A "Let's Go Brandon" sign outside of a Florida residence

"Let's Go Brandon" is a political slogan and Internet meme used as a euphemism for the phrase "Fuck Joe Biden" in reference to Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States.

Chants of "Fuck Joe Biden" began during sporting events in early September 2021. On October 2, 2021, during a televised interview with the Sparks 300 race winner Brandon Brown at Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, NBC Sports reporter Kelli Stavast incorrectly described the chant in the background as "Let's Go Brandon", which sparked the meme.[1] The slogan has become well known through use by Republican Party politicians and critics of Biden.[2][3] The phrase quickly spread to popular culture, with rap songs using the phrase placing high on record charts.

Origins

Background: Anti-Biden chants

In early September 2021, chants of "Fuck Joe Biden" were reported to have broken out in several college football games in the Southern United States.[4][5] Later that month, the phenomenon spread to other universities, including the University of Wyoming.[6] Similar anti-Biden chants took place during the September 2021 Ryder Cup.[7][8]

The Washington Examiner reported that "Fuck Joe Biden" was chanted by some attendees at a Megadeth concert in September 2021,[9] and at an October 2021 protest in response to a vaccine mandate for educators in New York City.[10]

Initial use

Race car driver Brandon Brown in October 2021

On October 2, 2021, racing driver Brandon Brown was being interviewed by NBC Sports reporter Kelli Stavast at the Talladega Superspeedway in Alabama, following his victory in the NASCAR Xfinity Series 2021 Sparks 300 race which was shortened due to darkness.[11][12] Fans were chanting "Fuck Joe Biden",[13] and this became audible to viewers of the broadcast.[14][1] On the live broadcast, while wearing a headset,[15] reporter Stavast stated, "You can hear the chants from the crowd, 'Let's go, Brandon!'"[3][11][16] As of December 2023, Stavast has not clarified whether she misunderstood the chant or whether she intentionally misquoted it. A reporter with the Associated Press said that the chant was "at first difficult to make out".[11][17]

Early spread and reactions

Footage of the interview went viral,[1] leading to the adoption of the phrase by critics of President Biden as an expression of antipathy toward him.[18][2][14] It has also been reported as a protest against perceived liberal bias in mainstream media, based on speculation that the reporter's description of the crowd's chant was intended to conceal anti-Biden sentiment.[2][14]

Conservative commentators Ben Shapiro and Tomi Lahren spread the phrase via Twitter.[19] The slogan has been printed on clothing, a billboard, and a banner flown behind a plane over a pro-Donald Trump rally in Iowa.[12]

According to The Independent, on October 19, "The anti-Biden war cry 'Let's Go Brandon' is no longer a conservative media phenomenon, it's infiltrating mainstream popular culture and is now number one and two on iTunes, knocking Adele's new single into third place."[12]

As the phrase began to increase in use, Brandon Brown found the phrase amusing[20] and tweeted: "To all the other Brandons out there, You're welcome! Let's go us".[1] In private, he was ambivalent about the phrase because it overshadowed his Talladega win and threatened to scare off corporate sponsors leery of controversy.[20] He planned to ignore the phrase, but later worried that his silence was perceived as a tacit endorsement of the sentiment.[20] In October 2021, Brown's Brandonbilt Motorsports team was struggling to acquire sponsorship, as companies were hesitant to support him due to his indirect association with the chant and its political undertones.[11][21] In December 2021, Brown, who is a Republican, said he had remained quiet during its proliferation because he had "zero desire to be involved in politics," before expressing his wish for it to be used in a positive context instead.[20] Brown took a more mixed stance in an op-ed for Newsweek, in which he said he was "not going to endorse anyone" or be silent about issues important to him.[22]

On November 5, 2021, NASCAR president Steve Phelps denounced any implied association with the slogan, saying that the organization does not want to be associated with politics on either the left or the right.[15]

Usage

Analysis

Linguist John McWhorter analyzed the linguistic attributes of the chant in The Atlantic, likening the use of "Brandon" to a hlonipha – a substitution of a forbidden word. He wrote that the anti-Biden euphemism has a similar tone to the word SNAFU, which stands for "Situation Normal – All Fucked Up", or to the word "cuckservatives" (a portmanteau of "cuckold" and "conservatives") which is used by some nationalists or paleoconservatives to describe neoconservatives perceived as being in fact liberals. McWhorter described the Let's Go Brandon phenomenon as "simply fascinating", and a "wild, woolly kink in the intersection of language, politics, wit, and creativity."[23]

