The village

The Darlong tribes traditionally live in villages and prefer joint family. The village is a closely knit unit consisting of households of different clans. As of 2021, there are 24 Darlong villages in Tripura. Darchawi is the largest village and Boitang is the oldest village, among all the villages. The Darlong villages are roughly scattered around the Northern parts of Tripura in three districts, viz. Unokoti, Dhalai and North Tripura. According to 2021 Census there are 1840 Households in Darlong villages, the population is 4764 males and 4852 females (according to 2021 Census)

Horticultural activities

Traditionally the Darlong people practised shifting cultivation. Many of their traditional values, songs, dance and hunting activities revolved around the cycles of shifting cultivation (jhum), called as ‘loi’. The principal crops grown by the tribe are pineapple, litchi, and mangoes although a majority have switched over to rubber plantations in the past few years.

The Bukpui system

The Bukpui, or the bachelor dormitory system, used to be an essential part of Darlong life. In Lusei which is called as Zawlbuk . Apart from the family, it was the most important educational system of the people. It was mandatory for all the youths over 15 years of age to stay in the Bukpui, where they received training in 'tribal welfare, wrestling, hunting and village government'. These Bukpuis are often of great size, and are on much higher platforms than the other houses. To reach the platforms, notched logs of wood serve as staircases, and long pieces of cane are often suspended from an overhanging beam close to the notched logs to assist the inmates to climb up and down. The boys who went to the Bukpui emerged as complete men. The Bukpui began to lose its importance after the appearance of the British on the scene. With the onset of modernity, the Bukpui system is no longer in practice among the tribe.
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Marriage

The Darlong people prefer exogamous marriage system. They prefer to marry someone outside their own clan. Traditionally polygamy was allowed, but monogamy has been strictly enforced by the various churches. The wife or husband moves permanently to the husband's or wife's village upon marriage - depends on the individual.

Teknonymy

It is a cultural tradition of the Darlong tribe and it is still occasionally used. The parents of a child named X will generally be known as ‘X-Pa’ and ‘X’Nu’. If Mr. Liana and his wife have a son called Nema, Mr.Liana will be called ‘Nema pa’, and his wife as ‘Nema nu’. In most villages, parents are addressed by the name of their first-borne child.

Christianity and its impact: (1919–present)

The Darlong people embraced Christianity in the year 1919. Since then they came out to mainstream of life without turning back to their Old life style. However, the early Darlong Christians had to meet opposition from their own people. They were driven out of the village by the chief and were despised by their family members, relatives and friends. The Christians with their evangelist leader Zatuaha(11.10.1919), established a Christian village at Darchawi in 1923. It is now the biggest and most populated Darlong village in Tripura.

Christianity has brought a great change on the customs and lifestyle of the once semi-nomadic tribe. The Tripura Baptist Christian Union was formed by the New Zealand Baptist Mission in December 1938. The Darlong Church joined TBCU in 1940. By 1972, the whole Darlong tribe became Christians. There is no denying that adoption of Christianity has helped them in advancement in many ways.
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The different denominations among the Darlong Christians are: Tripura Baptist Christian Union, Roman Catholic, Evangelical Free Church of India, Independent Church of India, Presbyterian Church, United Pentecostal Church, and the Kuki Christian Council. Although Christianity brought about a near - total transformation in the Darlong lifestyle and outlook, some customary laws have stayed on. The customs and traditions which they found meaningless and harmful were abolished by persistent preaching. Thus, tea replaced ZU as a popular drink among the Darlong tribe. Bukpui had been replaced by modern education.

The first New Testament in Darlong was published in 1987 by Bibles for the World, second New Testament was published in 1995 by Bibles International, Ohio (USA) and again New Testament with Psalms & Proverbs was published by Bible Society of India, Bangalore (India) in 1996 and then finally the complete Bible was published by Global Friendship Mission in 2010 in collaboration with Evangelical Free Church of India. The first translation of New testament in Darlong was headed by Rev. Hrengngura Darlong.

