Rebutia
Rebutia minuscula var. wessneriana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Cereeae
Subtribe: Rebutiinae
Genus: Rebutia
K.Schum.
Type species
Rebutia minuscula
Synonyms[1]
  • Bridgesia Backeb., nom. nud.
  • Cintia Kníže & Říha
  • Cylindrorebutia Frič & Kreuz., no Latin descr.
  • Echinolobivia Y.Itô, nom. inval.
  • Echinorebutia Frič ex Kreuz.
  • Eurebutia (Backeb.) Vande Weghe
  • Gymnantha Y.Itô
  • Gymnorebutia Doweld
  • Neogymnantha Y.Itô, without replaced synonym ref.
  • Rebulobivia Frič
  • Scoparebutia Frič & Kreuz. ex Buining
  • Setirebutia Frič
  • Spegazzinia Backeb., nom. illeg.
  • Sulcorebutia Backeb.
  • Weingartia Werderm.

Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. They are generally small, colorful cacti, globular in form, which freely produce flowers that are relatively large in relation to the body. They have no distinctive ribs, but do have regularly arranged small tubercles. They are considered fairly easy to grow and they may produce large quantities of seeds that germinate freely around the parent plant.

The limits of the genus are currently uncertain – in particular whether or not it includes species formerly or currently placed in the genera Aylostera, Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia. The number of species included varies widely from source to source. A very large number of plants that have been treated in cultivation as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of a much smaller number of species.

Taxonomy

The genus was designated in 1895 by Karl Moritz Schumann[2] and named after Pierre Rebut (1828–1902), a French cactus nurseryman. The type species is R. minuscula, which has been in cultivation since 1887.[3][4]

Limits of the genus

There has been considerable debate about the extent of the genus. In the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to separate groups of plants within Rebutia as new genera, e.g. Mediolobivia, whereas towards the end of the century the reverse tendency predominated, with genera previously regarded as separate, such as Weingartia, being subsumed within Rebutia. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there was a broad consensus, as reflected in Kew's list of Vascular Plant Families and Genera, that the following genera should be regarded as synonyms of Rebutia:[5]

Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts Aylostera Speg.[6] and Reicheocactus Backeb. 1942.[7]

(The generic names Bridgesia, Spegazzinia, Echinorebutia, Eurebutia, Mediorebutia, Neogymnantha and Setirebutia are invalid, the first two because they are homonyms of Bridgesia Bert. ex Cambess. and Spegazzinia Backeb. respectively,[8] the remainder for lack of any valid publication. Some of these are nevertheless valid names for subdivisions of the genus.)

The history of the taxonomic treatment of the genera Rebutia, Aylostera, Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia is summarized below.[9]

K. SchumannBritton & RoseSpegazziniA. V. Frič
18951896 - 1921192219231932 - 1938
Rebutia
genus novum
Echinocactus
Echinopsis
Rebutia
renovation
Rebutia
Rebutia
RebutiaRebutiaAylostera
genus novum
Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia,
Echinorebutia, Setirebutia,
Hymenorebutia, Scopaerebutia
C. BackebergDonaldICSG AndersonRowleyMosti & Papini[9]
19661975200120092011
Rebutia K. Schum.Rebutia
sectio Rebutia
RebutiaRebutia
subg. Rebutia
Rebutia
Aylostera Speg.Rebutia
sectio Aylostera
RebutiaAylostera
subg. Aylostera
Aylostera
subg. Aylostera
Mediolobivia Backeb.Rebutia
sectio Setirebutia,
Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia
RebutiaAylostera
subg. Mediolobivia
Aylostera
subg. Mediolobivia
Weingartia Werderm.
syn.Spegazzinia Backeb.
WeingartiaRebutiaRebutia
subg. Weingartia
Weingartia
Sulcorebutia Backeb.SulcorebutiaRebutiaRebutia
subg. Sulcorebutia
Weingartia
incl. Cintia

