This is a list of journalists killed in the Philippines,[1] sorted by date of death.

Background

Statistics

Despite the Philippines being one of most liberal Asian countries for journalists,[2] Reporters Without Borders (RSF) had said that it is one of the world's deadliest for them, adding that violence against them continued even with the establishment of the Presidential Task Force on Media Security (PTFoMS) in 2016. In its press freedom index for 2022, the country, out of 180 evaluated by RSF, ranks 147th.[3][4] Prior to that, the 2009 Maguindanao massacre caused the country to be ranked 156th by RSF the following year;[5] 3rd in the Global Impunity Index (GII) since then until 2014, the country's worst;[6] and to be listed as well in that year the world's deadliest for journalists;[7] all by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). The country had been on its list of the twenty deadliest from 2007 until being excluded in 2015.[7] In 2018, the country was given a special citation as one of those with an improved ranking. Likewise, the country was reported by the RSF as one of the five deadliest countries for journalists in the world from the mid-2010s until being delisted in 2018. One of the causes is the PTFoMS' immediate action on various cases of killings and threats against the press.[8]

The country, along with five others, has been in the GII since its launch by CPJ in 2008.[9][10] The index measures deliberate, work-related killings of journalists, beginning from ten years prior.[10] In the 2023 list, the country ranks 8th in terms of impunity in the killings, moving down from 7th in 2019–2022,[9][10] and 4th in 2015.[7]

Based on the data by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), 199[lower-alpha 1] media workers have been killed since 1986, with all deaths included were in relation to their job. The highest number was under the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo with 103; including 32 of those murdered in Maguindanao in what was called the world's worst single attack on journalists,[4][6][13][14] which made the year 2009 the deadliest for them.[3]

Meanwhile, other groups also document such. A data from the CPJ shows 159 killed since 1992; UNESCO reported 117 since 1996, with majority of them having the state's publicized responses to Director General's request for information on judicial follow-up. Both includes the most recent, the death of Juan Jumalon in November 2023.[15][16]

Prior to Jumalon's death, PTFoMS reported that there were 142 work-related killings, also since 1986.[17]

RSF, on the other hand, documents those considered directly work-related a little less than that by NUJP.[18]

Journalists and media workers killed
Presidency Number
NUJP CMFR, PCIJ Bulatlat
(PMPF, et al.)
Marcos Sr.[lower-alpha 2] n/a n/a 32
(since 1972)
C. Aquino 17[lower-alpha 1] 21[lower-alpha 1] 34
Ramos 15 11 19
Estrada 5 6 5
Arroyo 103 80 14
(until 2003)
B. Aquino III 32 31[4] —
Duterte 23 — —
Marcos Jr.
(as of Nov. 2023)		 4 — —
NOTES:

Most deaths, according to NUJP[3] and the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ),[18] were radio personalities, especially blocktime commentators,[18][27] many affiliated to local politicians as suggested by a research from CPJ,[27] and as reported by PCIJ, had minimal awareness of journalistic ethics or libel laws.[18] Most incidents occurred in Mindanao, according to PTFoMS.[8]

Various data show similarities seen in most of the killings. Incidents usually occurred in the provinces,[13] wherein victims working there as journalists exposed wrongdoings in their locality[28] and were critical about these issues.[18] For instance, a CPJ's database shows that among those journalists killed in 1992–July 2021, it was found that 94% were based in the provinces; a third of them had received prior threats.[29] On the other hand, suspects, unknown and presumably hired killers, were hardly caught;[28] very often they are motorcycle-riding assailants.[27]

Both CMFR and the Philippine National Police reported in 2005 that of the journalists slain in the line or duty, seven were killed in crossfire: five during encounter with or being killed by the New People's Army (including two in an ambush in 1986); two during coup attempt especially in 1989 perpetrated by RAM–SFP–YOU.[30][31]

The Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (CMFR) has recorded, by April 2015, ten of those "killed in the line of duty since 1986" are women, four of them in the 2009 Maguindanao massacre case. Excluding more than a hundred arrested in connection with the 2009 murders, four alleged gunmen in two of the six cases were arrested, one of them has been released.[32]

Data show few out of the cases of media killings since 1986 People Power Revolution having developments. Combined data from CMFR (Nov. 2014) and PTFoMS (Jan. 2020) show at least 53 of the cases resulted in convictions;[8] CMFR reported, by Apr. 2016, six in acquittals.[33][lower-alpha 3] Meanwhile, CMFR recorded, by 2011, 54% of the monitored cases considered "cold or dead" where police have been unable to identify and arrest any suspect.[35] Furthermore, both PCIJ (in a February 2015 report) and CMFR stated that none of masterminds has been prosecuted and convicted.[36][37][35][38] On the other hand, CPJ shows in its database that assailants in 97% of the recorded killings (1992–July 2021) are not yet punished; local government officials were suspected as the masterminds in more than half of the cases.[29]

PTFoMS, created through Administrative Order No. 1 issued by Pres. Rodrigo Duterte in October 2016, has been acting on the later cases; also, it has been gathering all data from various sources to map prior cases in the country and to exercise investigative powers on them; the results (shown at the table) until the 2019 verdict on the Ampatuan massacre case are recorded.[8]

Cases recorded by PTFoMS
(since 1986, as of Jan. 2020)
Description No.
Killing (180) Work-related (22) Under investigation
(including those cases with unidentified suspects, unavailable witnesses or evidence)
5
Ongoing trial
17
Not-work related
56
Closed cases (102) Reached conviction
(including the Ampatuan massacre case)[lower-alpha 4]
49
Deemed prescribed and with unavailable records
26
Suspects died
8
Victim's family is no longer interested to file a complaint or pursue the case
8
Reached acquittal
5
Dismissed
6
Not killing (64) Threats
58
Survivors of physical attacks with the intention to kill
6
Cases involving journalists and media workers
244
Source: Presidential Task Force on Media Security[8]

For those cases prior to 1986, various sources document such. According to the National Press Club (NPC), about 35 journalists were killed during the Marcos administration.[19] NPC, as well as the military and a journalists' group in Manila, both reported more cases from mid-1984 to mid-1985, more than twice than the previous decade. Either military personnel or paramilitary units were the perpetrators in several cases. Few of these were said to be solved, few suspects were arrested, and at least a conviction was reported.[21][20][lower-alpha 2]

In 2006, Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo created Task Force Usig following increase of murders of journalists and activists. While the supervisory body reportedly accomplished police reform and increased coordination, among others, it was criticized by media activists for failure to provide its logistics, as well as being toothless; as working from Camp Crame, relies on local police investigators vulnerable to political pressure.[35]

"Media killings" defined

The term has various definitions:

  • NUJP considers all media killings as work-related, assuming as such those cases that are uncertain if work-related or whose motives are unknown, unless there is proof otherwise.[35][23]
  • CMFR defines media killings "as the murder of journalists and media workers", anyone who works regularly in certain media and its aspects regardless of work quality or status, but with clarification on categorizing as work-related the cases of targeted killings due to their reports.[35] The case is classified as "in the line of duty" regardless of reported certain abuses in the practice being provoked the killing. Meanwhile, while CMFR acknowledges a case that maybe not work-related, it finds any evidence to indicate such motives until it is verified, delisting the case.[36]
  • For TF Usig, a journalist's murder must be "work-related" to be considered a media killing.[35]
  • PTFoMS initially presumes all reported killings of media personnel as work-related and takes initiative in the investigation as a matter of protocol.[8]

In the case of 32 journalists slain in 2009 in Maguindanao, they are said killed in the line of duty, thus recorded by both CMFR and NUJP. This is contrary to what was said by the TF Usig that the incident is considered to be election-related; they were not the target of the killers and are considered "collateral damage". Moreover, media activists had been concerned with the task force's count beginning from 2001 as they recorded only a few percent of those in the tally of CMFR and NUJP.[35]

Pre-1980s

  • Antonio Abad Tormis, Republic News editor and columnist, was shot on July 3, 1961, in front of the Masonic Temple building in Cebu City. Felipe Pareja, city treasurer at that time, had been the subject of Tormis' commentaries on graft. Pareja, the mastermind, and the gunman, Cesario Orongan, were convicted and imprisoned. This is the only such case in Cebu considered work-related.[36][39]
  • Celso Tan, DYRL commentator, was shot dead in May 1967 in his home in Bacolod. He had been exposing in his program a criminal syndicate, which was later believed to be behind the killing. This is the first such killing in the city and in Negros Occidental.[40]
  • Ermin Garcia Sr., editor of the Dagupan Sunday Punch newspaper, was shot dead in his office by two hitmen in Dagupan, Pangasinan on 20 May 1966. The next edition of the Sunday Punch revealed that Garcia was working on exposing the illegal practices of some local politicians at the time, and that the killing was most likely related.[41][42]

1980s

Pre-1986

  • Demosthenes "Demy" Dingcong, Lanao provincial correspondent of Bulletin Today, was shot by an unidentified gunman in his house in Iligan, Lanao del Norte on December 5, 1980. He had written exposés about anomalies in the local government activities, including that on the missing fund intended for the students of Mindanao State University; also on military abuses, and the situation of the political prisoners in the province. He had already received threats from local officials.[12][43]
  • Geoffrey Siao, radio commentator and writer of the Philippine Post in Iligan, was murdered on March 2, 1984.[12][43]
  • Atty. Florante "Boy" de Castro, lawyer and news commentator worked at DXCP, who had reported suspicious local government activities in South Cotabato, was gunned down on March 9, 1984, inside his house in General Santos.[12][43][lower-alpha 5]
  • Vicente (Vic) Villordon, DYLA anchor, a critic of both the Marcos government and the communist movement, was shot by two gunmen on December 28, 1984, outside the station in Cebu City. The case has been unsolved. In a 2006 report by The Philippine Star, a former communist rebel claimed Villordon and Leo Enriquez III (killed in 1987), his former colleagues in the Communist Party of the Philippines–New People's Army (CPP–NPA), were killed by their comrades.[36][39]
  • Charles (or Charlie) Aberilla, DXWG (Iligan) commentator, on April 29, 1985, was killed by three armed men who had entered the announcer's booth while on-air.[21][45]
  • Nabokodonosor "Nabing" Velez, 47, DYLA anchor-commentator in Cebu, was attacked by six gunmen on June 1, 1985, while watching a beauty contest. Case is unsolved.[36][39]
  • Joselito Paloma, provincial journalist and publisher in Surigao, was fatally shot in his car on August 19, 1985.[20]
  • Eddie Suede, died 1985.[23]
  • Edgar Nagar of DXDC, Davao City.[46]
  • Gorge Batoctoy of defunct National Media Production Center, Davao City.[46]
  • Alexander Orcullo, worked for a newspaper in Davao, was gunned down.[21]
  • Noe Alejandrino of Bulacan, was claimed by the military as a Communist rebel leader who was killed after engaging soldiers in a firefight.[21]

