History before 1908

In 1879, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) was founded by a group of orthodox reformed Protestants, who had split from the main Dutch Reformed Church to form the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. It advocated equal funding for religious schools, universal suffrage and Protestant morality. Their main tactic was the anti-thesis between religious and non-religious parties, which meant that it sought to break the cooperation between liberals and Roman Catholics and to create an alliance between Catholics and Protestants. Furthermore, it was the first party with a strong centralised organisation – previously parties were organised as factions. The party was joined by many conservatives, who agreed with part of their program, many of whom were still members of the Dutch Reformed Church.

The Anti-Revolutionaries were rather successful, winning 13 (out of 100) seats in the House of Representatives in the 1879 election, although not all MPs who campaigned as "Anti-Revolutionaries" were members of the ARP. After the 1888 election, the party formed a coalition cabinet with Anti-Revolutionaries and Catholics. In the 1891 election, the Catholic–Protestant coalition lost its majority. A liberal cabinet was formed. The liberal minister Tak proposed drastic changes to the census, which would result practically in universal male suffrage. The ARP supported an enlarged franchise.

Several of these events caused considerable tension between the core of the ARP and the conservatives who supported them.

1. These conservatives were opposed to Catholicism and dismissed the alliance between Catholics and Protestants; instead they wanted to form an alliance between Protestants, other conservatives and conservative liberals;
2. The conservatives opposed the extension of suffrage, instead supporting divine sovereignty.
3. They disagreed with the party having strong organisation and strong party discipline; instead they wanted to form a loose association of caucuses, with individualist MPs.
4. Different views on the relationship between church and state formed the theoretic issue of contention between the groups; while the ARP adhered to sphere sovereignty, the conservatives advocated theocracy.

For these reasons, a group of conservatives led by Alexander de Savornin Lohman left the party. The group was composed of members of the Dutch Reformed Church, many of whom had an aristocratic background. In the 1894 election they ran on individual "free anti-revolutionary" tickets and formed a free anti-revolutionary faction in parliament with six members. In 1896 they set up a committee to found a new party. In the 1897 election the individual free anti-revolutionaries won five seats. The Christian Historical Voters' League, another dissenting anti-revolutionary party, also won a seat, taken by Dutch Reformed minister De Visser. In 1898 the free anti revolutionaries founded a separate party the Free Anti Revolutionary Party. In the 1901 elections the party won nine seats, four more than the five the free Anti Revolutionaries had won as individual candidates in 1897. The religious parties won a majority in this election, a cabinet was formed by ARP leader Kuyper, which the VAR supported without providing any ministers. The Frisian League, another dissenting anti revolutionary party also won one seat, taken by Dutch Reformed minister Schokking. In 1903 the VAR merged with the Christian Historical Voters' League to form the Christian Historical Party. In 1908 the Christian Historical Party merged with the Frisian League to found the Christian Historical Union.

1908–1945

Between 1908 and 1913 the CHU supported a minority confessional cabinet of ARP and the Catholic General League. In the 1909 election the party won 10 seats, two more than the CHP and Frisian League had won in 1905. In the 1913 election the party stayed stable. Between 1913 and 1918 the country was governed by an extra parliamentary cabinet formed by liberals. Its main goal was to implement a constitutional reform combining both male universal suffrage and equal payment for religious schools. At the end of the cabinets term, two CHU ministers joined the cabinet, as they were relatively neutral politicians.