The variation in the treatment of the genus is illustrated by the difference between Mosti et al., who in 2011 treated Aylostera and Weingartia (including Cintia and Sulcorebutia) as distinct from Rebutia,[9] and Plants of the World Online, which as of October 2023 continued to separate Aylostera, but merged Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia into Rebutia.[1]

Species

The number of species is similarly debatable, because of disagreement both over what constitutes the genus and what constitutes a species. A very large number of plants that have circulated as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of others.[10] E. F. Anderson recognised forty-one species in 2001.[11] The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of October 2023:[1]

ImageScientific nameDistribution
Rebutia arenacea CárdenasBolivia
Rebutia borealis Diers & KrahnBolivia
Rebutia breviflora (Backeb.) D.R.HuntBolivia
Rebutia canigueralii CárdenasBolivia.
Rebutia cardenasiana (R.Vásquez) G.NavarroBolivia
Rebutia cintia HjertsonBolivia.
Rebutia cylindrica (Donald & A.B.Lau) DonaldCentral Bolivia
Rebutia fabrisii RauschArgentina
Rebutia fidaiana (Backeb.) D.R.HuntBolivia
Rebutia glomeriseta CárdenasBolivia
Rebutia krugerae (Cárdenas) Backeb.Bolivia
Rebutia mentosa (F.Ritter) DonaldBolivia.
Rebutia minuscula K.Schum.Argentina
Rebutia nataliarum V.GaponBolivia.
Rebutia neocumingii (Backeb.) D.R.HuntPeru to Bolivia.
Rebutia neumanniana (Backeb.) D.R.HuntBolivia to Argentina
Rebutia oligacantha (F.H.Brandt) Donald ex D.R.HuntBolivia
Rebutia padcayensis RauschBolivia to Argentina (Salta)
Rebutia steinbachii Werderm.Bolvia
Rebutia tiraquensis CárdenasBolivia

Phylogeny

Recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below.[12]

Rebutia I (R. pseudodeminuta, R. fiebrigii, R. deminuta, R. pygmaea, R. steinmannii and R. einsteinii)

Other genera

Browningia hertlingiana

Browningia candelaris

Rebutia II (R. minuscula and R. padcayensis)

Sulcorebutia, Weingartia and Cintia

Species formerly classified as Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia show a close relationship to each other and to species of Rebutia with naked pericarpels (Rebutia II), including the type species R. minuscula. The larger group of species of Rebutia studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade (Rebutia I). It is suggested that these be excluded from the genus.[12]

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 "Rebutia K.Schum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  2. Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, 5: 102, 1895
  3. N. L. Britton, J. N. Rose, The Cactaceae, Washington, 1920, vol.III, p.45.
  4. Archives départementales du Rhône. death record. Chazay-d'Azergues. 14 March 1902.
  5. "List of genera in family Cactaceae", Vascular Plant Families and Genera, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-03-10
  6. "Aylostera Speg. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  7. "Reicheocactus Backeb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  8. "Spegazzinia Backeb". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 Mosti, Stefano; Bandara, Nadeesha Lewke & Papini, Alessio (2011), "Further insights and new combinations in Aylostera (Cactaceae) based on molecular and morphological data", Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43 (6): 2769–2785, retrieved 2013-03-19
  10. Cf. the list of approximately two hundred names under Rebutia (not to mention those given under other genera) provided in B. Fearn and L. Pearcy, The Genus Rebutia, 1895-1981, Matlock: Abbey Brook, 1981, pp.60-71.
  11. Edward F. Anderson, The Cactus Family, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2001, pp.599-611.
  12. 1 2 Ritz, Christiane M.; Martins, Ludwig; Mecklenburg, Rainer; Goremykin, Vadim & Hellwig, Frank H. (2007), "The molecular phylogeny of Rebutia (Cactaceae) and its allies demonstrates the influence of paleogeography on the evolution of South American mountain cacti", American Journal of Botany, 94 (8): 1321–1332, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.8.1321, PMID 21636499. Summary cladogram based on Fig. 2.
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