Morion
A Spanish conquistador comb morion (c. 17th century)
TypeCombat helmet
MaterialSteel
Place of originKingdom of Castile
Introduced16th century

A morion (Spanish: morrión) is a type of open-faced combat helmet originally from the Kingdom of Castile (Spain),[1] used from the beginning 16th to early 17th centuries, usually having a flat brim and a crest from front to back. Its introduction was contemporaneous with the exploration of North, Central and South America. Explorers such as Hernando de Soto and Coronado may have supplied them to their foot soldiers in the 1540s.

History

The Benin culture's depiction of a Portuguese musketeer wearing a morion (c. 17th century)

The iconic morion, though popularly identified with early Spanish explorers and conquistadors, was not in use until after the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés or Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Incas in South America. It was widely used by the Spanish, but thirty to forty years later was also common among foot soldiers of many other European nationalities. Low production costs aided its popularity and dissemination, although officers and elite guards[2] would have theirs elaborately engraved to display their wealth and status.[3][4]

Ferdinand II's kettle hat, c. 1490

The crest or comb on the top of the helmet was designed to strengthen it. Later versions also had cheek guards and even removable faceplates to protect the soldier from sword cuts.[5]

The morion's shape is derived from that of an older helmet, the Spanish kettle hat in 15th century called capacete.[6] The New Oxford American Dictionary, claims the word derives from the Spanish morrión and morro (round object).[7] The Dictionary of the Spanish Language, published by the Royal Spanish Academy, indicates that the Spanish term for the helmet, morrión, derives from the noun morra, which means "the upper part of the head".[8]

In England, this helmet (also known as the pikeman's pot) is associated with the New Model Army, one of the first professional militaries.[9] It was worn by pikemen, together with a breastplate and buff coat as they stood in phalanx-like pike and shot formations, protecting the flanks of the unarmored musketeers.[10]

The similarities in design of some English morions to Italian designs can be attributed to Italian armorers being contracted to produce helmets for the English army.

The helmet provided protection during the push of pike maneuvers known for their high casualty rates.[11] Although mostly issued to Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops, many Cavaliers wore the morion as well, leading to confusion in battles; soldiers risked being shot by their own allies. It was for this reason that uniforms were introduced to identify armies. First, these were simple colored sashes, but soon the Roundheads introduced red coats, which were retained by the army after the 1660 Restoration of Charles II.[12]

Surviving morions from the 1648 Siege of Colchester have been unearthed and preserved at Colchester Castle[13] along with a lobster tail pot, a helmet associated with Cromwell's heavily armored Ironside cavalry.

Some captured Spanish armor was worn by Native Americans as late as the 19th century as protection from bullets and a sign of their status.[14] The most famous of these was the Comanche chief Iron Jacket who lived in Texas and wore armor that originally belonged to a conquistador.[15]

In the Philippines, the native Moro people adopted the morion and burgonet design for helmets (as well as chainmail and horn coats) during the Spanish–Moro Wars and the Moro Rebellion. The indigenously produced helmets were usually made of iron or brass and elaborately decorated with floral arabesque designs, usually in silver. They had a large visor and neck guard, movable cheek guards, a high crest and three very tall feathered plumes reaching 60 cm (24 in) inserted on the front.[16][17] These Moro designed versions of the morion can be considered closer in design to the burgonet.

Cabasset

A 1550 Spanish cabasset, somewhat similar to the morion though it lacks the comb and has a taller crown, and is a different shape, Museo Naval de Madrid

A similar helmet, the cabasset (Spanish: capacete) was also worn during the 16th century and also originated in Spain, but it is unclear if it predated the morion or was an adaptation of it, with some sources saying it was a more modern helmet.[18][19][20][21] The word is likely to derive from the Spanish word cabeza (head),[22][23][24][25] although some sources point towards the word "pear" in an Italian dialect, making reference to the stalk-like projection of the helmet, which resembles the fruit.[26][27] They were produced mainly in Calatayud, a town in Aragon. Like morions, it was worn by infantry in the pike and shot formations.[28] It was popular in 16th-century England and was used during the Civil War. Several of these helmets were taken to the New World by the Pilgrim fathers, and one of these has been found on Jamestown Island.[29]