In the 1918 elections, in which male universal suffrage and proportional representation were used for the first time, the party lost three seats. Together the ARP, CHU and the Catholic RKSP won fifty seats. The CHU started to cooperate fully in the confessional coalition. They formed a cabinet led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. The CHU provided only one minister (De Visser became minister of Education, Arts and Sciences) and two non-partisan sympathisers of the CHU were appointed. During the cabinet's term one CHU member, Dirk Jan de Geer and another CHU sympathiser were appointed as ministers, while the two CHU-sympathisers stepped down. In the 1922 election the party won four seats and the cabinet of Ruys de Beerenbrouck continued to govern, the CHU supplied two ministers and one non-partisan CHU-sympathiser is appointed. During the term one CHU minister, minister of finance De Geer, stepped down, after the budget of the ministry of the Navy is rejected. In the 1925 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. A party which is closely related to the CHU, the HGS, an orthodox version of the CHU, also won one seat. Another RKSP-ARP-CHU cabinet was formed, now led by Hendrikus Colijn; the CHU supplies to minister. In 1925 the cabinet fell prematurely because of a motion supported by the CHU parliamentary party. Each year the anti-Papist Reformed Political Party would propose a motion to remove the Dutch representative at the Holy See, (a symbolic motion to show their opposition to the Pope) which was supported by the CHU. In 1925 the left-liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and socialist Social Democratic Workers' Party supported this motion because they saw it as an opportunity to bring about the downfall of the cabinet and form a progressive coalition after the election. After lengthy formation talks an extra-parliamentary cabinet was formed, led by De Geer of the CHU, with one other CHU member appointed and one further CHU member joining during the cabinet's lifetime. De Geer was chosen because he was a reliable administrator and a less divisive figure. In the 1929 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. It cooperated in a new coalition cabinet led by Ruys de Beerenbrouck, supplying two ministers, with one CHU-sympathiser also serving as a minister.

After the 1933 election, in which the party lost one seat, another coalition cabinet led by Colijn was formed, which was joined by members of the liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and the Liberal State Party. The CHU supplied only one minister and a further CHU member was appointed minister during the cabinet's term, who left after a cabinet crisis. During the 1930s a groups of the party's younger members, including Piet Lieftinck begin to develop support for state intervention in the economy and form a Christian basis for this intervention on basis of the work of the theologian Karl Barth. In the 1937 election the party lost two additional seats, leaving eight. The party continued to govern in an ARP-RKSP-CHU coalition. In 1939 a national cabinet was formed with the SDAP and the three confessional parties. De Geer, as a reliable, respected administrator, led this cabinet. During World War II, De Geer's position becomes less tenable, as he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Germans against the will of the government. When the Dutch government went into exile he is replaced by ARP-member Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy and the CHU provided one minister in these cabinets in exile.

1945–1977

After the Second World War, prominent CHU politicians wanted to end the pillarisation of Dutch politics. Some wanted to unite the CHU with the ARP, others, like Piet Lieftinck, joined the new social democratic Labour Party (PvdA).

Between 1945 and 1948 the CHU was marginalised politically as the re-founded Catholic People's Party (KVP) rejected cooperation with the confessional parties in favour of cooperation with the re-founded social democratic Labour Party (PvdA). Some prominent progressive CHU-members left the CHU to join this new PvdA. It was kept out of the progressive Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet. In the 1946 elections it kept it eight seats, which it also had before the war. The CHU was also kept out of the first Beel cabinet which also just consisted of the KVP and PvdA.

After the 1948 election in which the party won one seat it was invited to join the cabinet again. It joined the broad basis cabinet Drees–Van Schaik cabinet which combined the KVP, PvdA, CHU and the conservative liberal VVD, that is every major party except for the Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Anti-Revolutionary Party. These parties were excluded because they opposed the major reforms the cabinets were implementing, including the welfare state, in the case of the CPN, and the decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies in the case of the ARP. The CHU endorsed both these policies, creating considerable conflict internally. The CHU parliamentary party in the Senate voted for the independence of Indonesia. The CHU provides one minister, which is expanded to two after a 1951 cabinet crisis. After the 1952 election a new cabinet was formed and the VVD was replaced by the ARP, while the CHU retained two ministers. In the 1956 election the party retained the same percentage of vote, but due to the expansion of parliament it gets 13 seats (out of 150). A new cabinet was formed with the same composition and the CHU retained its two ministers. In 1959 the cabinet fell prematurely. A caretaker cabinet was formed by ARP, KVP and CHU.

