The Coordinating Council for Women in History is a national professional organization for women historians in the United States. It was founded in 1969 as the Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession to promote recruitment and scholarship among women historians. It is an affiliate organization of the American Historical Association.
History
The Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession (CCWHP) was founded in 1969 by activists who wanted to introduce feminism into the framework of the American Historical Association.[1] Because the American Historical Association at that time mostly excluded people of color, women, and other groups, the CCWHP formed with the aims of expanding research into women's history, lobbying to oppose sexism and racism in the profession, and recruiting women to join the field.[2][3] At the time the organization was formed, Title IX had not yet passed, and women were likely to be excluded from admission to graduate schools and professional degrees and faced broad discrimination in hiring practices, or in attaining tenure.[4] Male professors dominated the profession and women were mostly excluded from careers, including the ability to present papers at meetings, serve as reviewers or authors of scholarly publications, serve on committees or in leadership positions.[3]
The group was formed after political scientist and activist Berenice A. Carroll circulated a letter urging women who were going to attend the American Historical Association's annual meeting in Washington, DC, in December to come together and discuss creating their own organization.[5] Twenty-five historians signed up to attend a meeting to discuss launching a women's affiliate.[3][5] Though regional affiliations had previously existed to support women’s issues in the history field, the CCWHP was the first organization that sought to represent women on a national scale.[3] At the 1970 annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians (OAH), CCWHP presented arguments for advancing women in the field. They were successful in obtaining a resolution to include women's history in academic programs content, but the Organization of American Historians left the status of women in the profession up to the prerogative of the American Historical Association.[6]
Members who had joined the call to action began, with the support of CCWHP, to create regionally focused historical associations specifically for women. Among them were the West Coast Association of Women Historians (1969), the Caucus of Women in History which became the Southern Association for Women Historians (1970), the New York Metropolitan Area Group (1971), the New England Association of Women Historians (1972), the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women (1973), Women Historians of the Midwest (1973), Upstate New York Women's History Organization (1975), and the Association of Black Women Historians (1979), among others.[7][8] In 1974, they created the Conference Group on Women's History (CGWH),[2] as a means to separate teaching and scholarship (CGWH) from the activist (CCWHP) aims of the organization.[9] CGWH's mission was to expand the new scholarly field of women's history.[3] Joining the International Federation for Research in Women's History (IFRWH), the members sought to expand the field of women’s history and incorporated in 1989. In 1995, the organization changed its name to the Coordinating Council for Women in History (CCWH), uniting both the lobbying efforts and academic goals of the group.[9]
Organization
The headquarters of the organization is registered as Manhattan, Kansas,[10] and is served by an executive director, two co-presidents, a treasurer, and various committee chairs. They publish the CCWH Newsletter quarterly. The annual meeting is held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Historical Association.[11]
Activities
Activism
CCWH was formed as an activist organization and has remained visible on issues that impact women.[12] It has lobbied against the closure of feminist research centers, against homophobic policies in academia, and in favor of allowing students to participate in collective bargaining.[12] Primary issues continue to be discrimination in job opportunities, including course offerings and publishing.[13]
Conferences
CCWH organizes conferences to discuss both academic pursuits and discuss faculty status. [12] In addition, panels discuss current events and have included talks on Roe v. Wade, welfare reform, affirmative action, and child care facilities, among others.[14]
Scholarships