1986

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Pete Mabazza[lower-alpha 6] Local correspondent for Manila Bulletin Attack:
April 24
Gattaran, Cagayan

Deaths:
Mabazza died same day; Vicoy died April 25 in Tuguegarao, same province		 A convoy of army soldiers and journalists was ambushed by the NPA; also killed were eight soldiers. Mabazza and Vicoy, 45, who died later in a hospital, were the first journalists killed while covering the communist insurgency. NUJP
CMFR

[11][34][44]
[47][48][31]

Wilfredo Vicoy[lower-alpha 6] Veteran combat photographer for United Press International and (at the time of death) Reuters NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47][48][31]

1987

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Virgilio Pacala Manila Hotline magazine Mar. 24
San Pablo, Laguna		 Fatally shot. Motive remains unclear. CMFR [34][44][47]
Dionisio Perpetuo Joaquin[lower-alpha 6] Olongapo News Apr. 12
Subic, Zambales or Olongapo		 Nicomedes Fabro, Francisco Dimalanta and Amado Alcala were convicted for the killing. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[31]
Manuel Sanchez Television cameraman June 9 Had hitched a ride with Bernabe Buscayno after the latter's television appearance; killed when gunmen ambushed the leftist politician. [44][47]
Narciso Balani[lower-alpha 6] All were from DXRA of Rizal Memorial Colleges (Davao City):

Palo: news commentator
Maglalang: assistant
Zagado: reporter; commentator
Balani: technician-on-board		 Aug. 27
Davao City		 Along with five civilian guests, died on the spot when NPA gunmen attacked the radio station, then known for its anti-communist broadcasts, in the worst crime against the press in the city.
Fernando "Ferdie" Lintuan survived the attack but would be assassinated in 2007.		 NUJP
CMFR		 [46][11][34]
[44][47]
Cesar Maglalang CMFR [46][34][44]
Leo Palo[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] NUJP
CMFR		 [46][11][34]
[44][47]
Rogie Zagado[lower-alpha 6] NUJP
CMFR		 [46][11][34]
[44][47]
Robert Macdonald New Zealander freelance photographer working for Pacific Defense Reports Aug. 28 Shot while covering the August 1987 Philippine coup attempt. [44][47]
Martin Castor Pilipino Ngayon (Manila) reporter; photographer Aug. 28
Manila		 Shot during the August 1987 Philippine coup attempt when members of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement fired on his press van. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47]
Ramon Noblejas DYVL (Tacloban) production manager; reporter Oct. 4
Tacloban		 Shot. Had denounced local corruption and human rights violations. Case remains unsolved. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47]
Leo Enriquez III People's Journal correspondent; news reporter also worked in Kyodo News Service and Washington Times
Local anti-communist activist		 Oct. 10
Mandaue		 Shot dead near his house. Case has been unsolved. The CPP–NPA were reported to be responsible; further claimed by a former communist rebel, former colleagues of Enriquez and Vic Villordon (killed in 1984), in a 2006 report by The Philippine Star. CMFR [36][39][34]
[44][47]

1988

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Noel Miranda[lower-alpha 6] Mindanao Scanner as publisher, editor, owner Mar. 29
Tagum, Davao del Norte		 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
Jose Naperos Pampanga [44]
Ricardo Ribano People's Journal correspondent June 22 Ribano, 26, was killed allegedly by member of anti-communist group Alsa Masa in an argument. Suspect later released on bail. [44][47]
Oscar Apolinario Reporter for the weekly San Francisco Times July 23
Surigao City		 Reportedly killed at his home by a gunman identified as a sergeant. Motive is unknown. [44][47]
Ruben Manrique[lower-alpha 6] Luzon Tribune (Bataan) publisher-editor Aug. 12
Balanga, Bataan		 Shot. His murder is believed related to his reports on local illegal gambling. Case dismissed at the trial court. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47]
Josef Aldeguer Nava[lower-alpha 6] Editor & publisher of Visayan Life Today (Iloilo); also worked in DYRP Oct. 30
Iloilo City		 Shot dead by unidentified assailant. Known for his exposés of corruption and human rights abuses by the military. No leads reported. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47][23]
Noli Resurreccion Laguna correspondent for Metro Manila-based Balita and DZMM Nov 17 Killed. A local businessman was reportedly identified as suspect and later charged, but escaped arrest. The killing is believed connected to his exposé of local illegal gambling. [44][47]

1989

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Mandangan Abedin Mar 17 [44]
Severino Arcones[lower-alpha 6] DYFM Bombo Radyo (Iloilo City) manager, commentator, and reporter

Arcones was the first husband of Marlene Garcia–Esperat, who would be murdered in 2005.		 Oct. 17
Iloilo City		 Murdered in front of his house. Responsibility for the murder was unclear; though Arcones, an anti-communist, was generally believed to be killed by the NPA because of his stance. He had also criticized local politicians in Iloilo province. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[47][49][50]
[23]
Cesario de Vera Nov. 23
Biñan, Laguna		 [44]
Eddie Telan[lower-alpha 6] Manila-based; Newscaster as publisher, editor; also worked in radio Dec. 1
Quezon City		 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]

1990s

1990

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Benito Mercado Jan. 4
Iligan		 [44][51]
Enrique Lingan The Luzon Times, The Midway Star Feb. 4
Lucena		 CMFR [34][44][51]
Joseph "Joe" Kreuger Mindoro Weekly Reporter Feb. 6
Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro		 CMFR [34][44][51]
Enrique Ger Feb. 7
Oriental Mindoro		 [44]
Reynaldo Catindig Sr.[lower-alpha 6] Northern Sierra Madre Express (Isabela) as publisher, editor May 15
Tumauini, Isabela		 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[51]
Jean Ladringan[lower-alpha 6] Publisher-editor of the weekly Southern Star (General Santos) July 8
General Santos		 Along with her husband, shot dead by unidentified men in what was said a robbery case. An exposé published by Ladringan implicating top Muslim officials at the Mindanao State University (MSU) in graft and corruption, which led to their dismissal, was seen as a possible motive. NUJP
CMFR		 [32][11][34]
[44][52][51]
[53]
Mahaidin Abdullah Radio show host in Cotabato City July 9
Cotabato City		 Shot dead by unknown gunmen [44][52][51]
Francisco (Frank) Mararac Reporter and commentator in DWDW; staffer (Sunday Punch newspaper, Dagupan) July 10
Lingayen, Pangasinan		 With his son, shot dead by unknown gunmen. [44][41][52]
[51][53]
Jaime Ramoros Dec. 25
Iligan		 [44]

1991

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Nesino Paulin Toling[lower-alpha 6] Publisher-editor (and owner) of Panguil Bay Monitor (Ozamiz) Apr. 14
Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental		 Shot and killed. Toling had been exposing organized crime activities. Two suspects were arrested for the murder. Gerry Sarabia was convicted for the killing and had to serve a term of 17–20 years at the San Ramon Penal Colony. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[54][31]
Candido Basilisco Philippine Punch editor (Cebu) May 1 or 5
Cebu City		 His support to the workers in a local labor dispute was linked to the killing. Several arrests were made in connection with the murder; but the case was unsolved by year-end. [44][41][54]
Nicasio (Nick) Enciso Reporter and columnist for dailies, Manila Bulletin and its sister publication Tempo
President of the Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Barangay and of the Federation of Provincial Press Clubs of the Philippines		 May 26
Tagaytay, Cavite		 Enciso, 67, was killed in an attack by two armed soldiers who had barged into his house, reportedly due to a land dispute. [44][55]

1992

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Danilo Vergara[lower-alpha 6] Philippine Post publisher-editor July 1
Iligan		 NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [22][11][34]
[44]
Abdulajid/Ladjid "Jade" Ladja Prensa Zamboanga reporter July
Zamboanga City		 NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [22][11][34]
[44]
Rev. Greg Hapalla[lower-alpha 6] DXAS commentator (Zamboanga City)
Preacher		 Sept. 21
Zamboanga City		 NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [22][11][34]
[44]
Anwar Utto DXMS reporter in Cotabato City July 28 [22][44]
Gloria Martin[lower-alpha 6] DXXX correspondent and commentator based in Isabela, Basilan Dec. 2
Isabela, Basilan		 Died on the spot as being shot by two unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen while driving on her way home. She had received death threats as she was criticizing the alleged failure of the government to stop the kidnappings in the municipality. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [22][32][11]
[34][44]

1993

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Romeo Andrada Legaspi[lower-alpha 6] Voice of Zambales publisher-columnist Disappearance and reported death:
Jan. 11
Olongapo		 Abducted after a conflict with law enforcement intelligence and was never seen again. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [22][11][34]
[44]
Alfredo M. Noblefranca Davao Observer columnist Apr 3 Killed [22][44]
Elpidio Monteclaro DZNC commentator in Isabela June 2 or 3 Killed [22][44]
Ding Sade Reporters for Cotabato News
(Cotabato Ngayon in another source.)		 Nov. 22
Cotabato City		 Shot dead. No motive had been established. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][56]
Rosauro Lao NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][56]

