Un
Preceded byJang Song-thaek
Succeeded byRi Yong-mu &
O Kuk-ryol
Director of the General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army
In office
12 April 2012 – 26 April 2014
Supreme CommanderKim Jong Un
Preceded byJo Myong-rok
Succeeded byHwang Pyong-so
Personal details
Born (1950-01-15) 15 January 1950
Sinchon County, South Hwanghae Province, North Korea
Political partyWorkers' Party of Korea
Children3
Parent
Alma materKim Il Sung University
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
최룡해
Hancha
崔龍海[1]
Revised RomanizationChoe Ryonghae
McCune–ReischauerCh'oe Ryonghae
Central institution membership
  • 2016-present: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1986-present: Full Member, 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 2010-2012: Alternate Member, Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 2010-2016: Member, Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 2012-present: Full Member, Political Bureau of the 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 2016-present: Member, Executive Policy Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea

Choe Ryong-hae[lower-alpha 1] (born 15 January 1950) is a North Korean politician and military officer who currently serves as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and First Vice President of the State Affairs Commission, holding both positions since April 2019.[2] Due to holding the first office, he was considered the head of state of North Korea before the country's constitution was amended to transfer this position to the President of the State Affairs Commission, Kim Jong Un. He is also a member of the Presidium of the Politburo and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). He also served as Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un's military second-in-command,[3] currently being third top-ranking official in North Korea after Kim Jong Un and premier Kim Tok-hun.[4]

Early life

Choe Ryong-hae was born in Sinchon County, South Hwanghae Province, on 15 January 1950, to Choe Hyon,[1] who fought as a guerrilla affiliated Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army alongside Kim Il Sung and subsequently served as defence minister of North Korea. As such, Choe is considered a second-generation revolutionary from a privileged background.[5] He joined the Korean People's Army (KPA) in 1967 and graduated from Kim Il Sung University as a political and economic expert.[6]

Career

Choe's political career began in the 1970s when he worked as a political instructor on behalf of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) at Kim Il Sung University.[5] In the 1980s, he was a leading member of the League of Socialist Working Youth of Korea, being its vice-chairman from 1981 and chairman from 1986; when it was reformed into the Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League in 1996, he was appointed its first secretary. In 1986, he was also elected deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), member of the SPA Presidium and full member of the Central Committee of the WPK. In the 1990s, he also led the DPR Korea Football Association and the Taekwando Association of Korean Youth. He was awarded the title Hero of the DPRK in 1993.[5] He was replaced as first secretary of the Youth League by Ri Il-hwan at the 14th plenary meeting of the league's central committee (January 1998), officially "due to his illness". This was actually because routine party audits found he was selling scrap metal to foreign buyers without official permission. He was facing execution but Kim Kyong-hui, only sister of then leader Kim Jong Il, intervened to save his life.[7][8]

After facing re-education through labour, Choe was deputy director of the General Affairs Department of the WPK Central Committee,[5] then chief secretary of the Hwanghae Province Party Committee from 2006 to 2010.[1] In September 2010, during the 3rd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea, he was promoted to KPA General as well as member of the WPK Secretariat and Central Military Commission, and Politburo alternate member. He was also appointed secretary for military affairs.[5]

Choe did not receive particular public attention until General Secretary Kim Jong-il's death in December 2011. Choe was then seen as a key asset in securing Kim Jong Un's leadership. In April 2012, he received important promotions to Vice Marshal, member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the WPK, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission, director of the KPA General Political Bureau and member of the National Defence Commission (NDC), largely filling the post left unoccupied by Jo Myong-rok's death and working as power broker for Kim Jong Un.[9]

Choe, considered a protégé of Jang Song-thaek, is seen as part of a plan by Kim Jong Un to restore party control over the military after it was overturned by Kim Jong Il and his Military First Policy, particularly after Vice Marshal Ri Yong-ho's dismissal.[10] In fact, Choe does not have a strong military background[11] and seems to support the employment of soldiers to build civilian facilities. The Chosun Ilbo reports that a diplomatic source said Choe is appointing Socialist Youth League members to key military posts and "has assumed control of various businesses run by the military, losing trust and loyalty among the troops."[11] Choe's inspections are the only ones, besides Kim Jong Un's and the Premier's, to be reported nationwide by state media.