Folk song and dances

The Darlongs are fun loving people. They love to sing and dance. Merry-making and celebrations were part of their social life. Most of their songs and dances are imitation of nature, birds and animals, as well as events in the different cycles of shifting cultivation. Folk dances of the tribe are mostly performed in groups in synchronized fashion, by both men and women, depending on the type of dance. Dances are usually performed at festivals and religious occasions.

1. Fahrel Inkan or Cheraw: In earlier times this dance was usually performed to build up confidence and ease the pain of a pregnant woman during childbirth. It is also performed to ensure safe passage for the soul of a mother who died at childbirth. Fahrel Inkan is, therefore, a dance of sanctification and redemption performed with great care, precision and elegance. Long bamboo starves are used for this dance, therefore many people call it 'Bamboo Dance'. The dancers move by stepping alternatively in and out from between and across a pair of horizontal bamboos, held against the ground by people sitting face to face on either side. They tap the bamboos in rhythmic beats. The patterns and stepping of the dance have many variations. Sometimes the steppings are made to imitate the movement of birds, or the swaying of trees and so on.
2. Chem Lam.
3. Khual Lam.
4. Salu Lam.
5. Silai Lam.
6. Parkam Lam.
7. Vathu Indi Lam.
8. Riki Fachawi Lam.
9. Arte Tual Phit Lam.
10. Sate Tual Infai Lam.
11. Pualvachang Hem Lam.

The origin of Darlong traditional music is inexplicable. The Darlong folk songs can be broadly classified as:

1. Indoi hla: This is the chant or cry raised by the warriors when returning from a successful raid to show his superiority over the enemy, and to let his people know that a successful raid has taken place. No other members of the raiding party can chant Indoi hla.
2. Hlado: Anyone who has witnessed the success of the hunt can chant hlado at any time and place.
3. Thiam hla and dawi hla (Invocation & incantation): These are verse forms chanted by the priest and sorcerers while performing various rituals and ceremonies.
4. Lengzem zai: These are love songs that have no distinctive form but are generally named after the theme. These songs have gained popularity over the last few decades.^[7]

Musical Instruments

The Darlongs in the past had their own music instruments such as theitele, tapual, theikhang, rosem, dar-teng, dar-ribu, dar-khuang, chawngpereng, kaikawng, tuithei, and khuangpui. However, these are no longer prevalent nowadays except rosem.^[8]

Ornaments

Rithei, Kutkhi, Kuarbe, Khuaihnur, Theibuang, Thipawl, Thitak, Thi-eng, Pai (Chemkok) etc.^[4]

Festivals

The Darlong people enjoyed life and celebrated every occasion with dances, drinking (of rice beer, called ‘zu’) and feasting. The Darlong tribe had four annual community festivals called ‘Kut’, which make four different stages of their agricultural process. They are:-

1. Ramzu In or Chapchar Kut: This can be called ‘Spring Festival’. It is celebrated after the hard work of cutting their jhum and before they are burnt, that is towards the end of January and towards the beginning of February. This festival lasts for three to four days.
2. Kangdai Kut: This festival is observed from the evening of the jhum burning day to the following day. It is held in April. Here they make some merriment and appease the Gods for blessings on their jhum and on their health. This does not make a big festivity. Hence it is less significant than the rest of the festivals.
3. Thlantawi Kut: This festival lasts for a day only. This festival is observed in remembrance of their loved ones who have left the world. They prepare and offer the best food on each grave to show their love for the deceased and for their own mental satisfaction.
4. Tharlak or Mim Kut: This festival can be called ‘Autumn Festival’. This festival is particularly observed in honour and remembrance of the dead and the gods. The festival is believed to have originated from the legendary lovers ‘Pangama and Thuitlingi’. Thuitlingi died leaving Pangama. Pangama felt so lonely that he visited his wife in the abode of the dead. There he found that Thuitlingi had become so thin that he promised to feed her with the fast crops, particularly the maize, the harvesting of which precedes that of the paddy. From this the festival came to be known as Mim (maize) Kut.^[9]

All these festivals encompass profound inner meanings. However, modernization has caught up with the Darlongs and these festivals are on the wane due to non-practice for decades.