1995

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Refs.
Ambrosio Iyas DYLA blocktimer Apr. 14
Lapu-Lapu, Cebu		 Iyas, 63, was shot at his home. He was said to be the campaign manager of the city's vice mayor who was running for mayor in the 1995 Philippine general election. Case remains unsolved. [36][39][44]
Geronimo "Boy" Creer Broadcaster once wrote a sports column for The Freeman
Lawyer		 May 11
Cebu City		 With his lover, were stabbed dead near a street corner. Charges against Jecknel Inso, who had spent five years in jail as a suspect, was dismissed upon prosecution's failure to present witnesses. Case remains unsolved. [36][39]

1996

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Atty. Ferdinand Reyes[lower-alpha 6] Editor (and publisher) of the weekly Press Freedom (Dipolog)
Human rights lawyer		 Feb. 12
Dipolog		 Murdered by a lone gunman. A soldier, contracted by military officials, was suspected as he had been critical to the army on alleged abuses of their power. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[57]
Jose Tiongson Provincial journalist Mar. 31
Southern Philippines		 Killed by the driver of a passenger jeep, remains at large. The motive is unclear. [44][57]
Alberto Berbon DZMM (Metro Manila) deskman Dec. 15
Imus, Cavite		 Jose Espinelli, reportedly the killer, was convicted. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[31]

1997

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Evelyn Joy Militante GMA Channel 12 (Legazpi) August
Legazpi, Albay		 NUJP [11][23]
Daniel (Danny) Hernandez News editor and columnist at People's Journal Tonight (Metro Manila) June 3
Quezon City		 Shot dead while riding a taxi. Known for being a critic of crimes and corruption. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[41]
Regalado Mabazza[lower-alpha 6] Polaris Cable Network (Cauayan, Isabela) as announcer Dec. 17
Cauayan, Isabela		 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]

1998

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Atty. Odilon Mallari DXCP (General Santos) reporter (and commentator)
Lawyer		 Feb. 15
General Santos		 Shot and killed. Elias Bravo and Lucio Beating, suspected NPA Sparrow hitmen, were convicted for the killing. Case archived for other suspects. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[41][31]
Rey Bancairin[lower-alpha 6]

Other records: Reynaldo Bancairin		 DXLL (Zamboanga City) commentator Mar. 29
Zamboanga City		 Gunned down while broadcasting in the radio booth. Abdulwarid Ada was accused.
Another journalist from the same station, Candelario Cayona, would be murdered in 2001; Ada would be also involved.		 NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[58][23][41]
Nelson Catipay DXMY (Cotabato City) correspondent Apr. 16
Sultan Kudarat		 Shot and killed NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][41]
Danny Llasos Volunteer-reporter for Radio Mindanao Network (RMN)–DYHB Radyo Agong (Bacolod) May 13
Bacolod		 Shot dead in a betting station by unidentified motorcycle-riding men. This was said not work-related, killers have not been arrested. In 2004, the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) reopened its investigation on the case. [44][40][41]
[59]
Dominador "Dom" Bentulan[lower-alpha 6] DXGS (General Santos) Oct. 30
General Santos or Digos		 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]

1999

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Bienvenido Dasal DXKR Radyo Agong Jan. 21
Koronadal, South Cotabato		 CMFR [34][44]
Frank Palma DYWB Bombo Radyo (Bacolod) senior reporter
Pastor		 Apr. 25
Bacolod		 Murdered near his home. Gerardo Tocana, said to be the killer, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the killing in one of the first convictions among other cases since 1986 NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[23][40][31]

Unknown date

  • In the early 1990s, Pedro "Pete" Dahan, DXUM block-timer announcer, was shot dead in Davao City. The killing was linked to various angles more than being a journalist.[46]

2000s

2000

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
William Yap Yu[lower-alpha 6] Publisher of local Pagadian City Star May
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 Reportedly shot dead. No arrests were made despite the assassin being described by witnesses. Case remains unsolved. [44][60][61]
Vincent Rodriguez DZMM correspondent (Pampanga-based) May 23
Guagua, Pampanga		 Murdered in an assignment covering the visit of a son of President Joseph Estrada. On June 4, 2001, three accused in the killing, all members of the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan, an NPA splinter group, were arrested in the same province. Case has filed but no update yet. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[58]
Olimpio Jalapit Jr.[lower-alpha 6] RMN–DXPR as commentator Nov. 17
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 Murdered. A former military officer accused of the killing remained at large; RSF was uncertain if the case is work-related. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[58]

2001

RSF reported two work-related cases: that of Ureta and Cayona. On the other hand, RSF said that by year-end, the killings of two other journalists could not be established if work-related.[lower-alpha 8]

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Rolando Ureta[lower-alpha 6] Program director (and commentator) for RMN–DYKR Kalibo, Aklan
Had worked for IBC–DYIG and for Panay News; former member of municipal council		 Jan. 3
Lezo, Aklan		 Killed by gunmen on motorcycles while on his way home from his evening broadcast. Ureta, had tackled issues on illegal gambling and illegal drugs in Aklan, was reported to had received death threats within five months due to his commentaries. Murder charges against four suspects were filed in 2004 but was dismissed by the provincial prosecutor's office, which rejected the lone witness' testimony. In 2007, the Department of Justice (DOJ) reversed the dismissal of two of the suspects, who then filed a motion for reconsideration asking for the retention of the case's dismissal. In 2008, the Supreme Court granted a petition by the Freedom Fund for Filipino Journalists (FFFJ) and the NUJP to transfer the venue of the cases of Ureta and of Herson Hinolan from Aklan to Cebu; both cases were raffled to the Cebu City Regional Trial Court (RTC). Accomplice convicted of homicide; gunman, being dead, cleared. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[50][58][64]
[23]
Mohammad Yusop[lower-alpha 6]

Other records: Muhammad Yusop; Mohammad Yusoph		 Commentator of DXID of the Islamic Radio Broadcasting network (Pagadian) Feb. 24
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 While on his way home on his motorcycle, was reportedly shot and killed by two unidentified individuals. Police had no leads in the case. He had hosted a religious program and was not known to have broadcast any controversial reports. The station manager said that he was not aware of any threats against Yusop. Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[58]
Candelario "Jhun" Cayona Jr.[lower-alpha 6] Presenter on DXLL Radyo Ukay (UMBN; Zamboanga City) and print journalist May 30
Zamboanga City		 Murdered by two unidentified gunmen on the way to the radio's offices. At the time, he was investigating drug trafficking in the region. He had received death threats as he carried out several interviews with leaders of the rebel group Abu Sayyaf especially during the Jolo hostage crisis, which angered the authorities, especially the Philippine Army. On May 28, 2002, the main suspect, hired killer Abduwarid Adda, was arrested in the same city. Adda was said to be involved in the 1998 murder of another journalist from the same station, Reynaldo Bancayrin. Case dismissed at the trial court. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][58][65]
Joy Mortel Mindoro Guardian as reporter May 31
Occidental Mindoro		 Shot and killed by two armed people who had entered her home. Being an administrator of agricultural cooperatives, she was accused of corruption and became a target of Communist rebels. Although the motive for her murder remains unclear, police did not exclude the possibility that this was work-related. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][58]
Dennis Ramos[lower-alpha 6] Boses tabloid Aug. 24
Bacoor, Cavite		 Case dismissed in court CMFR [34]

2002

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Benjaline "Beng" Hernandez[lower-alpha 6] Vice president of the College Editors Guild of the Philippines for Mindanao and editor of Ateneo de Davao student newspaper Atenews
Researcher for the human rights organization Karapatan in Davao City		 Apr. 5
Arakan, Cotabato		 Hernandez, 22, and her three companions, were shot reportedly by a group of Army troopers and paramilitary men while conducting a research in the area for the organization and for local newspapers. In August, a complaint was submitted by her family; no arrests were made. NUJP [24][11][44]
[65]
Edgar Damalerio Pagadian-based commentator and reporter at RPN–DXKP, managing director and editor of local The Zamboanga Scribe, editor (and correspondent) of Mindanao Gold Star; also worked in RPN-9 May 13
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 An award-winning journalist, Damalerio, 32 or 33, was fatally shot by one of two unidentified motorcycle-riding men that had stopped his open vehicle while about to return to his home from a press conference, along with two friends. He had criticized local politicians and police, including its chief, on corruption and the failure to crack down on illegal drugs and criminal activities, and had received death threats. Despite the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) opening an investigation, a series of cover-ups by police were reported. Two of three witnesses of the killing were later killed. After a trial in 2005 in Cebu, police officer Guillermo Wapile, an alleged hired killer identified as gunman by victim's companions, was sentenced to life in prison for the murder. Wapile had refused to name his accomplices and the instigators of the murder.
One of two witnesses killed was Damalerio's fellow journalist, Edgar Amoro, who had identified the former's gunman, in 2005.		 NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][65][66]
[67][68][69]
[23]
Sonny Alcantara[lower-alpha 6] Presenter of a political program on private Celestron Cable TV and managing editor (and publisher) of the local biweekly magazine Kokus; also radio broadcaster Aug. 22
San Pablo, Laguna		 Shot by an unknown man as he rode from home. He had regularly criticized the municipal opposition and a former mayor, a businessman, which was said to had been behind the murder. He had received threats weeks prior to the killing. A witness later withdrew his evidence after being threatened. Cold case; murder suspects later killed. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[65][66]

2003

CPJ reported six work-related murders; all remain unsolved and none were charged.