On November 20, 2021, the editorial board of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said that the chant "reveals a moral bankruptcy of those who chant it even in church".[24] In a November 23, 2021, opinion piece for The Washington Post, Marc Thiessen, a former chief speechwriter for president George W. Bush, commented that the chant was tame compared to what has been said about other presidents. Initially, Thiessen was not a fan of the chant, but concluded his comments with, "it is a perfectly harmless and humorous way for Americans to express their frustration at a flailing – and failing – presidency."[25]

Politics

Attendees at the 2022 Conservative Political Action Conference wearing "Let's Go Brandon" hats in which the font on the cap is designed to imitate the font used in Joe Biden's 2020 campaign logo.

Republican politicians have used the phrase publicly. On October 21, Republican congressman Bill Posey concluded remarks on the House floor with "Let's go, Brandon".[2] Texas Governor Greg Abbott used the phrase in an October 22 tweet.[26] He attributed the popularity of the phrase to frustration with Biden's "disastrous policies", including his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the southern border.[27] The following week, Republican representative Jeff Duncan wore a face mask with the phrase imprinted on it on the House floor.[28] Senator Ted Cruz posed with a "Let's Go Brandon" sign that was hung in Houston at the 2021 World Series.[11] Later in 2021, a rapidly increasing number of national Republican politicians explicitly supported or referred to the phrase.[29][30][31]

On November 12, 2021, when asked about Biden's views regarding the phrase, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki responded, "I don't think he spends much time focused on it or thinking about it."[32]

While President Biden and First Lady Jill Biden were taking phone calls for NORAD's Santa tracker hotline on December 24, 2021, a caller ended his chat by saying, "Merry Christmas and let's go Brandon," to which President Biden smiled and responded, "Let's go Brandon, I agree."[33][34]

At the 2022 White House Correspondents' Dinner, Biden acknowledged the phrase by joking, "Republicans seem to support one fella, some guy named Brandon. He's having a good year, I'm kind of happy for him."[35]

In April 2022, Colorado state representative Dave Williams ran for the House of Representatives and attempted to be listed on the ballot under the name "Dave 'Let's Go Brandon' Williams". Colorado Secretary of State Jena Griswold denied Williams' request under the reasoning that "Let's go Brandon" is a slogan and not a nickname. Williams sued, with former Colorado Secretary of State Scott Gessler acting as his attorney.[36] Although Denver District Judge Andrew McCallin agreed with Williams that he had successfully proved that he used "Let's go Brandon" as his nickname, the judge ultimately ruled that Secretary of State Griswold acted within her authority in denying Williams the use of the nickname on the ballot.[37] Williams attempted to appeal the verdict to the Colorado Supreme Court, but the court refused to hear his appeal.[38]

The phrase has been used on bumper stickers supporting Brandon Presley, a Democratic candidate for Governor of Mississippi in 2023.[39]

Music

Soon after the chant went viral, an anti-Biden rap song called "Let's Go Brandon" was recorded by Loza Alexander.[40] The song first went viral on TikTok before rising to number one on the iTunes Store Top Hip-Hop/Rap Songs list, and number two on the platform's Top Songs list, on October 18, 2021.[41][42][43] Alexander's song reached number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of November 6, 2021.[44]

Another song with the same title was released by Bryson Gray, a conservative Christian rapper, reaching number one on iTunes.[13] It debuted at number 28 on the US Hot 100.[45] The music video for Gray's song, which included the line "Biden said the jab stop the spread, it was lies" (in reference to COVID-19 vaccination efforts by Biden) was taken down by YouTube for containing "medical misinformation".[13] A country rap song of the same name was recorded by Forgiato Blow.[13] On October 27, iTunes had different "Let's Go Brandon" recordings at numbers one, two,[46] four and eight.[47]

On January 25, 2022, Kid Rock released a single, "We the People", in which he attacks the media, Dr. Anthony Fauci, masks, COVID-19 restrictions, and Big Tech, and which features the chant "Let's go Brandon" in the chorus.[48][49]

Brandon Brown sponsorship

In early November, a right-wing[50] ERC20 token called "LGBcoin" (LGB) began trading,[51] and on December 30, 2021, LGBcoin announced that it would be sponsoring Brandon Brown's Brandonbilt Motorsports for the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series season.[52] Brandonbilt's spokesman told Fox Business that approval was received on December 26,[53] but on January 5, 2022, FOX Sports journalist Bob Pockrass reported that NASCAR had not approved the sponsorship.[54] In response, investor James Koutoulas threatened a lawsuit against NASCAR, and called for a boycott until the decision was reversed.[55]