Modern times

A member of the Swiss Guard with a black morion in the Vatican
  • Pith helmets originated when the Spanish adapted the Philippine salakot and shaped it similar to morions or cabassets.[30]
  • The morion may have influenced the design of the Adrian helmet issued to French and Italian troops during World War I. Both are of a similar shape and have a comb reinforcing the top of the helmet.[31]
  • The comb morion (with a red crest added) is part of the uniform of the Pope's Swiss Guards.[32] A Swiss guardsman in his morion appears on the Vatican City commemorative two-euro coin.
  • From 1928 until 1961, the morion served as the logo of automobile manufacturer DeSoto, named after the 16th century explorer Hernando de Soto. It appeared as the hood ornament on cars of the 1940s and 1950s such as the DeSoto Deluxe.[33]
  • The seal of the city of Cupertino, California, includes a morion.
  • The morion appears on the insignia of the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, the largest of the Florida Army National Guard, in tribute to the early militias of Florida under Spanish rule.
Unknown artist; The treasure keeper, around 1830–1850

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Morrion helmet / Casco Morrión" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  2. ↑ Morion, late 16th century, associated with the Munich town guard
  3. ↑ Morion by Pompeo della Cesa, Milan, 1585 – 1590 on view at Lennart Viebahn Arms & Armour
  4. ↑ Morion helmet
  5. ↑ Pikeman's Pot
  6. ↑ Spanish Conquistador Helmet – Comb Morion Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, helmet replica.
  7. ↑ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1102.
  8. ↑ Morrión, Diccionario de la Lengua Española, 22nd ed., 2001
  9. ↑ C.H. Firth. Cromwell's Army 4th ed., 1972, p. 70
  10. ↑ Eventplan photograph
  11. ↑ Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
  12. ↑ Barthorp, Michael. British Infantry Uniforms Since 1660. Blandford Press 1982 Ltd, 1982. ISBN 1-85079-009-4
  13. ↑ Colchester Castle museum Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ The Fighting Cheyennes, by George Bird Grinnell (2004)
  15. ↑ Iron Shirt
  16. ↑ Herbert W. Krieger (1899). The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution – United States National Museum – Bulletin 137. Washington: Government Printing Office.
  17. ↑ George Cameron Stone (1934). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times: Together with Some Closely Related Subjects. Southwork Press. p. 66.
  18. ↑ Jean-Paul Desroches et al., Treasures of San Diego, Association Française d'Action Artistique (Paris, 1996), p. 195
  19. ↑ Walter J. Karcheski, Arms and Armor in the Art Institute of Chicago, The Institute (Chicago, 1995), p. 116
  20. ↑ Francisco de Sousa Congosto, Introducción a la historia de la indumentaria en España, Ediciones Istmo (Madrid, 2007), p. 320
  21. ↑ José María Marchesi, Catálogo de la Real Armería, Aguado (Madrid, 1849), p. 23
  22. ↑ Harold Leslie Peterson, Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526-1783, Dover Publications (Toronto, 2000), p. 113
  23. ↑ Ewart Oakeshott, European Weapons and Armour: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, The Boydell Press (Suffolk, 1980), p. 113
  24. ↑ José Almirante, Diccionario militar, etimológico, histórico, tecnológico, con dos vocabularios francés y alemán, Imprenta y Litografía del Depósito de la Guerra (Madrid, 1869), p. 220
  25. ↑ Gloria Dell'arte: A Renaissance Perspective, Philbrook Art Center, (Oklahoma, 1980), p. 29
  26. ↑ Pear – Stalk Cabasset, Northern Italy, 1580 – 1590 on view at Lennart Viebahn Arms & Armour
  27. ↑ Cabasset replica
  28. ↑ Cabasset replica
  29. ↑ Cabasset found at Jamestown
  30. ↑ Alfredo R. Roces, et al., eds., Ethnic Headgear in Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc., 1977, Vol. VI, pp. 1106–1107.
  31. ↑ Adrian helmet
  32. ↑ Swiss guards on the Vatican website
  33. ↑ Classic Desoto cars
  34. ↑ Footage from Elizabeth: The Golden Age
  35. ↑ Pocahontas at IMDb
  36. ↑ Narnia on Disney website
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