In mathematics, t-norms are a special kind of binary operations on the real unit interval [0, 1]. Various constructions of t-norms, either by explicit definition or by transformation from previously known functions, provide a plenitude of examples and classes of t-norms. This is important, e.g., for finding counter-examples or supplying t-norms with particular properties for use in engineering applications of fuzzy logic. The main ways of construction of t-norms include using generators, defining parametric classes of t-norms, rotations, or ordinal sums of t-norms.

Relevant background can be found in the article on t-norms.

Generators of t-norms

The method of constructing t-norms by generators consists in using a unary function (generator) to transform some known binary function (most often, addition or multiplication) into a t-norm.

In order to allow using non-bijective generators, which do not have the inverse function, the following notion of pseudo-inverse function is employed:

Let f: [a, b] → [c, d] be a monotone function between two closed subintervals of extended real line. The pseudo-inverse function to f is the function f (−1): [c, d] → [a, b] defined as

Additive generators

The construction of t-norms by additive generators is based on the following theorem:

Let f: [0, 1] → [0, +] be a strictly decreasing function such that f(1) = 0 and f(x) + f(y) is in the range of f or equal to f(0+) or + for all x, y in [0, 1]. Then the function T: [0, 1]2 → [0, 1] defined as
T(x, y) = f (-1)(f(x) + f(y))
is a t-norm.

Alternatively, one may avoid using the notion of pseudo-inverse function by having . The corresponding residuum can then be expressed as . And the biresiduum as .

If a t-norm T results from the latter construction by a function f which is right-continuous in 0, then f is called an additive generator of T.

Examples:

  • The function f(x) = 1 – x for x in [0, 1] is an additive generator of the Łukasiewicz t-norm.
  • The function f defined as f(x) = –log(x) if 0 < x ≤ 1 and f(0) = +∞ is an additive generator of the product t-norm.
  • The function f defined as f(x) = 2 – x if 0 ≤ x < 1 and f(1) = 0 is an additive generator of the drastic t-norm.

Basic properties of additive generators are summarized by the following theorem:

Let f: [0, 1] → [0, +] be an additive generator of a t-norm T. Then:
  • T is an Archimedean t-norm.
  • T is continuous if and only if f is continuous.
  • T is strictly monotone if and only if f(0) = +.
  • Each element of (0, 1) is a nilpotent element of T if and only if f(0) < +.
  • The multiple of f by a positive constant is also an additive generator of T.
  • T has no non-trivial idempotents. (Consequently, e.g., the minimum t-norm has no additive generator.)

Multiplicative generators

The isomorphism between addition on [0, +∞] and multiplication on [0, 1] by the logarithm and the exponential function allow two-way transformations between additive and multiplicative generators of a t-norm. If f is an additive generator of a t-norm T, then the function h: [0, 1] → [0, 1] defined as h(x) = ef (x) is a multiplicative generator of T, that is, a function h such that

  • h is strictly increasing
  • h(1) = 1
  • h(x) · h(y) is in the range of h or equal to 0 or h(0+) for all x, y in [0, 1]
  • h is right-continuous in 0
  • T(x, y) = h (−1)(h(x) · h(y)).

Vice versa, if h is a multiplicative generator of T, then f: [0, 1] → [0, +∞] defined by f(x) = −log(h(x)) is an additive generator of T.

Parametric classes of t-norms

Many families of related t-norms can be defined by an explicit formula depending on a parameter p. This section lists the best known parameterized families of t-norms. The following definitions will be used in the list:

  • A family of t-norms Tp parameterized by p is increasing if Tp(x, y) ≤ Tq(x, y) for all x, y in [0, 1] whenever pq (similarly for decreasing and strictly increasing or decreasing).
  • A family of t-norms Tp is continuous with respect to the parameter p if
for all values p0 of the parameter.

