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Congelation (from Latin: congelātiō, lit. 'freezing, congealing') was a term used in medieval and early modern alchemy for the process known today as crystallization.[1]

In the Secreta alchymiae ('The Secret of Alchemy') attributed to Khalid ibn Yazid (c. 668–704 or 709), it is one of "the four principal operations", along with Solution, Albification ('whitening'), and Rubification ('reddening').[2]

It was one of the twelve alchemical operations involved in the creation of the philosophers' stone as described by Sir George Ripley (c. 1415–1490) in his Compound of Alchymy,[3] as well as by Antoine-Joseph Pernety in his Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758).[4]

See also

References

Works cited

  • Holmyard, Eric J. (1957). Alchemy. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 2080637.
  • Linden, Stanton J. (2003). The Alchemy Reader: From Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79234-7.


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