In February 2022, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media.[56] In April 2022, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Florida by plaintiff Eric De Ford against the LGBcoin cryptocurrency company and its promoters Brandon Brown, NASCAR, and political commentator Candace Owens. The plaintiff alleges they made false or misleading statements about the LGBcoin in a pump and dump scheme.[50]

Other

In 2022, a then-nine-year-old autistic boy named Brandon Brundidge saw a sign with the phrase; not knowing the political meaning, he assumed that they were supporting him. It inspired him to try swimming and biking without training wheels. His mother, Sheletta Brundidge, wrote a book called Brandon Spots his Sign, and they later met Brandon Brown.[57][58]

Dark Brandon

"Dark Brandon" imagery

The phrase "Dark Brandon" was initially a meme created by online progressives to parody supporters of "Dark MAGA", a belief promoted by former U.S. representative Madison Cawthorn[59] that former president Trump would return to power "with a vengeance".[60]

In September 2022, the phrase was used to mock Biden and compare him to Adolf Hitler, during his Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech on Trump and his supporters.[61] The term was soon comically adopted by Biden's supporters and used in memes to support Biden's presidency.[62][63] The term is currently used by both his supporters and his opponents.

Several White House officials, members of the Biden team, as well as U.S. Senator Chris Murphy, made posts referencing "Dark Brandon" on social media.[60] Biden's 2024 re-election campaign has also embraced the persona,[64] making use of "Dark Brandon" imagery on their website's error message page and selling merchandise which references the meme.[65][66]