Schweizer–Sklar t-norms

Graph (3D and contours) of the Schweizer–Sklar t-norm with p = 2

The family of Schweizer–Sklar t-norms, introduced by Berthold Schweizer and Abe Sklar in the early 1960s, is given by the parametric definition

A Schweizer–Sklar t-norm is

  • Archimedean if and only if p > −∞
  • Continuous if and only if p < +∞
  • Strict if and only if −∞ < p ≤ 0 (for p = −1 it is the Hamacher product)
  • Nilpotent if and only if 0 < p < +∞ (for p = 1 it is the Łukasiewicz t-norm).

The family is strictly decreasing for p ≥ 0 and continuous with respect to p in [−∞, +∞]. An additive generator for for −∞ < p < +∞ is

Hamacher t-norms

The family of Hamacher t-norms, introduced by Horst Hamacher in the late 1970s, is given by the following parametric definition for 0 ≤ p ≤ +∞:

The t-norm is called the Hamacher product.

Hamacher t-norms are the only t-norms which are rational functions. The Hamacher t-norm is strict if and only if p < +∞ (for p = 1 it is the product t-norm). The family is strictly decreasing and continuous with respect to p. An additive generator of for p < +∞ is

Frank t-norms

The family of Frank t-norms, introduced by M.J. Frank in the late 1970s, is given by the parametric definition for 0 ≤ p ≤ +∞ as follows:

The Frank t-norm is strict if p < +∞. The family is strictly decreasing and continuous with respect to p. An additive generator for is

Yager t-norms

Graph of the Yager t-norm with p = 2

The family of Yager t-norms, introduced in the early 1980s by Ronald R. Yager, is given for 0 ≤ p ≤ +∞ by

The Yager t-norm is nilpotent if and only if 0 < p < +∞ (for p = 1 it is the Łukasiewicz t-norm). The family is strictly increasing and continuous with respect to p. The Yager t-norm for 0 < p < +∞ arises from the Łukasiewicz t-norm by raising its additive generator to the power of p. An additive generator of for 0 < p < +∞ is

Aczél–Alsina t-norms

The family of Aczél–Alsina t-norms, introduced in the early 1980s by János Aczél and Claudi Alsina, is given for 0 ≤ p ≤ +∞ by

The Aczél–Alsina t-norm is strict if and only if 0 < p < +∞ (for p = 1 it is the product t-norm). The family is strictly increasing and continuous with respect to p. The Aczél–Alsina t-norm for 0 < p < +∞ arises from the product t-norm by raising its additive generator to the power of p. An additive generator of for 0 < p < +∞ is

Dombi t-norms

The family of Dombi t-norms, introduced by József Dombi (1982), is given for 0 ≤ p ≤ +∞ by

The Dombi t-norm is strict if and only if 0 < p < +∞ (for p = 1 it is the Hamacher product). The family is strictly increasing and continuous with respect to p. The Dombi t-norm for 0 < p < +∞ arises from the Hamacher product t-norm by raising its additive generator to the power of p. An additive generator of for 0 < p < +∞ is

Sugeno–Weber t-norms

The family of Sugeno–Weber t-norms was introduced in the early 1980s by Siegfried Weber; the dual t-conorms were defined already in the early 1970s by Michio Sugeno. It is given for −1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ by

The Sugeno–Weber t-norm is nilpotent if and only if −1 < p < +∞ (for p = 0 it is the Łukasiewicz t-norm). The family is strictly increasing and continuous with respect to p. An additive generator of for 0 < p < +∞ [sic] is

Ordinal sums

The ordinal sum constructs a t-norm from a family of t-norms, by shrinking them into disjoint subintervals of the interval [0, 1] and completing the t-norm by using the minimum on the rest of the unit square. It is based on the following theorem:

Let Ti for i in an index set I be a family of t-norms and (ai, bi) a family of pairwise disjoint (non-empty) open subintervals of [0, 1]. Then the function T: [0, 1]2 → [0, 1] defined as
is a t-norm.
Ordinal sum of the Łukasiewicz t-norm on the interval [0.05, 0.45] and the product t-norm on the interval [0.55, 0.95]

The resulting t-norm is called the ordinal sum of the summands (Ti, ai, bi) for i in I, denoted by

or if I is finite.