By December 2012, Choe was demoted from Vice Marshal to General, as he was listed KPA General at a national meeting marking the first death anniversary of Kim Jong Il on 16 December and at the inaugural ceremony of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun,[12] though he wore KPA Vice Marshal insignia at the rally celebrating the successful Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 launch on 14 December.[13] This would be concurrent with Hyon Yong-chol's demotion to the same rank and Kim Jong-gak's removal as defence minister, and may be a consequence of the army's growing dissatisfaction over Choe's tenure.[13] Choe was seen inexplicably wearing the Vice Marshal insignia again at a meeting in February 2013[14] and became Kim Jong Un's special envoy for strategic partner China.[15]

Choe was appointed the first-ranking vice-chairman of the NDC in April 2014, apparently reinforcing his number two position,[16] but he was replaced by newly appointed Vice Marshal Hwang Pyong-so as chief of the KPA politburo,[17] and was officially demoted from the NDC after only five months, thus ending his involvement in military affairs. North Korea's news agency reported later on that he was party secretary in charge of labor organizations[18] and chairman of the State Physical Culture and Sports Guidance Commission, a post previously held by Jang Song-thaek, and then part of a delegation to South Korea to attend the closing ceremony of the Asian Games. He was also restored to his Presidium position in late October,[19] and finally demoted from it next February, although he remained a high-ranking member of the Politburo. Reports suggested arrogance and bad reputation among the elites as reasons leading to his downgrading.[20] He was, however, reelected as a Presidium member at the 7th Party Congress in May 2016.[21]

In November 2014, Choe brought a letter from Kim Jong Un to Russian president Vladimir Putin.[22]

Choe's second son, Choe Song, was reported in January 2015 to have married Kim Jong Un's younger sister, Kim Yo-jong in late 2014.[23]

In 2017, Choe was appointed to the party's Central Military Commission.[24]

In October 2017, he was appointed the director of the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD). Before his appointment, OGD had been long headed either formally or informally by members of the Kim family. His immediate predecessor had been Kim Jong Un.[8]

In April 2019, he became the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.[2]

Sanctions

In December 2018, the United States Department of State and the Office of Foreign Assets Control imposed sanctions on Choe and two other North Korean officials for suspected human rights abuses and state-sponsored censorship activities.[25][3]

Personal life

Choe reportedly has two sons and one daughter.[26]

Awards and honors

The official portrait of Choe shows Choe wearing all the decorations awarded to him.[27]

Notes

  1. ↑ 최룡해

References

  1. 1 2 3 최룡해(남성). 북한정보포털 (in Korean). 통일부. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 "N.K. leader re-elected as chairman of State Affairs Commission". Yonhap News Agency. 12 April 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Treasury Sanctions North Korean Officials and Entities in Response to the Regime's Serious Human Rights Abuses and Censorship". U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  4. ↑ "North Korea's premier now ranks as top official. Is he Kim Jong Un's successor?". NK PRO. 1 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Choe Ryong Hae (Ch'oe Ryong-hae)". North Korea Leadership Watch. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  6. ↑ "Brief History of Member of Presidium, Members and Alternate Members of Political Bureau of C.C., WPK Elected to Fill Vacancies". Korean Central News Agency. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019.
  7. ↑ "14th meeting of Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League CC held". Korean Central News Agency. 26 January 1998. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019.
  8. 1 2 "Choe Ryong Hae to OGD? [revised 13 JAN 2018]". North Korea Leadership Watch. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  9. ↑ Ottens, Nick (13 April 2012). "Kim Jong-un Indispensable to North Korean Regime". Atlantic Sentinel. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  10. ↑ "N.Korean Military in Crisis". The Chosun Ilbo. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  11. 1 2 "Kim Jong-un Beefs Up Security Amid Fear of Unrest". The Chosun Ilbo. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  12. ↑ "Inaugural Ceremony of Renovated Kumsusan Palace of Sun Held". Korean Central News Agency. 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Choe Ryong Hae Taken Down a Peg?". North Korea Leadership Watch. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  14. ↑ "Choi Ryong Hae Restored to Former Glory". Daily NK. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  15. ↑ Branigan, Tania (22 May 2013). "North Korea sends special envoy to patch up relations with China". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  16. ↑ 北 최고인민회의 결과 발표...김영남·박봉주 유임(상보). News 1 Korea. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  17. ↑ Grisafi, John G. (3 May 2014). "Choe Ryong Hae not purged, but no longer No. 2". NK News. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  18. ↑ Choe, Sang-hun (2 May 2014). "In Latest Government Shuffle, North Korean Leader Removes No. 2 Official From Top Posts". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  19. ↑ Keck, Zachary (27 November 2014). "Choe Ryong-hae is North Korea's Number 2... Again". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  20. ↑ Kim, Subin (14 April 2015). "Choe Ryong Hae loses KJU's faith but retains importance: Expert". NK News. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  21. ↑ Choe, Sang-hun (9 May 2016). "North Korea Expels BBC Journalists Over Coverage". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  22. ↑ Foster-Carter, Aiden (21 November 2014). "Mistrust Runs Deep in North Korea-Russia Ties". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  23. ↑ "Kim Jong Un's Little Sister Married Son of Top Regime Official, Report Says". The Wall Street Journal. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  24. ↑ "Choe Ryong-hae elected to N.K. ruling party's central military commission". Yonhap News Agency. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  25. ↑ Morin, Rebecca (10 December 2018). "U.S. sanctions 3 senior North Korean officials". Politico. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  26. ↑ "NK leader's sister weds son of Choe Ryong-hae: sources". en.yna.co.kr. Yonhap News Agency. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  27. ↑ Kim, Sarah (15 January 2016). "Choe Ryong-hae surfaces in North". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
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