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
John Belen Villanueva Jr.[lower-alpha 6] Had cultural programs at DZGB (Legazpi, Albay) Apr. 28
Camalig, Albay		 Gunned down. Case remains unsolved. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][44]
[49][23]
Apolinario "Polly" Pobeda[lower-alpha 6] DWTI-am (Lucena) commentator May 17
Lucena		 Pobeda, 35, was shot by two unidentified gunmen on motorcycles who had stopped him while riding his motorcycle to work. He often criticized corrupt local officials, especially the mayor whom he had accused of involvement in the local illegal drug trade; he had received repeated numerous anonymous death threats. By early 2005, three suspects were arrested, all linked to the mayor's family, including brothers identified as bodyguards of the mayor's son, also a councilor; a third said shot and killed Pobeda; those behind the murder are still unidentified. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][70][23]
Bonifacio Gregorio[lower-alpha 6] Reporter and columnist of the weekly Dyaryo Banat (Tarlac)
Former village chief in La Paz town		 July 8
La Paz, Tarlac		 Shot by an unidentified gunman in front of his house. Gregorio wrote many articles critical to municipal officials including the mayor. No arrests were made. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[66][70]
Noel Villarante[lower-alpha 6] Blocktimer worked in DZJV and in local periodical Laguna Score Aug. 19
Santa Cruz, Laguna		 Fatally shot by a gunman in front of his house. Villarante was believed killed because of his reports on drug trafficking, illegal gambling and local government corruption; another possible angle was his activity as a police informer. Concerns were expressed on the hesitant investigation as high-profile individuals are said to be involved. A suspect, a civilian police agent arrested few days after the killing, was released on bail in December 2004 as the investigation was shelved for lack of evidence. The former town police chief and three other policemen then shared a cash reward for the arrest of the presumed killer. For some time, police ransacked his house, confiscating articles he had written. Case dismissed at the trial court. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][70]
Rico Ramirez[lower-alpha 6] Commentator at DXSF (Butuan); also reporter and cameraman Aug. 20
San Francisco, Agusan del Sur		 Ramirez, 25, was shot on the roadside. He had engaged in critical reporting on local politicians. The murder was believed to be due to his investigations into drug trafficking. Case remains unsolved. Underwent preliminary investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][70]
Juan "Jun" Pala Jr.[lower-alpha 6] Program host and commentator on DXGO Aksyon Radyo (Davao City)
Former Davao City councilor; known anti-communist activist		 Sept. 6
Davao City		 Known for his anti-communist commentaries, pronounced dead on arrival when was shot by two unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen while walking home with a bodyguard and a friend. The motive is unclear. Pala had survived first two attacks, the last was in April. Thereafter, Pala had been airing from his home his show that had exposed corruption among local politicians. No arrests were made. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [25][46][11]
[34][44][49]
[60][70][23]
Nelson Nadura[lower-alpha 6] DYME commentator (Masbate City)
President of the Union of Print and Broadcast Journalists of Masbate; NPA rebel-turned-returnee		 Dec. 2
Masbate City		 Shot by two unidentified gunmen while on his motorcycle leaving the station after his daily broadcast. The motive is unclear. Nadura, a blocktimer, had a news program wherein he criticized local officials. The NPA, said to be the suspects, denied their involvement. By 2014, trial ongoing, other suspects at-large. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [25][11][34]
[44][49][70]
[68]

2004

RSF, noticing surge in violence in the election period, reported 2004, when general elections were held, as the deadliest year for the press at that time.[49] That year and 2006 were the deadliest prior to the 2009 Maguindanao massacre, based on NUJP data.[3]

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Rowell/Ruel Endrinal Blocktime program host and political commentator on DZRC (Legazpi) and publisher of Bicol Metro News Feb. 11
Legazpi, Albay		 Shot by two assailants as was just left his home and walked to work. He was critical of local politicians, especially the provincial governor. Endrinal had received death threats before, said to be linked to local politicians. Those behind the murder remain unidentified. Conviction reported; mastermind/s remained at large (as of 2014). NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][71][68]
[23][72]
Elpidio/Eliseo "Ely" Binoya Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC)–Radyo Natin commentator (General Santos) June 17
General Santos		 Gunned down by an assassin riding at the back of a motorcycle while riding home from the Prosecutor's office where he had just filed a formal complaint about being assaulted by thugs allegedly employed by the local mayor, whom he had criticized along with corrupt local police officials. Two suspects, a village chief whom he accused of corruption and believed the mastermind, and a former police intelligence official, either surrendered or were arrested in August. On March 6, 2006, a court acquitted a former police officer. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][66][71]
[23][73]
Rogelio "Roger" Mariano Commentator and reporter for DZJC Aksyon Radyo (Laoag) and Radyo Natin in Ilocos Norte
Former commentator for DZVR Bombo Radyo; had chaired a multipurpose cooperative and a group of plant growers		 July 31
San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte		 Gunned down by assailants while on his motorcycle after his program. Believed to be work-related. Mariano, a known critic of government affairs, was about to report a story on alleged scams at a local electric company. Two of the four suspects charged with murder, including a former policeman, were arrested following a witness' testimony. Upon order from the Supreme Court in 2006, the court records, as well as suspects, were transferred from Ilocos Norte to Manila before the trial; two more suspects remain at large. Acquittal reported. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[50][71][74]
[73]
Arnnel Manalo Batangas-based; provincial correspondent for DZRH and Bulgar tabloid; columnist and correspondent for provincial newspapers (Dyaryo Veritas and People's Courier) Aug. 5
Bauan, Batangas		 Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding gunmen. A contract killer was detained at the end of the month. The presumed instigator surrendered to the authorities the following month. Case dismissed at both the trial court and Ombudsman; accused gunman later killed. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][11][34]
[44][49][71]
[68][74]
Jonathan "Jun" Abayon Reporter of DXBB RGMA Super Radyo General Santos Aug 8 or 9
General Santos		 Shot by a former soldier and former bodyguard of Manny Pacquiao following a heated argument; died after being under critical condition. Suspect remains at large as of 2012. NUJP [11][44][71]
[68][74][27]
[75]
Fernando Consignado Laguna-based volunteer reporter of Radio Veritas Aug. 12
Nagcarlan, Laguna		 Found dead with a gunshot wound in his home. He had received threats over a land dispute along with his commentaries. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][71]
[68][74][75]
Jose Luis Villanueva Assistant business editor of Today Sept. 24
Pasay		 Villanueva, 29, was stabbed by one of three robbers while riding a bus bound for Baclaran. The suspects were arrested later that month. [44][76]
Christopher Misajon Ratsada news anchor and news reader at GMA Channel 6 (Iloilo City) Incident:
Sept. 23
Iloilo City

Death:
Sep 25		 Misajon, 28, was said accidentally shot by one of four robbers who had stopped him, with a companion, in a vacant lot while he was driving. Another suspect later turned as witness. In a decision issued on Dec. 2012 and promulgated the following month, Iloilo RTC convicted three of the suspects of robbery with homicide and sentenced them to prison. [44][59][77]
Romeo/Romy Binungcal Remate, Bulgar; Mt. Samat Forum (Bataan-based) Sept. 29
Boundary of Balanga and Pilar, Bataan		 Murdered NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[71]
Eldy Gabinales (aka Eldy Sablas) DXJR-fm Real Radio (Tandag) Oct. 19
Tandag, Surigao del Sur		 Murdered NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[71]
Gene Boyd Lumawag[lower-alpha 6] Photojournalist (Davao City-based) worked in MindaNews online publication Nov. 12
Jolo, Sulu		 Lumawag, 26, arrived in Sulu with a MindaNews editor; shot and killed in the pier as he was heading back to a hotel. There were various theories for the attack (including an Abu Sayyaf initiation rite and possible reprisal for a corruption story the two were pursuing.) A murder complaint was later filed against two Abu Sayyaf members, who are at large. Colleagues believed that the claimed involvement of Abu Sayyaf is difficult to verify. Case archived as suspects later killed. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[49][71]
Herson "Boy" Hinolan Station manager and program host at DYIN Bombo Radyo (Kalibo) Attack:
Nov. 13
Kalibo, Aklan

Death:
Nov 15		 Shot by a masked man in a local carnival while attempting to run. Murder charges were later filed against Alfredo Arcenio, former mayor of Lezo, Aklan, but were downgraded to homicide in 2005. In 2008, the Supreme Court granted a petition by the FFFJ and NUJP to transfer the venue of the cases of Hinolan and of Rolando Ureta from Aklan to Cebu. In May 2009, a witness was arrested for defying a subpoena. Arcenio had been imprisoned for eight years prior to his conviction on August 10, 2016, by Cebu City RTC, which sentenced him to 14 years in prison. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[64][71][23]
[78]
Michael Llorin Freelance photojournalist in Manila Nov. 13
Quezon City		 Killed in a gas station NUJP [11][44]
Allan Dizon Photographer for dailies The Freeman and its sister periodical, Banat News tabloid (Cebu City) Nov. 27
Cebu City		 Shot dead in a reclamation area by one of two men on a motorcycle as he tried to flee. Businessman Edgar Belandres, Dizon's neighbor and identified as a shooter, was convicted of murder by a court on January 19, 2006, despite the prosecution's failure to present a motive; but was freed upon reversal of ruling by the Court of Appeals in 2010. NUJP
CPJ		 [36][39][11]
[67]
Stephen Omaois Kalinga-based; Guru News Weekly & DZRK Abduction:
Nov. 26

Death:
December
Tabuk, Kalinga		 NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44]

2005

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Edgar Amoro[lower-alpha 6] Freelance broadcaster worked as commentator at DXKP (Pagadian)
School teacher		 Feb. 2
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 Amoro, in his 40s, was the second and witness in the 2002 murder of his colleague, Edgar Damalerio, to be killed when shot by gunmen, said to be accomplices of Damalerio's killer, in front of a high school where he was teaching, while walking home. Amoro was said to had received a death threat since 2002, shortly after dismissal of a police chief. On January 26, 2010, a court sentenced to life imprisonment one of the gunmen, Muhammad Maulana, for the murder; another suspect remains at large. NUJP [11][44][49]
[69][23]
Arnulfo Villanueva Asian Star Express Balita (Naic, Cavite) as columnist Feb. 28
Naic, Cavite		 Shot and killed by paramilitary agents shortly after he left his house; case reportedly "solved" by police. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][44][66]
[31]
Romeo Sanchez DZNL (San Fernando, La Union) as commentator Mar. 9
Baguio		 Killed by paramilitary agents inside a flea market. NUJP
[lower-alpha 9]		 [11][44][66]
Marlene Garcia-Esperat Tacurong-based; columnist for provincial weekly The Midland Review and blocktime program presenter on DXKR
President of Tri-Media Association in Soccksargen Region; former ombudsman in the Department of Agriculture–Region 12 (DA–12)