Ordinal sums of t-norms enjoy the following properties:

  • Each t-norm is a trivial ordinal sum of itself on the whole interval [0, 1].
  • The empty ordinal sum (for the empty index set) yields the minimum t-norm Tmin. Summands with the minimum t-norm can arbitrarily be added or omitted without changing the resulting t-norm.
  • It can be assumed without loss of generality that the index set is countable, since the real line can only contain at most countably many disjoint subintervals.
  • An ordinal sum of t-norm is continuous if and only if each summand is a continuous t-norm. (Analogously for left-continuity.)
  • An ordinal sum is Archimedean if and only if it is a trivial sum of one Archimedean t-norm on the whole unit interval.
  • An ordinal sum has zero divisors if and only if for some index i, ai = 0 and Ti has zero divisors. (Analogously for nilpotent elements.)

If is a left-continuous t-norm, then its residuum R is given as follows:

where Ri is the residuum of Ti, for each i in I.

Ordinal sums of continuous t-norms

The ordinal sum of a family of continuous t-norms is a continuous t-norm. By the Mostert–Shields theorem, every continuous t-norm is expressible as the ordinal sum of Archimedean continuous t-norms. Since the latter are either nilpotent (and then isomorphic to the Łukasiewicz t-norm) or strict (then isomorphic to the product t-norm), each continuous t-norm is isomorphic to the ordinal sum of Łukasiewicz and product t-norms.

Important examples of ordinal sums of continuous t-norms are the following ones:

  • Dubois–Prade t-norms, introduced by Didier Dubois and Henri Prade in the early 1980s, are the ordinal sums of the product t-norm on [0, p] for a parameter p in [0, 1] and the (default) minimum t-norm on the rest of the unit interval. The family of Dubois–Prade t-norms is decreasing and continuous with respect to p..
  • Mayor–Torrens t-norms, introduced by Gaspar Mayor and Joan Torrens in the early 1990s, are the ordinal sums of the Łukasiewicz t-norm on [0, p] for a parameter p in [0, 1] and the (default) minimum t-norm on the rest of the unit interval. The family of Mayor–Torrens t-norms is decreasing and continuous with respect to p..

Rotations

The construction of t-norms by rotation was introduced by Sándor Jenei (2000). It is based on the following theorem:

Let T be a left-continuous t-norm without zero divisors, N: [0, 1] → [0, 1] the function that assigns 1 − x to x and t = 0.5. Let T1 be the linear transformation of T into [t, 1] and Then the function
is a left-continuous t-norm, called the rotation of the t-norm T.
The nilpotent minimum as a rotation of the minimum t-norm

Geometrically, the construction can be described as first shrinking the t-norm T to the interval [0.5, 1] and then rotating it by the angle 2π/3 in both directions around the line connecting the points (0, 0, 1) and (1, 1, 0).

Rotations of the Łukasiewicz, product, nilpotent minimum, and drastic t-norm

The theorem can be generalized by taking for N any strong negation, that is, an involutive strictly decreasing continuous function on [0, 1], and for t taking the unique fixed point of N.

The resulting t-norm enjoys the following rotation invariance property with respect to N:

T(x, y) z if and only if T(y, N(z)) N(x) for all x, y, z in [0, 1].

The negation induced by Trot is the function N, that is, N(x) = Rrot(x, 0) for all x, where Rrot is the residuum of Trot.

See also

References

  • Klement, Erich Peter; Mesiar, Radko; and Pap, Endre (2000), Triangular Norms. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0-7923-6416-3.
  • Fodor, János (2004), "Left-continuous t-norms in fuzzy logic: An overview". Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 1(2), ISSN 1785-8860
  • Dombi, József (1982), "A general class of fuzzy operators, the DeMorgan class of fuzzy operators and fuzziness measures induced by fuzzy operators". Fuzzy Sets and Systems 8, 149–163.
  • Jenei, Sándor (2000), "Structure of left-continuous t-norms with strong induced negations. (I) Rotation construction". Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 10, 83–92.
  • Navara, Mirko (2007), "Triangular norms and conorms", Scholarpedia .
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