During the 2023 White House Correspondents Dinner, Biden himself acknowledged the meme, donning aviator sunglasses and joking to the next speaker, "I'm going to be fine with your jokes, but I'm not sure about Dark Brandon."[67] The term is often used when Biden "goes on the offensive".[68] An Agence France-Presse journalist wrote that the variant rebranded "him from ineffectual grandfather figure to a kind of political terminator".[69][70] In early 2023, the Biden campaign started selling T-shirts featuring "Dark Brandon" imagery. According to the campaign, products related to this imagery account for more than half of online purchase revenue on Biden's official website store.[71] On August 3, Biden posted a reel on Instagram where he drank coffee from a mug with "Dark Brandon" imagery. The video went viral with more than 9 million visualizations and half a million likes.[72]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Schwedel, Heather (October 22, 2021). "The Story Behind "Let's Go Brandon," the Secretly Vulgar Chant Suddenly Beloved by Republicans". Slate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Parker, Ashley; Wolf, Carissa (October 23, 2021). "Biden's critics hurl increasingly vulgar taunts". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  3. 1 2 Delkic, Melina (October 31, 2021). "Why a Pilot Is Under Investigation for Saying 'Let's Go Brandon'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  4. ↑ O'Neil, Tyler (September 12, 2021). "College students chant 'F--- Joe Biden' at football games". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  5. ↑ Palmer, Ewan (September 6, 2021). "'F**K Joe Biden' Chants Break Out at College Football Games Across the Country". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  6. ↑ Fike, Ellen (September 20, 2021). "University Of Wyoming Football Attendees Chant "F— Joe Biden" During Saturday Game". Cowboy State Daily. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  7. ↑ Lock, Samantha (September 27, 2021). "'F*** Joe Biden' Chant Breaks Out at Ryder Cup as U.S. Beat Europe". Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  8. ↑ Ricker, Don (October 4, 2021). "NBC NASCAR Reporter Kelli Stavast's Response To Anti-Joe Biden Chant Is Hilarious". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  9. ↑ Miller, Matthew (September 20, 2021). "Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine slams COVID-19 restrictions during concert: 'This is called tyranny'". Washington Examiner. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  10. ↑ Gentile, Luke (October 4, 2021). "Protesters chant 'f*** Joe Biden and de Blasio' as thousands of teachers lose work due to vaccine mandate". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Long, Colleen (October 30, 2021). "How 'Let's Go Brandon' became code for insulting Joe Biden". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Bremner, Jade. "Why are MAGA supporters chanting 'Let's Go Brandon' to mock Democrats?". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Stieb, Matt (October 29, 2021). "How the Anti-Biden Song "Let's Go Brandon" Became a Shadow Smash". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 Zurcher, Anthony (October 12, 2021). "How 'Let's go Brandon' became an anti-Biden conservative heckle". BBC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  15. 1 2 Fryer, Jenna (November 5, 2021). "NASCAR denounces 'Let's go, Brandon' conservative rally cry". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  16. ↑ Suliman, Adela (October 31, 2021). "Southwest Airlines to investigate pilot's purported anti-Biden chant". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  17. ↑ Gonzalez, Oscar. "'Let's go Brandon': The misquote that became a Joe Biden insult". CNET. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  18. ↑ Lahut, Jake (October 27, 2021). "The anti-Biden 'let's go Brandon' chant made its way to a top video game streamer's channel". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  19. ↑ Lahut, Jake (October 13, 2021). "'Let's go, Brandon': The right's new anti-Biden chant comes from a NASCAR broadcast where NBC Sports didn't want to drop an f-bomb". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Ben (December 19, 2021). "Brandon Just Wants to Drive His Racecar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  21. ↑ Fambro, Cassie (November 4, 2021). "'Let's Go Brandon' Crowd Pinching Real Brandon's Pocketbook". Patch. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  22. ↑ Brown, Brandon (December 20, 2021). "My Name Is Brandon". Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  23. ↑ McWhorter, John (November 9, 2021). "The Serendipity of 'Let's Go, Brandon'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  24. ↑ The Editorial Board (November 20, 2021). "'Let's go Brandon' isn't clever, it's vulgar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  25. ↑ Thiessen, Marc (November 23, 2021). "Opinion: Three cheers for 'Let's Go Brandon'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  26. ↑ Breslin, Maureen (October 28, 2021). "Trump campaign sells 'Let's Go Brandon' T-shirts". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  27. ↑ Eubank, Britny (October 22, 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott tweets anti-Biden phrase alongside clip from Breitbart interview". KVUE ABC. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  28. ↑ Chamlee, Virginia (October 27, 2021). "GOP Lawmaker Wears 'Let's Go Brandon' Mask on House Floor in Barely Veiled Swipe at President Biden". People. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  29. ↑ Chaitin, Daniel (November 2, 2021). "'Let's go Brandon' chant breaks out at Youngkin headquarters as victory looks assured". washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  30. ↑ Leach, Matt (November 18, 2021). "Florida Gov. DeSantis trolls President Biden, will sign bills limiting vaccine mandates in Brandon, FL". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  31. ↑ Demopoulos, Alaina (November 5, 2021). "Lauren Boebert's 'Let's Go Brandon' Dress Screams Prom Villain". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  32. ↑ Schwartz, Ian (November 12, 2021). "Psaki Asked About Let's Go Brandon: I Don't Think Biden "Spends Much Time Focused On It Or Thinking About It"". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  33. ↑ "Joe Biden Says He Agrees After Christmas Caller Tells Him 'Let's Go Brandon'". Newsweek. December 24, 2021. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  34. ↑ Nzanga, Merdie (December 25, 2021). "On Santa tracking call, Biden is told 'Let's go Brandon' – and says he agrees". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  35. ↑ Patten, Dominic (May 1, 2022). "Joe Biden Rips Fox News Hypocrisy, Mocks Low Polls, Praises Trevor Noah & Shows WHCD He Gets "Let's Go, Brandon!"". Deadline. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