Her first husband, Severino Arcones, was murdered in 1989.		 Mar. 24
Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat		 Fatally shot during a family dinner in her home. She had exposed misconduct in the local government and filed corruption charges against several officials; especially in DA–12, and even accused its officers, Osmeña Montañer and Estrella Sabay, who were among the suspected masterminds for the murder; as well as the Fertilizer Fund scam in which President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and her Secretary of Agriculture were implicated. On October 6, 2006, a Cebu City court convicted three men, including confessed killer Gerry Cabayag, of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment; acquitted suspect-turned-state witness, a former military intelligence officer who admitted being the coordinator, for lack of evidence. Meanwhile, despite the witness' testimony and the support of the DOJ, charges against the suspected masterminds were dismissed by the Tacurong RTC, prompting a request to the Supreme Court to transfer the case to Cebu, wherein a motion to reinstate the cases was also dismissed. In 2008, murder charges were filed again and the Tacurong RTC eventually issued warrants of arrest. Case against masterminds reportedly archived. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][32][11]
[34][44][49]
[50][67][79]
[31][18][73]
Klein Cantoneros DXAA-fm commentator and program host (Dipolog) May 4
Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte		 Cantoneros, 34, was shot by three men on motorcycles as he stepped out of the station on his way home. He was known for his commentaries and criticisms of certain politicians, alleged corruption and illegal gambling. On January 29, 2010, Robert Woo was convicted of as an accomplice to the murder. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
[67][31][18]
Philip Agustin Editor-publisher of community periodical Starline Times Recorder in Dingalan, Aurora (with offices also in Isabela) May 10
Dingalan, Aurora		 Agustin, 54, was shot in his daughter's home by two assailants on a motorbike. Weeks prior, he had published an exposé on irregularities in Dingalan, with a mayor being implicated of embezzlement. Indicted before the municipal trial court were a hired gun and two others, as well as the mayor as the alleged mastermind, who surrendered in 2006. The same year, the Supreme Court agreed to transfer the case from Aurora to the Manila RTC, citing safety concerns and the mayor's influence. On May 14, 2009, another suspected mastermind was arrested in Mabalacat, Pampanga. Murder case against alleged mastermind dismissed, case archived for other suspects. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][50]
[31][18][73]
[78]
Rolando Morales RMN–DXMD (South Cotabato) as anchorman July 3
Polomolok, South Cotabato		 Murdered. Case archived. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][44]
Ricardo "Ding" Uy Anchor at DZRS-am (Sorsogon City)
Chair of the city chapter of Bayan Muna		 Nov. 18
Sorsogon City		 Murdered inside his house. Uy criticized militarization in Sorsogon, letting the military to label him as a "communist supporter and NPA recruiter". Case archived. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][66]
Robert Ramos Katapat, community paper in Laguna, as reporter November
Cabuyao, Laguna		 Case archived NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]
George Benaojan DYDD Bantay Radyo reporter and commentator (Cebu City) Dec. 1
Talisay, Cebu		 Shot at a market. In October 2007, Roberto Jagdon, a former professional boxer originally charged of murder, was sentenced to 8–12 years in prison for homicide. Jagdon was believed to be a hired killer; mastermind remains free. No motive was established. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [36][39][11]
[34]

2006

The years 2006 and 2004 were the deadliest prior to the 2009 Maguindanao massacre, based on NUJP data.[3]

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Rolly Cañete Freelancer worked in DXPR (Pagadian), as well as DXPA and DXBZ Jan. 20
Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur		 Case dismissed at the trial court NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]
Graciano Aquino Central Luzon Forum (Bataan) Jan. 21
Balanga, Bataan		 Killed inside a cockfight arena NUJP
[lower-alpha 9]		 [11]
Orlando Mendoza Freelancer worked in Tarlac Profile and Tarlac Patrol, both as editor-in-chief Apr. 2
Tarlac City		 Killed while riding from his farm. Case underwent investigation NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]
Elpidio "Jojo" dela Victoria DYRF Cebu City anchor
Market administrator in Cebu City and project director of the city's Bantay Dagat Commission		 Apr. 12
Talisay, Cebu		 Shot while entering his house. Motives considered include his activity against illegal fishing. In September of that year, SPO1 Marcial Ocampo was sentenced by the court to 40 years in jail for murder. Two alleged accomplices and the mastermind remain unidentified. [36][39]
Nicolas Cervantes Reportedly a freelance columnist who worked in Surigao Daily & Daily Tribune (Surigao) May 2
Mandaluyong		 Killed in front of his residence NUJP [11]
Albert Orsolino Saksi Ngayon tabloid (Metro Manila) as reporter May 16
Boundary of Caloocan and Malabon		 Killed while driving along the C4 Road. On June 26, 2013, Rommel Lirazan was convicted of murder by the Caloocan RTC. NUJP
[lower-alpha 9]		 [11][8]
Fernando "Dong" Batul Commentator and program host at DYPR (Palawan Broadcasting Corporation; Puerto Princesa); also worked in DZRH
Former vice mayor of Puerto Princesa		 May 22
Puerto Princesa		 A murder case was filed against two gunmen, one of them was a police officer who had been criticized by the victim for alleged gun display. He was earlier arrested and tried. The death affected journalists in Palawan, especially when DYPR clashed with its competitor, politician-run DYER, over the issue. Acquittal reported. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][11][34]
[50][73]
George Vigo Both Kidapawan-based; couple were part-time journalists, program hosts at Church-run DXND (Notre Dame Broadcasting Corporation). Also:

Mr. Vigo: contributor for the Union of Catholic Asian News
Mrs. Vigo: columnist

Couple were founders of a local periodical; both also peace advocates		 June 19
Kidapawan, Cotabato		 George, 36, and Maricel, 39, were gunned down by two or three motorcycle-riding assassins while on their way home from the city's public market. They had later reported and commented on local government issues. A case was filed against Juniver Madangguit, an alleged member of the Sparrow Unit of the NPA identified as a suspect along with three unknown individuals, which was later dismissed in late 2006 for lack of evidence. Human rights advocates saw evidence of a whitewash as the authorities linked NPA guerillas to the killing. When a new case was to be filed, this was become difficult as the task force investigating the case had been deactivated and with the suspicious death of Madangguit in 2007 in Makilala. On the other hand, the NBI reportedly stated that the gunmen were military operatives and that a politician might be the mastermind. Case underwent preliminary investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][32][11]
[34][50][60]
Maricel (Macel) Alave–Vigo NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][32][11]
[34][50][60]
Armando "Rachman" Pace Blocktimer and commentator at DXDS Radyo Ukay (Digos) July 18
Digos		 Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding assailants on his way home from work. He had been facing libel lawsuits filed by politicians. On April 29, 2009, a court convicted Joy Anticamara, identified as a gunman, of homicide and sentenced him to 10–17 years in prison. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [28][46][11]
[34][67][78]
Ralph Ruñez RPN-9 (Metro Manila) as cameraman July 28
Metro Manila		 NUJP [11]
Prudencio "Dick" Melendrez Tanod tabloid (Metro Manila); also in Saksi Ngayon as photographer July 31
Malabon		 Killed by gunmen near his house while on his way to work. NUJP [11][80]
Ponciano Grande Former reporter for The Recorder and The Nueva Ecija Times (Nueva Ecija-based) and former assistant information writer for DWNE; also worked in DWJJ Dec. 7
Cabanatuan		 Killed by two motorcycle-riding men in his farm. Robbery was considered as the motive. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][50]
Andres "Andy" Acosta Reporter for DZJC Aksyon Radyo (Laoag) and the monthly Northern Light Dec. 20
Batac, Ilocos Norte		 Acosta, 46, was stabbed to death by assailants while on his way home from Laoag. Revenge is said to be the motive. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][50]

2007

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Hernani Pastolero Sr. Associate publisher of a local weekly Lightning Courier (Cotabato City)
Started in the broadcast industry; former editor-in-chief of another, then-defunct local Mindanao Newscast		 Feb. 19
Sultan Kudarat, Shariff Kabunsuan		 Shot dead by a lone assailant outside his house. The motive is yet to be established as none has been willing to give a statement on the incident. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][50]
Carmelo "Mark" Palacios Police reporter for the government-run DZRB Radyo ng Bayan (Nueva Ecija-based)
Former head of an anti-crime group based in Nueva Ecija		 Apr. 18
Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija		 Palacios, 41, who was last seen near police headquarters in Cabanatuan a day before, was found dead in a village. He sustained various wounds. Palacios was said to had "earned the ire" of certain people involved in crimes and corruption that he had reported. Cold case. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][50]
Dodie Nuñez Katapat (Cavite) May 21 NUJP [11]
Vicente Sumalpong Reporter worked at Radyo ng Bayan Tawi-Tawi, also production supervisor June 25
Bongao, Tawi-Tawi		 Shot near his house. Despite the case transferred to NBI, incident remains unresolved. NUJP [11][61]
Fernando "Batman" Lintuan Davao City-based; DXGO Aksyon Radyo (Manila Broadcasting Company) blocktimer and SunStar columnist Dec. 24
Davao City		 Survivor of the 1987 DXRA attack, was gunned down by motorcycle-riding assassins after leaving his radio program. His companions in a car he drove, two radiomen, left unhurt. On April 22, 2009, a court acquitted a man charged of murder, many believed as a fall guy, due to insufficient evidence. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [46][11][34]
[60][78]