After the 1959 election in which the party lost one seat, the De Quay cabinet is formed by KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD. The CHU still supplied two ministers. After the 1963 elections, in which the CHU gained one seat, the cabinet continued. In 1965 this cabinet fell, and a new cabinet was formed, without the CHU and the VVD, but with the PvdA. This cabinet fell after one year. In the 1967 election campaign the ARP, CHU and KVP declare that will continue to govern together. The CHU lost one seat but still supplied two ministers in the new KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD coalition De Jong cabinet. During this period the differences between the ARP and CHU became more pronounced, with the ARP becoming more progressive and the CHU remaining more conservative. In the 1971 election the party's leader Udink made a fool out of himself by posing as a hippie: the party lost three seats. It joined a coalition cabinet of the same parties, now joined by the moderate Democratic Socialists '70, which broke away from the PvdA. The cabinet fell after one year. In the 1972 election campaign the CHU lost three seats, and was left with seven. Furthermore, CHU was blocked from the newly formed cabinet by the PvdA and its allies, which cooperated with the KVP and ARP.

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Meanwhile, a process of merger had started between the KVP, ARP and CHU, under pressure of poor election results. In 1974 they found a federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the 1977 election they campaigned together under the name of the CDA.

The power of the CHU current within the CDA is relatively small. Although there are some prominent CDA politicians with a background in the CHU, the better organised KVP and ARP are far stronger currents within the party.

Social wing

Although most CHU members of parliament were conservatives, some others were more moderate and belonged to the social wing of the party. The more socially oriented MP's were: Johan Reinhardt Snoeck Henkemans (1862–1945), Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (1869–1941), Frida Katz (1885–1963), Jouke Bakker (1873–1956), Piet Lieftinck (1902–1989), Henk Kikkert (1912–1988), Cor van Mastrigt (1909–1997), jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen (1901–1986), Arnold Tilanus (1910–1996), Coos Huijsen (*1939), Ernst van Eeghen (1920–2007), Wim Deetman (*1945) and Nellien de Ruiter (1926–2000). The highly popular Jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, long-time member of parliament after the Second World War and befriended with the queen, was considered reasonably progressive on social issues (decolonisation of the Dutch Indies, women emancipation, housing, prison reforms, welfare), as was her colleague, the unionist, Henk Kikkert (welfare, housing).