Besides lobbying for legislation to expand pathways for women's studies, women's history, and women's inclusion in the field of history,[9] the organization offered new graduates access to employment and research opportunities by appointing graduate student to its executive board from 1972. From 1988 CCWH began providing graduate funding. Affiliates began offering dissertation prizes and various workshops with practical training, such as job interviewing techniques.[12] Various prizes, such as the Berkshire Graduate Student Fellowship, a dissertation prize for history; the Carol Gold Article Prize; the Catherine Prelinger Memorial Award for non-traditional scholars; the Ida B. Wells Graduate Student Fellowship, dissertation prize for ethnic and gender history; the Nupur Chaudhuri First Article Award; and the Rachel Fuchs award for mentorship of women and the LGBTQI community, are awarded annually to promote scholarship.[12][15][16] The group also awards an annual Women's History Day Prize for the participants between the fifth and twelfth grades of the National History Day competition.[12]
Presidents
CCWHP/CGWH chairs
- 1969–1970: Co-chairs Berenice A. Carroll (CCWHP) of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign[5][17] and Gerda Lerner (CCWHP) of Sarah Lawrence College.[5][18]
- 1971: Chair Berenice Carroll (CCWHP) of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.[17][19]
- 1972–1973: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP) Sandi Cooper of Richmond College-CUNY);[19][20]
- (CGWH, 1972) Adele Simmons of Tufts University;[19][20]
- (CGWH, 1973) Mollie C. Davis of Queens College, Charlotte.[19][21]
- 1974–1975: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP) Donna Boutelle of California State University, Long Beach;[19][22]
- (CGWH) Renate Bridenthal of Brooklyn College-CUNY.[19][23]
- 1976–1977: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP) Mary Maples Dunn of Bryn Mawr College;[19][24]
- (CGWH) Hilda L. Smith of the University of Cincinnati.[19][25]
- 1978–1979: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP) Joan Hoff Wilson of Arizona State University;[19][26]
- (CGWH, 1978) Hilda L. Smith of the University of Cincinnati;[19][25]
- (CGWH, 1979) Lois Banner of the University of Scranton.[19][27]
- 1979–1982: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP) Catherine M. Prelinger of Yale University;[12][28]
- (CGWH, 1979–1981) Lois Banner of the University of Scranton;[19][27]
- (CGWH, 1982) Barbara Penny Kanner of University of California, Los Angeles.[19][29]
- 1983–1986: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP, 1983–1985) Mollie C. Davis of Queens College, Charlotte;[19][21]
- (CCWHP, 1986) Frances Richardson Keller of San Francisco State University;[9][30]
- (CGWH, 1983–1984) Barbara Penny Kanner of University of California, Los Angeles;[19][29]
- (CGWH, 1985–1986) Phyllis Stock-Morton of Seton Hall University.[19][31]
- 1987–1990: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP, 1987–1988) Frances Richardson Keller of San Francisco State University;[9][30]
- (CCWHP, 1989–1990) Margaret Strobel of the University of Illinois Chicago;[9][32]
- (CGWH, 1987) Phyllis Stock-Morton of Seton Hall University;[19][31]
- (CGWH, 1988–1990) Claire G. Moses of the University of Maryland.[19][33]
- 1991–1994: Co-chairs
- (CCWHP, 1991) Margaret Strobel of the University of Illinois Chicago;[9][32]
- (CCWHP, 1992–1995) Mary Elizabeth Perry of Occidental College;[19][34][35]
- (CGWH, 1991–1994) Nancy A. Hewitt of the University of South Florida;[19][36][37]
- (CGWH, 1995) Judith M. Bennett of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[38][35]
Coordinating Council for Women in History
The organization continues to be run by co-presidents, elected for staggered three-year terms.[10]
- 1996–1997 Judith M. Bennett of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[39][40]
- 1996–1998 Nupur Chaudhuri of Kansas State University.[15][39]
- 1998–2000 Peggy Pascoe of the University of Oregon.[41][42]
- 1999–2001 June E. Hahner of State University of New York at Albany.[43][44]
- 2001–2003 Sue Armitage of Washington State University.[44][45]
- 2002–2004 Janet Afary of Purdue University.[46][47]
- 2004–2008 Eileen Boris of University of California at Santa Barbara.[47][48][49]
- 2005–2007 Cheryl Johnson-Odim of Columbia College Chicago.[50][48]
- 2007–2010 Carolyn A. Brown of Rutgers University.[48][51][52]
- 2009–2011 Kathleen Berkeley of the University of North Carolina Wilmington.[51][53]
- 2011–2013 Barbara Ramusack of the University of Cincinnati.[53][54]
- 2012–2015 Susan Wladaver-Morgan of Portland State University.[55][56]
- 2014–2016 Rachel Ginnis Fuchs of Arizona State University.[57][58]
- 2017 Mary Ann Villarreal of California State University, Fullerton.[59]
- 2018–2019 Barbara Molony of Santa Clara University.[60][61]
- 2020 Sasha Turner of Quinnipiac University.[62]
- 2021–2023 Crystal Feimster of Yale University[11]
- 2021–2023 Rachel Jean-Baptiste of University of California, Davis.[11]
References
Citations
- ↑ Boris & Chaudhuri 1999, p. xi.