2008

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Benefredo Acabal The Filipino Newsmen tabloid (Cavite & Bulacan) as publisher & columnist Apr. 7
Pasig 		NUJP
CPJ		 [11]
Marcos Mataro D'X-Man host at UNTV-37 (Metro Manila)
Minister, Ang Dating Daan		 Apr. 27
San Simon, Pampanga		 Attacked by two masked gunmen at a North Luzon Expressway toll gate. Case underwent preliminary investigation. NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][79]
Fausto "Bert" Sison Correspondent (contributor) for the weekly Regional Bulletin and at the Lucena-based DZAT-am as music program host June 30
Sariaya, Quezon		 Sison, 60, and his two daughters, also working for the said newspaper, were on their way home from a party when two unidentified motorcycle-riding men opened fire at his car. Sison died; the daughters survived. The suspects and the motive remain identified. Case dismissed in court due to insufficient evidence against suspects. NUJP
CMFR
[lower-alpha 9]		 [11][34][79]
Martin Roxas RMN–DYVR (Roxas) program director; program host
Auditor, NUJP–Capiz		 Aug. 7
Roxas, Capiz		 Roxas, 32, who denounced government corruption, was shot by a gunman on a motorcycle while on his way home from his noon time program. Roxas had discussed for two weeks the alleged anomalies on the financial aid during an administration of a mayor. Two suspects were arrested a few weeks later. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][66]
[79]
Dennis Cuesta Program director and commentator of RMN–DXMD (General Santos) Attack:
Aug. 4
General Santos

Death:
Aug. 9		 Cuesta, 38, who denounced government corruption, was fatally shot by one (believed to be a hired) of the motorcycle-riding assailants near a shopping mall while walking on his way home from work. Believed to be work-related. A month before, Cuesta had reported in his program water contamination in a village, with an association later investigated. He then received death threats. On July 13, 2009, the Supreme Court granted a petition to transfer the trial for the murder from General Santos to Makati. A police inspector related to the then-mayor, identified as the main suspect and one of the gunmen, remained at large despite an arrest order in 2009; the murder charge against him has been archived. Case remains unresolved. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][60]
[61][66][79]
[78]
Arecio Padrigao Sr. Anchor (and commentator) of a blocktime weekly program for DXRS-fm Radyo Natin (Gingoog) and columnist for the local Mindanao Monitor Today Nov. 17
Gingoog		 Padrigao, 55, was gunned down by a motorcycle-riding assassin in front of a university. His killing appeared to be work-related. Padrigao criticized local government corruption as well as illegal logging activities in his province on his program and had received threats. Conviction reported for a suspect (pled guilty to homicide while trial is ongoing for another one). NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][79]
Leo Mila Anchoring programs (and commentator) at Radyo Natin; also worked at En Peryodista Dec. 2
San Roque, Northern Samar		 Mila, 38, was on his way home from his afternoon program when unknown assailants shot him. Mila had received death threats because of his commentaries. Killing is believed to be work-related. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][79]

2009

TF Usig documented five of these cases; classified that of Perez, Castillo and Linao as work-related, while that of Petalvero and Abbas otherwise.[78]

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Badrodin Abbas

Other records: Badrodin Abas		 DXCM Radyo Ukay as blocktime program host (commentator) January
Cotabato City		 Shot by two unidentified assailants. He was known for hard‑hitting stories. Case under investigation. NUJP
CPJ		 [11][78]
Ernesto Rollin DXSY-am (Oroquieta) as announcer Feb. 23
Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental		 Murdered. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]
Tiburcio "Jojo" Trajano Jr. Remate June 3
Taytay, Rizal		 Killed in a dangerous assignment. Case filed; suspects later killed. CMFR
CPJ		 [34]
Crispin Perez Lawyer-broadcaster; one of weekday program anchors (and commentator) at DWDO
Former vice governor of Occidental Mindoro		 June 9
San Jose, Occidental Mindoro		 Shot by a gunman outside of his house. On April 14, 2016, the Lipa RTC acquitted police officer Darwin Quimoyog, accused in the murder, citing that the testimonies of some witnesses were "only circumstantial evidence". NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [33][11][34]
[78]
Antonio Castillo Bigwasan tabloid reporter June 12
Uson, Masbate		 Shot by two men. He was known for his criticism of local politicians in Masbate. In July, a murder case was filed against the suspects, one of them identified, both remain at large. Case archived NUJP
CMFR		 [11][34][78]
Jonathan Petalvero DXVM-fm as commentator June 25
Bayugan, Agusan del Sur		 Killed by a gunman. Murder charges were filed in July against a suspect. NUJP [11][78]
Godofredo Linao Jr. Radyo Natin Bislig as program coordinator July 27
Barobo, Surigao del Sur		 Shot by a gunman. A murder case was filed the following day against several suspects who remain at large. Case archived NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][78]
Ismael Pasigma/Pasigna B96 FM (Zamboanga del Norte) as commentator Dec. 24
Labason, Zamboanga del Norte		 Case underwent trial NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]

Journalists killed in Maguindanao massacre

Thirty-two journalists were among 58 people murdered on November 23, 2009 in Maguindanao as they accompanied the convoy of the family and supporters of Buluan vice mayor Esmael Mangudadatu; and were about to cover the filing of candidacy on the latter's behalf for provincial governor of Maguindanao for the 2010 election. They had departed from Mangudadatu's residence and before reaching Shariff Aguak, came across the ruling Ampatuan family's "private army" of approximately 200, allegedly led by Datu Unsay mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. and with law enforcement authorities, at Ampatuan town. The Ampatuans waylaid the group, as well as passers-by and diverted them to a hill wherein they shot the victims dead, with their bodies and some of the vehicles later buried in the pits by clan members. Within few days, all were retrieved except a body of one journalist which remains missing. This incident is the world's single worst attack on the media members and the country's worst incident of electoral violence.[8][32][36][35][46][11][67][81][82][27][83][78]

Journalists and media workers killed in Maguindanao massacre[lower-alpha 10]
Name Age Profile Refs.
Bengie Adolfo 20 From Gold Star Daily:

Adolfo: driver
The rest are correspondents.
Rubello Bataluna 44
Jose "Jhoy" Duhay
Ronnie Perante 43
Henry Araneta 42 DZRH correspondent
Mc Delbert "Mac-mac" Arriola 20 From UNTV:

Arriola: cameraman
Evardo: assistant cameraman
Nuñez: news anchor and reporter
Tiamzon: driver
Jolito Evardo 23
Victor Nuñez 24
Daniel Tiamzon 52
Arturo Betia From Periodico Ini:

Betia: marketing director
Caniban: news bureau chief
Decena: circulation manager
Legarta: contributor
Merisco: columnist
Razon: sales manager

Also:
Caniban: Sultan Kudarat Gazette associate publisher
Decena: worked in Rapido
Merisco: worked in Tingog MindaNOW
Legarta: Tingog Mindanao publisher, worked in Prontiera News
John Caniban 30
Noel Decena
Bienvenido Legarta Jr. 36
Rey Merisco
Fernando "Ranny" Razon 44
Romeo Jimmy "Pal-ak" Cabillo From Midland Review:

Cabillo: correspondent
Momay: photographer and messenger
Reynaldo "Bebot" Momay[lower-alpha 11] 61
Marites Cablitas 37 From News Focus:

Cablitas: publisher
Morales: circulation manager

Cabitas: RPN–DXDX news anchor		 [32]
Rosell Morales 34
Hannibal Cachuela 50 Manila Star correspondent and Punto News bureau chief
Jephon Cadagdagon 28 From Saksi Balita/Saksi Mindanaoan News:

Cadagdagon: photographer
Dela Cruz, Montaño: correspondents

Montaño: DXCP (talent, reporter)
Also RGMA Super Radyo part-time reporter; sales account executive
Gina Dela Cruz 41 [32]
Marife "Neneng" Montaño [32][27]
Eleanor "Leah" Dalmacio 38 From Socsargen News Today/Socksargen Today:

Dalmacio: reporter, office secretary
Subang: publisher		 [32]
Francisco "Ian" Subang Jr. 49
Santos Gatchalian Jr. 51 From Mindanao Daily Gazette:

Gatchalian: reporter
Lupogan: Davao City-based reporter; publisher

Gatchalian: DXGO Davao City		 [46]
Lindo Lupogan 42 [46]
Joel Parcon 49 Prontiera News correspondent
Ernesto "Bart" Maravilla News anchor and reporter at Bombo Radyo Koronadal
Alejandro "Bong" Reblando 54 Manila Bulletin correspondent and Reuters stringer
Napoleon "Nap" Salaysay 55 Publisher and editor-in-chief of Clear View Gazette
Andres "Andy" Teodoro 59 Mindanao Inquirer editor-in-chief, People's Forum
Attack and death:
November 23, 2009
Ampatuan, Maguindanao		 [11][34][83]
[8]
Sources: NUJP, CMFR, CPJ

The incident resulted in the declaration of martial law by President Arroyo in December, which lasted for nine days.[78]

Fifteen of the 197 accused were members of the Ampatuan clan including the masterminds, former provincial governor Andal Sr., died July 2015, and his sons, Andal Jr. and Zaldy, former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao governor. On December 19, 2019, in a verdict by Quezon City RTC, 28 principal respondents, including eight Ampatuan clan members especially the brothers, were convicted for 57 counts of murder, including 31 media workers, and were sentenced with reclusión perpetua without parole; 15 were sentenced to lower prison terms for being accessories to the crime.[8][32][36][11][81][83]

By January 2020, four more accused, one of them among those acquitted, were under police custody; 77 remain at large.[8]

Suspects in the Maguindanao massacre case[8]
Status No.
Individuals originally indicted
197
Arrested
117
During the trial
 Discharged and/or released
8
Died
8
Had faced the trial
101
Granted bail
11
Remained under detention
90
2019 verdict
 Convicted (sentenced to reclusión perpetua)
28
Convicted (sentenced to 6–10 years imprisonment)
15
Acquitted
57
Remained at large at the time of the verdict
80
Accused under police custody after the verdict (by January 2020)

2010s

2010

In the final month of the Arroyo administration, three radio journalists were killed. Desidario Camangyan was killed while hosting a singing contest at Manay, Davao Oriental on June 14. Within 48 hours, Joselito Agustin was murdered in Bacarra, Ilocos Norte, for his political reporting.[84] Nestor Bedolido was the last journalist killed that month.