Leaders

Leader			Term of office	Age as Leader	Position(s) as Leader	Further position(s)	Professional Background	Church	Lijsttrekker
		Jonkheer Alexander de Savornin Lohman (1837–1924)	9 July 1908 – 8 February 1921 (12 years, 214 days)[5]	71–83	Member of the House of Representatives (1894–1921) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1908–1921) Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1908–1910) Minister of State (1909–1924)	Member of the House of Representatives (ARP) (1879–1890) (1894) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (ARP) (1888–1890) Minister of the Interior (ARP) (1890–1891) Member of the Senate (ARP) (1892–1894)	Lawyer Judge Professor	Reformed Churches	1909
									1913
									1917
									1918
		Dr. Johannes Theodoor de Visser (1857–1932)	8 February 1921 – 8 July 1929 (8 years, 150 days)[5]	63–71	Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences (1918–1925) Member of the House of Representatives (1922) (1925–1929) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1925–1929)	Member of the House of Representatives (1897–1905) (1906–1913) (1914–1918) Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1910–1918) Minister of State (1931–1932)	Minister Theologian Author	Reformed Church	1922
									1925
									1929
		Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer (1870–1960)	8 July 1929 – 3 September 1940 (11 years, 57 days)[5]	58–69	Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1926–1929) (1939–1940) Minister of Finance (1926–1933) (1939–1940) Member of the House of Representatives (1933–1939) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1933–1939) Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1933–1939) Minister of General Affairs (1939) Minister of State (1933–1947)	Member of the House of Representatives (1907–1921) (1922) Mayor of Arnhem (1920–1921) Minister of Finance (1921–1923) Minister of the Interior and Agriculture (1925–1926)	Jurist Journalist	Reformed Church	1933
									1937
		Hendrik Tilanus (1884–1966)	3 September 1940 – 15 May 1963 (22 years, 254 days)[5]	55–78	Member of the House of Representatives (1922–1963) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1939–1963) Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1939–1958)		Military officer Teacher	Reformed Church	1946
									1948
									1952
									1956
									1959
		Henk Beernink (1910–1979)	15 May 1963 – 5 April 1967 (3 years, 325 days)[5]	53–57	Member of the House of Representatives (1946–1967) Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1958–1966) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1963–1967)	Minister of the Interior (1967–1971)	Jurist Civil servant	Reformed Church	1963
									1967
		Jur Mellema (1923–2017)	5 April 1967 – 20 June 1970 (3 years, 76 days)[5]	43–46	Member of the House of Representatives (1959–1972) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1967–1968) (1969–1971)		Farmer	Reformed Church
		Bé Udink (1926–2016)	20 June 1970 – 6 July 1971 (1 year, 16 days)[5]	44–45	Minister for Aid to Developing Countries (1967–1971) Member of the House of Representatives (1971) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1971)	Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning (1971–1973) Minister of Transport and Water Management (1972–1973)	Economist Businessman Nonprofit director Professor	Reformed Church	1971
		Jur Mellema (1923–2017)	6 July 1971 – 1 April 1972 (270 days)[5]	47–48	Member of the House of Representatives (1959–1972) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1967–1968) (1969–1971)		Farmer	Reformed Church
		Arnold Tilanus (1910–1996)	1 April 1972 – 1 July 1973 (1 year, 91 days)[5]	61–62	Member of the House of Representatives (1963–1977) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1972–1973)	Chairman of the Christian Historical Union (1966–1968) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1968–1969)	General practitioner Health inspector Medical researcher	Reformed Church	1972
		Dr. Roelof Kruisinga (1922–2012)	1 July 1973 – 25 May 1977 (3 years, 328 days)[5]	50–54	Member of the House of Representatives (1972–1977) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1973–1977)	State Secretary for Social Affairs and Health (1967–1971) Member of the House of Representatives (1971) Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives (1971) State Secretary for Transport and Water Management (1971–1973) Minister of Defence (1977–1978) Member of the Senate (1981–1991)	Physician Medical researcher Health administrator Civil servant Nonprofit director Author	Reformed Church

Leadership

Municipal and provincial government

The party was particularly strong in rural municipal and provincial governments. The party performed well in Friesland, Overijssel, Utrecht and Zeeland. The Western part of Friesland and the islands Zuid-Beveland and Walcheren and the island Marken were the party's stronghold.

In the following figure one can see the election results of the provincial election of 1931 per province. It shows the areas where the CHU is strong, namely the Protestant rural provinces, the party is very weak in catholic provinces.

National organisation

The party had a federal organisation with strong local branches and an independent parliamentary party, without party discipline.

Linked organisations

The party published the magazine "C.H. Nederlander" ("Christian Historical Dutchman"). Its youth organisation was the Christelijk-Historische Jongeren Organisatie (English: Christian Historical Youth Organisation Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs). Its scientific institute was the De Savornin Lohman foundation.

International organisations

Internationally the CHU was a relatively isolated party. In the European Parliament its members sat in the Christian Democratic faction.

Pillarised organisations

The party had weak ties to many Protestant organisations, such as the Dutch Reformed Church, the Protestant broadcaster NCRV, the employers' organisation NCW, the trade union CNV and the Christian Farmers' Organisation. Together these organisations formed the Protestant pillar, over which the Anti-Revolutionary Party had far more control than the CHU. Rather than use a pillar, the CHU appealed to unaffiliated conservative Protestants. The party did own its own newspaper, De Nederlander.

Although the CHU didn't have a separate party organisation for women, several women did play an important role within the party and in parliament, like jkvr. Christine Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1945 till 1971 and was one of the most popular politicians in the Netherlands in the 1960s. Another female member of the House of Representatives was Dr. Frida Katz, who was elected in 1922 and remained a member of parliament after she was married (1937) with baron Mackay and finally resigned as MP in 1941.

Relationships to other parties

The party's primary ally was the Anti-Revolutionary Party, and through that party it got involved in the coalition with the Catholic parties (General League/RKSP/KVP), although it was opposed to Catholicism as a religion.