- 1 2 Boris & Chaudhuri 1999, p. xiii.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Schulz & Turner 2004, p. 7.
- ↑ Schulz & Turner 2004, p. 5.
- 1 2 3 4 Murphy & Torres 2011, p. 4.
- ↑ Tomas 2012, p. 302.
- ↑ Schulz & Turner 2004, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Tomas 2012, p. 282.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boris & Chaudhuri 1999, p. xiv.
- 1 2 Bylaws 2021.
- 1 2 3 American Historical Association 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boris & Chaudhuri 1999, p. xv.
- ↑ Schultz & Van Assendelft 1999, p. 287.
- ↑ Boris & Chaudhuri 1999, pp. xv–xvi.
- 1 2 SIEFAR 2014.
- ↑ Insights 2022, p. 3.
- 1 2 Purdue University 2018.
- ↑ Buhle 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Smith et al. 1994, p. 87.
- 1 2 Special Committee on the Status of Women at UCSC 1971, p. 27.
- 1 2 The Robesonian 1976, p. 28.
- ↑ Berry 2020, p. 18.
- ↑ The New York Times 1975, p. 39.
- ↑ The Morning Call 1976, p. 19.
- 1 2 Capern 2016, p. 919.
- ↑ The Vincennes Sun-Commercial 1978, p. 45.
- 1 2 Bonifanti 1979, p. 36.
- ↑ The Newark Advocate 1980, p. 10.
- 1 2 Newsletter 1981, p. 4.
- 1 2 Wladaver-Morgan 2007, p. 676.
- 1 2 Offen, Pierson & Rendall 1992, p. 522.
- 1 2 University of Illinois Chicago 2022.
- ↑ University of Maryland 2011.
- ↑ Perry & Cruz 1991, p. 279.
- 1 2 Tune 1995, p. 97.
- ↑ Leon 2005, p. 373.
- ↑ Tune 1994, p. 60.
- ↑ The Chapel Hill Herald 1994, p. 6.
- 1 2 Tune 1996, p. 99.
- ↑ Tune 1997, p. 98.
- ↑ Tune & Bell 1998, p. 111.
- ↑ Tune & Gillespie 2000, p. 123.
- ↑ Tune & Schulkin 1999, p. 140.
- 1 2 Tune & Shaughnessy 2001, p. 138.
- ↑ Tune, Doyle & Hale 2003, p. 127.
- ↑ Tune & Adams 2002, p. 141.
- 1 2 Tune, Doyle & Hale 2004, p. 148.
- 1 2 3 Tune, Doyle & Hale 2007, p. 147.
- ↑ Tune, Doyle & Hale 2008, p. 168.
- ↑ Tune, Doyle & Hale 2005, p. 127.
- 1 2 Tune 2009, pp. 77, 110.
- ↑ American Historical Association 2010.
- 1 2 American Historical Association 2011.
- ↑ Tune, Doyle & Hale 2013, p. 97.
- ↑ American Historical Association 2012.
- ↑ Tune & Doyle 2015, p. 96.
- ↑ Tune, Doyle & Hale 2014, p. 78.
- ↑ Doyle 2016, p. 70.
- ↑ Doyle 2017, p. 71.
- ↑ Doyle 2018, p. 64.
- ↑ Doyle 2019, p. 63.
- ↑ Doyle 2020, p. 41.
Bibliography
- Berry, Mary Elizabeth (2020). "A Survey of Women Who Received Ph.D. Degrees from the Department of History, UCB, with a Focus on 1919–1979" (PDF). history.berkeley.edu. Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Bonifanti, Terry (September 30, 1979). "Lois Banner Teaches Women's History". The Sunday Times. Scranton, Pennsylvania. p. 36. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- Boris, Eileen; Chaudhuri, Nupur, eds. (1999). Voices of Women Historians: The Personal, the Political, the Professional. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33494-7.