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Desiderio "Jessie" Camangyan

Other records: Desidario Camangyan		 Sunrise FM (Mati, Davao Oriental) as broadcaster June 14
Manay, Davao Oriental		 Camangyan, 50, was shot dead while onstage hosting a singing contest; reportedly over his criticisms on illegal logging activity. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][85]
Jovelito Agustin DZJC Aksyon Radyo Laoag as broadcaster June 15 or 16
Boundary of Laoag and Bacarra, Ilocos Norte		 Agustin, 37, was gunned down by two men on motorcycles while on his way home; reportedly over his criticisms against corruption. Nephew injured. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34][85]
Nestor Bedolido Mt. Apo Current and Kastigador weekly as reporter, columnist June 19
Digos		 Assassinated allegedly over criticisms against a politician. Case underwent preliminary investigation. NUJP
CMFR
[lower-alpha 9]		 [11][34][85]
Jose Daguio Former journalist based in Kalinga
Former DZRK Radyo ng Bayan broadcaster; former reporter-commentator of a Radyo Natin station; retired columnist of a provincial daily		 July 3
Tabuk, Kalinga		 Daguio, 75, was shot dead while having a dinner in his home. The police claimed he was killed by cattle rustlers he had exposed. Five suspects were later charged for the murder, including an arrested suspected gunman, another, Lando Bilog, who was found dead in the Kalinga–Isabela border before arrest warrants were about to be issued, and Edmund Bilog, who was convicted of homicide by the Roxas, Isabela RTC on Dec. 8, 2017. [8][85][6]
[86]
Miguel "Mike" Belen Volunteer field reporter at DWEB-fm (Nabua) Attack:
July 9
Nabua, Camarines Sur

Death:
July 31
Iriga, same province		 Belen, 48, was shot by motorcycle-riding men while on his way home to Iriga. Murder charges were filed against suspects who were supposedly identified by him before his death. They include Eric Vargas, an alleged gunman convicted in 2015 by the Iriga RTC and sentenced to a 40-year prison term; another is an NPA member. This was cited in a 2013 report by PCIJ as the only case in the first six months of the Aquino III administration and considered work-related. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][35][38]
[11][34][85]
[6]
Edilberto Cruz Publisher-editor of the defunct Salida tabloid (Nueva Ecija) Aug. 1
Cabanatuan		 Shot while driving a motorcycle. Murder charges were later filed against a freelance female broadcaster, who was his partner and co-worker. [85][87]
Edison Flameniana Sr. Mindanao Inquirer columnist Dec. 10
Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur		 Shot dead [85]

2011

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Gerardo "Doc Gerry" Ortega Commentator and daily talk show anchor at RMN–DWAR
Environmentalist		 Jan. 24
Puerto Princesa		 Murdered by a lone gunman in a store, after his broadcast. Ortega had criticized the misuse of the royalties arising from the Malampaya gas field off Palawan. The team of hired killers were arrested later. Nine suspects include the alleged masterminds, former Gov. Joel Reyes and his brother, former Coron mayor Mario Reyes, both indicted by the DOJ and later managed to escape amid the issuance of an arrest warrant; as well as self-confessed assailant Marlon Recamata who, in May 2013, was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mastermind/s remain at large. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][26][35]
[38][11][34]
[6][72]
Niel Jimena RMN–DYRI (Iloilo City) blocktimer Aug. 22
Enrique B. Magalona, Negros Occidental		 Killed. Two suspects were identified. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][11][34]
Antonio Silagon Bohol Balita Daily News tabloid publisher December
Trinidad, Bohol		 Killed. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR		 [13][11][34]
Cirilo Gallardo DWWM Spirit FM DJ and newscaster (Bangued) Feb. 1
Bangued, Abra		 Killed NUJP [13][11]
Roy Gallego Freelancer worked as blocktimer in DXDA, DXSF, DXJM, and 92.7 Smile FM Oct. 14
Lianga, Surigao del Sur		 Killed. Case archived. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][11][34]
Alfredo "Dodong" Velarde Jr. Brigada News circulation manager Nov. 11
General Santos		 Shot dead by a gunman while driving his car. NUJP [13][11][27]
Marlina/Maria Len Flores–Sumera DZME anchor
President of a homeowners' group		 Mar. 24
Malabon		 Shot dead by a gunman near her house while on her way to her work. Sumera was president of a homeowners' group which was involved in land disputes, which she also covered in her program. She had received threats allegedly from another group in the said city. In April, charges were filed against four alleged members of the Partisanong Armadong Operatiba ng Partidong Marxista-Leninista ng Pilipinas who were identified as suspects. Suspects remain at-large. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][32][11]
[34]
Romeo (Romy) Olea DWEB-fm program host (commentator and reporter) June 13
Iriga, Camarines Sur		 Gunned down by one of two unidentified motorcycle-riding men while on his way to work. Olea had discussed issues on the city government in his program. The murder was classified as a cold case because of lack of information for possible suspects. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][35][11]
[34]
Johnson Pascual Based in Maddela, Quirino; acting editor-in-chief and columnist for the now-defunct FICO's Prime News, columnist of a local weekly Northeast Journal
Branch manager of the First Isabela Cooperative (FICO) Bank in the same municipality		 October
Alicia, Isabela		 Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding men while driving a van from Alicia to Cauayan. The motive was said related to his work as a bank manager. A suspect was arrested in Oct. 2012 for the murder. [88]

2012

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Aldion Layao DXRP blocktimer; also worked in GMA Super Radyo Davao
Barangay chairman		 Apr. 8
Davao City		 Shot by motorcycle-riding assassins inside his car while on his way home from work. A suspect was identified. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][46][11]
[34]
Christopher Guarin Publisher in local Tatak News and (blocktime) commentator also worked in Radyo Mo Nationwide and RGMA Super Radyo Jan. 5
General Santos		 Shot by a gunman on a motorcycle who fired at his car. NUJP
CPJ		 [13][11][27]
Nestor Libaton Catholic-run DXHM anchor May 8
Mati, Davao Oriental		 Shot dead by unknown motorcycle-riding assailants as he was leaving for Tarragona, Davao Oriental. No motive was found. Case underwent trial. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][46][11]
[34]
Rommel "Jojo" Palma DXMC Bombo Radyo reporter and driver Apr. 30
Koronadal, South Cotabato		 Killed. No case filed yet. NUJP
CMFR		 [13][11][34]
Julius Cauzo Political commentator and program host at DWJJ-am
Vice president of the Nueva Ecija Press Club		 Nov. 8
Cabanatuan		 Murdered by a motorcycle-riding gunman reportedly while on his way back to the studios of his station. Cauzo was said to have received several death threats. Despite police having witnesses' accounts on two unidentified men at the scene prior to the crime and digital composite sketches of these men, their only lead, as well as a cash reward from local officials for their arrest, there was little progress in the case. PCIJ, on its Nov. 2013 report, noticed some faults in the investigation, including reports on the existence of any evidences. The motive remains unknown and no arrests were made. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [13][11][34]
[89]
Nixon Cua Pilipino Star Ngayon July 22 NUJP [11]
Eddie Jesus Apostol DXND Sep 1 CPJ

2013

The International News Safety Institute (INSI) reported that a total of 14 journalists died;[5][90] the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) documented 13 cases, nine of them targeted killings.[91] Another four, died on duty at radio stations as super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit Tacloban, were also included by INSI[5] and IFJ, which categorized them as accidental deaths.[91] On the other hand, the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility said ten other media workers remained missing and were presumed dead.[5]

Meanwhile, Human Rights Watch reported only 12 killed journalists.[5]

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Dr. Edgardo Adajar Hot FM 101.5 blocktimer January
San Pablo, Laguna		 Killed. Two accused were identified. Case filed, suspects at large by Nov. 2014. NUJP
CMFR		 [13][11][34]
Richard Kho All were from the weekly tabloid Aksyon Ngayon:
Kho: staff member and columnist
Loreto: publisher and columnist		 July 30
Quezon City		 Kho, 47, and Loreto, 59, were fatally shot by two assailants on motorcycles outside a convenience store. On Oct. 23, 2014, Benji Bate, entering into a plea bargaining, pleaded guilty before the Quezon City RTC for the killing. Other suspect remains at large NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][34]
[8][91][92]
Bonifacio Loreto Jr. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][34]
[8][91][92]
Mario Vendiola Baylosis Announcer and presenter at 101.7 FM Radyo Natin and DXNC Radyo Suhnan Apr. 22
Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay		 Baylosis, 33, was killed by two unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen. He had received a threat. NUJP
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][91]
Miguelito "Mike" Rueras DYDD El Nuevo Bantay Radyo correspondent June 2
Pio V. Corpuz, Masbate		 No case filed as suspect later found killed. CMFR [13][34]
Mario Sy Freelance photojournalist; regular contributor for daily local tabloid Sapol News Bulletin Aug. 1
General Santos		 Sy, 53, was shot by unidentified gunmen who had entered his home. Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][34]
[45][91][92]
[72]
Fernando "Nanding" Solijon Commentator and host at DXLS Love Radio Iligan Aug. 29
Iligan		 Shot while leaving a friend's house and crossing a street by an assailant, who later escaped on an accomplice's motorcycle. A critic of corruption and crime in the city, he had received threats; motive reportedly may be political. Case filed; suspect remains at large; other suspect found dead. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][34]
[45][91][72]
Vergel Bico Calapan-based; editor and publisher of the weekly Kalahi; editor of Bandera Pilipino Sept. 4
Calapan, Oriental Mindoro		 Bico, 40 or 41, was shot by two motorcycle-riding assailants. He had written on several issues, particularly the drug trade. Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][11][34]
[91][72]
Jesus "Jessie" Tabanao Program anchor and reporter at DYRC Radyo Calungsod
Former Bombo Radyo assistant station manager; information officer of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency–Region 7		 Sept. 14
Cebu City		 Tabanao, 35, was shot by unidentified motorcycle-riding gunman who remain. Classified as work-related as he had reported on the illegal drug trade. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [13][36][11]
[34][91][93]
Later cases cited.
Joash (Joas) Dignos Program host at DXGT Radyo Abante (Maramag) Nov. 29
Valencia, Bukidnon		 Shot dead by four assailants in a gathering in front of a building. He was a critic of some politicians and government officials; attack was linked to his commentary. Suspects remain at large; case was filed against one of them. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [26][11][34]
[91][94]
Michael [Diaz] Milo