  36. ↑ Coltrain, Nick (April 19, 2022). "Congressional candidate sues to have "Let's Go Brandon" as a nickname on Colorado ballot". Denver Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  37. ↑ Edwards, Jonathan (April 28, 2022). "Congressional candidate loses bid to go by 'Let's Go Brandon' on ballot". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  38. ↑ Luning, Ernest (April 29, 2022). "Colorado Supreme Court says Lamborn challenger Dave Williams can't use 'Let's Go Brandon' on ballot". Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  39. ↑ Ganucheau, Adam (January 12, 2023). "Democrat Brandon Presley is running for governor". Mississippi Today. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
  40. ↑ Romero, Julia (October 22, 2021). "Las Vegas rapper's song inspired by 'Let's go Brandon' meme, skyrockets on iTunes". KLAS-TV. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  41. ↑ Stunson, Mike (October 18, 2021). "'Let's Go Brandon' started as a Republican rally cry – now it's topping iTunes charts". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  42. ↑ Rogers, Zachary (October 18, 2021). "#1 hip-hop song on iTunes chart, "Let's Go, Brandon" inspired by anti-Biden meme". WKRC-TV. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  43. ↑ Lynch, John (October 19, 2021). "Let's Go Brandon: What does it mean?". WTRF-TV. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  44. ↑ "The Hot 100". Billboard.com. November 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  45. ↑ @billboardcharts (November 1, 2021). "@RealBrysonGray's "Let's Go Brandon," featuring @Tyson_James_ & @realCCrump, debuts at No. 28 on this week's #Hot100" (Tweet). Retrieved November 2, 2021 – via Twitter.
  46. ↑ "Why are MAGA supporters chanting 'Let's Go Brandon' to mock Democrats?". The Independent. October 28, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  47. ↑ "iTunes Top 100 Songs Chart". PopVortex. October 27, 2021. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  48. ↑ Miller, Matthew (January 25, 2022). "LISTEN: Kid Rock". The Gazette (Colorado Springs). Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  49. ↑ Aniftos, Rania (January 25, 2022). "Kid Rock Chants 'Let's Go Brandon,' Slams Joe Biden & Dr. Fauci in New Song". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  50. 1 2 Seitz, Jacob (April 8, 2022). "'Let's Go Brandon' Coin: NASCAR, Brandon Brown, Candace Owens sued for promoting failed crypto in pump-and-dump scheme". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  51. ↑ Gentile, Luke (November 15, 2021). "'Let's go Brandon' cryptocurrency sees massive boom". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Cryptocurrency Meme Coin LGBcoin.io Announced as Full Season Primary Partner for Brandonbilt Motorsports". Speedway Digest. December 30, 2021. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  53. ↑ Sabes, Adam (January 2, 2022). "NASCAR walks back 'Let's Go Brandon' sponsorship approval, Brandon Brown spokesperson says". Fox Business. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  54. ↑ "Cryptocurrency Meme Coin LGBcoin.io Serving as Primary Partner for Brandonbilt Motorsports in 2022 UPDATES". Jayski's Silly Season Site. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. January 5, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  55. ↑ Ismail, Adam (January 5, 2022). "NASCAR Rejects "Let's Go Brandon" Crypto Sponsorship, Team Pledges To Fight Back". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  56. ↑ Lawler, Richard (February 18, 2022). "Influencers beware: promoting the wrong crypto could mean facing a class-action lawsuit". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  57. ↑ AJ Willingham (July 17, 2022). "How an author, a NASCAR star and a young boy flipped 'Let's Go Brandon' on its head". edition.CNN.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  58. ↑ Campoamor, Danielle (June 13, 2022). "How the phrase 'Let's go Brandon' made a little boy with autism feel loved". Today. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  59. ↑ Reimann, Nicholas (May 19, 2022). "Madison Cawthorn Calls For Rise Of 'Dark MAGA' In Wild Rant After Loss". Forbes. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  60. 1 2 Klein, Charlotte (August 8, 2022). "The "Dark Brandon Joe Biden Meme Has Made Its Way Into the White House". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  61. ↑ Glasser, Susan B. (September 2, 2022). "Joe Biden's This-Is-Not-Normal Speech on the Rising Danger of MAGA Trumpists". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  62. ↑ Monaghan, Bridget (August 4, 2022). "'Dark Brandon' is the one meme that Biden supporters can finally embrace". indy100. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  63. ↑ Winkie, Luke (August 3, 2022). "The "Dark Brandon" Meme That Liberals Suddenly Love". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  64. ↑ Romano, Aja (August 11, 2022). "The 'Dark Brandon' meme — and why the Biden campaign has embraced it — explained". Vox. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  65. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (April 25, 2023). "'Dark Brandon' meme makes an appearance on Biden's new campaign website". NPR. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  66. ↑ Gabbatt, Adam (August 4, 2023). "'Dark Brandon' meme boosts Biden's campaign merchandise sales". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  67. ↑ "President Biden Brings Dark Brandon to Life in Zinger-Filled WHCA Speech". Extra. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  68. ↑ Concha, Joe (September 7, 2022). "The Dark Brandon rises". The Hill. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  69. ↑ Smith, Sebastian (August 6, 2022). "Biden: superhero, lame duck — or both?". The Japan Times. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  70. ↑ Woodward, Alex (August 11, 2022). "Inside the 'Dark Brandon' phenomenon". The Independent. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  71. ↑ Mastrangelo, Dominick (August 23, 2023). "'Dark Brandon' ads backing abortion rights swarm FoxNews.com ahead of debate". The Hill. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  72. ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
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