- Buhle, Mari Jo (January 4, 2013). "Remembering Gerda Lerner, a Pioneer in Women's History". Organization of American Historians. Bloomington, Indiana: OAH Outlook. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Capern, Amanda L. (August 2016). "Reviewed Work: Challenging Orthodoxies: The Social and Cultural Worlds of Early Modern Women by Sigrun Haude, Melinda S. Zook". The English Historical Review. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 131 (551): 919–921. ISSN 0013-8266. OCLC 9377150207. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Doyle, Debbie Ann, ed. (2016). Program of the American Historical Association's 130th Annual Meeting, January 7–10, 2016, Atlanta, Georgia (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Doyle, Debbie Ann, ed. (2017). Program of the American Historical Association's 131st Annual Meeting, January 5–8, 2017, Denver, Colorado (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 6884770447.
- Doyle, Debbie Ann, ed. (2018). Program of the American Historical Association's 132nd Annual Meeting, January 4–7, 2018, Washington, DC (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Doyle, Debbie Ann, ed. (2019). Program of the American Historical Association's 133rd Annual Meeting, January 3–6, 2019, Chicago, Illinois (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Doyle, Debbie Ann, ed. (2020). Program of the American Historical Association's 134th Annual Meeting, January 3–6, 2020, New York, New York (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Leon, Sharon (May 2005). "Interview with Nancy A. Hewitt". The History Teacher. Notre Dame, Indiana: Society for History Education. 38 (3): 372–384. doi:10.2307/30037015. ISSN 0018-2745. OCLC 7586814192. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- Murphy, Mary O.; Torres, Camille (July 2011). "Records of the Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession, 1966–2009". Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. MC 692; T-401. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Offen, Karen M.; Pierson, Ruth Roach; Rendall, Jane, eds. (1992). Writing Women's History: International Perspectives (Reprint ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-349-21512-6.
- Perry, Mary Elizabeth; Cruz, Anne J., eds. (1991). Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07098-1.
- Schultz, Jeffrey D.; Van Assendelft, Laura, eds. (1999). "Coordinating Council for Women in History". Encyclopedia of Women in American Politics. Westpoint, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-57356-131-0.
- Schulz, Constance B.; Turner, Elizabeth Hayes, eds. (2004). Clio's Southern Sisters: Interviews with Leaders of the Southern Association for Women Historians. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6428-2.
- Smith, Hilda; Chaudhuri, Nupur; Lerner, Gerda; Carroll, Berenice (1994). "Appendix C". A History of the Coordinating Committee on Women in the Historical Profession—Conference Group on Women's History (PDF). Oak Park, Illinois: CCWHP-CGWH. p. 87. OCLC 32887046. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022.
- Special Committee on the Status of Women at UCSC (October 1971). "Report of the Special Committee on the Status of Women at UCSC" (PDF). Education Resources Information Center. Santa Cruz, California: University of California, Santa Cruz. report #AS-SCP-351-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- Tomas, Jennifer Ellen (2012). The Women's History Movement in the United States: Professional and Political Roots of the Field, 1922–1987 (PhD). Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University. ISBN 978-1-267-55273-0. ProQuest 1037995295.
- Tune, Sharon K., ed. (1994). Program of the American Historical Association's 108th Annual Meeting, January 6-9, 1994, San Francisco (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 464159798.
- Tune, Sharon K., ed. (1995). Program of the American Historical Association's 109th Annual Meeting, January 5–8, 1995, Chicago (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 40353822.
- Tune, Sharon K., ed. (1996). Program of the American Historical Association's One Hundred Tenth Annual Meeting January 4–7, 1996, Atlanta (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 954543632.
