Common sailor
Upperside
Underside
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Neptis
Species:
N. hylas
Binomial name
Neptis hylas
Synonyms
  • Neptis varmona, Moore, 1872
  • Neptis eurynome (Westwood, 1842)

Neptis hylas, the common sailor,[1][2] is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia.[1][2] It has a characteristic stiff gliding flight achieved by short and shallow wingbeats just above the horizontal.

Description

Dry-season form - Upperside black, with pure white markings. Forewing discoidal streak clavate (club shaped), apically truncate, subapically either notched or sometimes indistinctly divided; triangular spot beyond broad, well defined, acute at apex, but not elongate; discal series of spots separate, not connate (united), each about twice as long as broad; postdiscal transverse series of small spots incomplete, but some are always present. Hindwing: subbasal band of even or nearly oven width; discal and subterminal pale lines obscure; postdiscal series of spots well separated, quadrate or subquadrate, very seldom narrow. Underside from pale golden ochraceous to dark ochraceous almost chocolate; white markings as on the upperside, but broader and defined in black. Forewing: interspaces 1a and 1 from base to near the apex shaded with black, some narrow transverse white markings on either side of the transverse postdiscal series of small spots. Hindwing a streak of white on costal margin at base, a more slender white streak below it; the discal and subterminal pale lines of the upperside replaced by narrow white lines with still narrower margins of black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dusky white.[3]

Wet-season form - Differs only in the narrowness of the white markings and in the slightly darker ground colour and broader black margins to the spots and bands on the underside.[3][4]

More than 20 subspecies have been described.[5] [6] [7]

This species has been observed to make sounds whose function has not been established.[8]

Distribution

Throughout continental India; Sri Lanka; Assam; Nepal; Myanmar (Tenasserim), extending to China and Indomalaya.[1][2]

Life history

Larva

Race varmona = eurynome. Frederic Moore describes this from a drawing by Samuel Neville Ward as follows:

"Head larger than the anterior segment, vertex with two short pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spined; third, fourth, sixth and twelfth segments armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny processes, those on the fourth segment longest. Colour pale green; face, the tip of processes and segments slightly washed with pale pinkish, a slight pinkish oblique lateral fascia from an anal process; a small, dark, lateral spot on the sixth segment."[3]

Pupa

"Rather short; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed; thorax dorsally prominent and angular; dorsum angular at base; abdominal segments slightly angled dorsally; wing-cases somewhat dilated laterally. Colour pale brownish-ochreous, with lateral thoracic golden spots."[3]

Larval Host Plants


References

  1. 1 2 3 R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 190. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
  2. 1 2 3 "Neptis Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  3. 1 2 3 4 Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bingham, Charles Thomas (1905). Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1. pp. 323–326.
  4. ↑ Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Moore, Frederic (1896–1899). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. III. Vol. 3. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 227–232.
  5. ↑ Citizen science observations for Neptis hylas at iNaturalist
  6. ↑ "Neptis hylas Linnaeus, 1758". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved Dec 5, 2020.
  7. ↑ Saji, K.; Soman, A.; Bhakare, M.; Manoj, P. (2020). Kunte, K.; Sondhi, S.; Roy, P. (eds.). "Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) – Common Sailer". Butterflies of India. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. 3 (3).
  8. ↑ Scott, F.W. (1968). Sound produced by Neptis hylas (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22(4):254
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