- Tune, Sharon K., ed. (1997). Program of the American Historical Association's One Hundred Eleventh Annual Meeting, January 2–5, 1997, New York City (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K., ed. (2009). "CCWH Luncheon". Program of the American Historical Association's 123rd Annual Meeting, January 2–5, 2009, New York City (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. pp. 77, 110. OCLC 495282491.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Adams, Karen, eds. (2002). Program of the American Historical Association's 116th Annual Meeting January 3–6, 2002, San Francisco (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 433257426.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Bell, Amy Smith, eds. (1998). Program of the American Historical Association's 112th Annual Meeting January 8–11, 1998, Seattle (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann, eds. (2015). Program of the American Historical Association's 129th Annual Meeting, January 2–5, 2015, New York City (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2003). Program of the American Historical Association's 117th Annual Meeting, January 2–5, 2003, Chicago (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 954680056.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2004). Program of the American Historical Association's 118th Annual Meeting, January 8–11, 2004, Washington, DC (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2005). Program of the American Historical Association's 119th Annual Meeting, January 6–9, 2005, Seattle (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 492881219.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2007). Program of the American Historical Association's 121st Annual Meeting, January 4–7, 2007, Atlanta (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 954778022.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2008). Program of the American Historical Association's 122nd Annual Meeting, January 3–6, 2008, in Washington, DC (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 954855863.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2013). Program of the American Historical Association's 127th Annual Meeting, January 3–6, 2013, New Orleans (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Doyle, Debbie Ann; Hale, Christian A., eds. (2014). Program of the American Historical Association's 128th Annual Meeting, January 2–5 2014, Washington, DC (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Gillespie, Susan W., eds. (2000). Program of the American Historical Association's 114th Annual Meeting, January 6–9, 2000, Chicago (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 899893710.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Schulkin, Andrew, eds. (1999). Program of the American Historical Association's 113th Annual Meeting, January 7–10, 1999, Washington, DC (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Tune, Sharon K.; Shaughnessy, Flannery A., eds. (2001). Program of the American Historical Association's 115th Annual Meeting January 4–7, 2001, Boston (PDF). Washington, DC: American Historical Association. OCLC 954627168.
- Wladaver-Morgan, Susan (November 2007). "Historical News: Frances Richardson Keller 1914–2007: In Memoriam". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 76 (4): 675–683. doi:10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.675. ISSN 0030-8684. OCLC 356999345. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "Awards Luncheon of the Coordinating Council for Women in History". 2012: The 126th Annual Meeting in Chicago. Washington, DC: American Historical Association. January 7, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Bylaws". CCWH. Manhattan, Kansas: Coordinating Council for Women in History. March 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Call for Award Applications" (PDF). Insights. Manhattan, Kansas: Coordinating Council for Women in History. 53 (1): 3. Spring 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Carroll, Berenice A." Purdue University Libraries. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University. 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "Claire Moses". Harriet Tubman Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland. 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "Colonial Sex Roles". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. March 11, 1976. p. 19. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Coordinating Council for Women in History". AHA. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Coordinating Council for Women in History". SIEFAR. Paris, France: International Society for the Study of Women of the Ancien Régime. 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "Coordinating Council for Women in History Annual Luncheon". 2011: The 125th Annual Meeting in Boston. Washington, DC: American Historical Association. January 8, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Davis". The Robesonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. September 12, 1976. p. 28. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
- "Luncheon: Coordinating Council for Women in History". 2010: The 124th Annual Meeting in San Diego. Washington, DC: American Historical Association. January 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- "Notes on Members" (PDF). Newsletter. San Francisco, California: Western Association of Women Historians. XV (1): 4. October 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "NPR's Options". Vincennes Sun-Commercial. Vincennes, Indiana. September 17, 1978. p. 45. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Pressure and Popularity Spur Variety in College Women's Studies Courses". The New York Times. May 7, 1975. p. 39. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "Margaret Strobel, PhD". Gender and Women's Studies. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Chicago. 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- "UNC Honors 8 as Bowman and Gray Professors". The Chapel Hill Herald. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. June 8, 1994. p. 6. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Women's Place in History Left Out". The Newark Advocate. Newark, Ohio. Associated Press. February 4, 1980. p. 10. Retrieved April 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.