Other records: Michael "Mike" Melo		 National supervisor and commentator for DXFM Prime FM 99.1 (Tandag) and program host; managing editor for Prime Balita Dec. 6
Tandag, Surigao del Sur		 Shot dead by gunmen; attack was linked to his commentary. Murder charges were later filed against eight suspects including the victim's wife, a police officer, and four unidentified, including the gunman. Family problems were said to be the motive. NUJP
IFJ
[lower-alpha 9]		 [26][11][91]
[94][95]
Rogelio "Tata" Butalid

Other records: Rogelio Butalib		 Blocktime commentator for 107.9 Radyo Natin Tagum
Former broadcaster in DXDN; village councilor		 Dec. 11
Tagum, Davao del Norte		 Shot dead by one of unidentified motorcycle-riding men shortly after he concluded his program, which had tackled local issues, particularly corruption. This was linked to his criticisms, particularly issues in the Davao del Norte Electric Cooperative (DANECO). A mayor was implicated and was said to had directed a "death squad". No action was taken against him and his accomplices. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ
IFJ		 [26][38][46]
[11][34][91]
[94]

Journalists killed during Typhoon Haiyan

Eight media practitioners were among those who died as Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit Tacloban on November 8; four of them in the line of duty.[96]

Several local media stations and offices in the city were destroyed by the storm.[97][98]

Journalists and media workers who died or went missing during Typhoon Haiyan[lower-alpha 13]
Name Profile Notes Refs.
Four radio broadcasters died in line of duty,[96][99][100] as their stations went off the air during news coverages.[98][91]
Archie (Archi) Globio Announcers & reporters at DYBR Apple Radio Tacloban Both died as their station was hit by storm surges.[99]

Globio though, was reported missing (as of early December).		 [97]
Malou Realino
Allan Medino From DYVL Aksyon Radyo Tacloban:

Medino: technician
Viñas: Anchor/reporter

Viñas was also the vice president of the Samar Island Press Club.		 Their station office, located near the sea, was damaged, mainly by a storm surge.[96][98][101]

Medino was found inside the station's announcer's booth.

Viñas was last seen at the station's door; confirmed dead though still missing (as of 2015).

Two family members of their personnel were killed as well.[100]		 [99][101]
Ronald Viñas [97][99][100]
[101]
Four other journalists died in the aftermath, from complications of their diseases.[96]
Ariel Aguillon Bombo Radyo Tacloban technician Reportedly buried at Palo, Leyte. [97]
Gregorio Caing EV Mail
Rolie Montilla Eastern Times
Dindo Ortiza Leyte Samar Daily Express
Deaths or disappearances:
On and after November 8, 2013
Tacloban		 [96]
Sources: NUJP, CMFR, CPJ, IFJ

2014

Name Profile Attack/death Notes Sources Refs.
Robelita/Rubylita "Ruby" Garcia Remate tabloid correspondent, DWAD blocktimer
President of a regional journalists' group and a National Press Club member		 Apr. 6
Bacoor, Cavite		 Had been working as a radio blocktimer a few weeks when was shot by two unidentified men in her house. A feud with a police officer was said to be a possible motive. Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [26][32][11]
[34]
Richard "DJ Troy" Nadjid/Najid Broadcaster at DXNN Power Myx FM and also worked in DXGD-am May 4
Bongao, Tawi-Tawi		 Killed. Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [26][11][34]
Samuel "Sammy" Oliverio Program host in DXDS Radyo Ukay, owned by UM Broadcasting Network, and Supreme Radio May 23
Digos		 Fatally shot by two motorcycle-riding attackers while driving home. Police confirmed his death was work-related and politically motivated. Case underwent preliminary investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [26][46][11]
[34]
Nilo Baculo Sr. DWIM Radyo Mindoro June 9
Calapan, Oriental Mindoro		 Case underwent investigation. NUJP
CMFR
CPJ		 [11][34]

2015

The CPJ excluded the country on its list of those twenty deadliest for journalists after eight years. It recorded at least seven media killings that year, though reportedly, none of them were work-related.[7] In contrast, the CMFR said that nine journalists were killed; at least three of them work-related:[7] Ybañez, Escanilla, and Maestrado.[102]

  • Nerlita "Nerlie" Ledesma, Abante tabloid reporter based in Balanga, Bataan, was shot and killed by unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen on January 8 while she was on the way to work.[82]
  • Maurito Lim, dyRD, died Feb 14
  • Melinda "Mei" Magsino, Philippine Daily Inquirer, died Apr. 13[lower-alpha 14]
  • Gregorio (Gregory) Ybañez, publisher of local weekly Kabayan News, president of Davao del Norte Press and Radio-TV Club (DNRPC), and a director of the National Electrification Administration (NEA) bloc, was fatally gunned down at his residence in Tagum, Davao del Norte on August 18. He had been writing a column about an ongoing dispute between two DANECO factions; in that conflict he was involved.[14][46][102]
  • Teodoro Escanilla, program anchor at a local radio station (DZMS), chairperson of a local workers' organization and spokesperson of human rights group Karapatan, was shot by two gunmen outside his home in Barcelona, Sorsogon on Aug. 19.[14] It was believed that his commentaries and being an activist are the possible motives.[102]
  • Cosme [Diaz] Maestrado, commentator at a local radio station (DXOC), was shot dead in front of a shopping center in Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental on Aug. 27.[14] He had received death threats; he survived an assassination attempt in 2011.[102]
  • Jose Bernardo, broadcaster (DWBL & DWIZ; Bandera Pilipino), was killed in Quezon City on Oct. 31. The motive is unclear.[102]

2016

  • Elvis Ordaniza, dxWO FM, died Feb 16
  • Alex Balcoba, People's Brigada, died May 27[lower-alpha 14]

Two cases in the first six months of Duterte administration were recorded by the NUJP.

  • Apolinario Suan Jr. of Real FM, former President of the Barangay Chairmen of Bislig and provincial board Member; killed in Bislig, Surigao del Sur. Motive is inconclusive.[103][81] He had been critical of the mayor.[8]
  • Larry Que of Catanduanes News Now periodical, murdered in December in Virac, Catanduanes; had reported drug proliferation in Catanduanes. Case confirmed work-related.[103][81] A resolution from the DOJ was issued, dismissing the murder complaint against five individuals for lack of evidence. In Feb. 2019, the provincial police turned over the investigation to a regional unit of the CIDG.[8]

2017

Six deaths, all recorded by the NUJP, were also cited in a 2018 report by Vera Files. Three of them are confirmed work-related (That of Lozada is only considered the same by the PTFoMS):

  • Joaquin Briones of Remate periodical, murdered on Mar. 13 in Milagros, Masbate.[103][81] Four suspects were arrested for the killing. Possible motive was believed to be either local politics, which he had reported, or personal grudge.[8]
  • Leonardo (Leo) Diaz of Sapol News Bulletin periodical, also worked in Balita and Radio Mindanao Network; murdered on Aug. 7 in President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat; had reported on local corruption.[103][81] According to the provincial police, the killing was possibly due to his personal affairs and activities. An arrest warrant was issued by the Tacurong RTC against one of the two accused.[8]
  • Christopher (Chris) Iban Lozada of DXBF–Prime Broadcasting Network, murdered on Oct. 24 in Bislig, Surigao del Sur; had reported local politics and corruption.[103][81] By late 2019, suspects were indicted for the cases of murder and frustrated murder. Case is pending in court by early 2020.[8]

Two others are confirmed non-work-related:

The motive of another case is reportedly inconclusive by mid-2018:

Other non-work-related cases include:

  • Michael Marasigan (retired journalist, former reporter and editor of BusinessWorld; independent producer for the Living Asia Channel; public relations person): With his brother, died when attacked by two unknown motorcycle-riding gunmen in San Juan on Aug. 3.[104] Case endorsed for investigation by early 2020.[8]
  • Alexi Bolongaita, 29 (89.1 Power FM disc jockey): Shot dead inside her home at Cebu City on Sept. 21. A suspect, who was arrested in a hospital a few hours later, admitted to the crime and was charged with robbery and homicide and was arraigned in court.[105] Case classified as non-work-related.[8]

2018

NUJP recorded four of those listed. The cases of Denora and Llana are considered work-related by the PTFoMS; that of Sestoso is confirmed the same by another source.

  • Edmund Sestoso, anchorman of DYGB-FM Power 91 Dumaguete, was riding a pedicab on Apr. 30 in Dumaguete when gunmen riding in tandem opened fire at him; was in critical condition until his death in a hospital on May 1; had reported local issues.[103][81] At least three witnesses identified the two suspects, including the gunman, said introduced themselves as NPA members, planned for the killing as Sestoso was alleged to be responsible for framing up another suspect, an NPA commander and uncle of the two, who had been arrested in 2014 in Tanjay. Murder charges were filed twice in 2018 against the three. The first, supported by various evidence, was withdrawn by Sestoso's widow; the second was dismissed for lack of evidence. One of the suspects, Richard Bustamante Jr., died in a shooting incident in La Libertad later that year; another was wounded. Police investigators sought a reopening of the case.[8]
  • Carlos Matas (volunteer broadcaster of DXCA-fm; retired soldier), died on the spot on May 12 in Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur when was ambushed by gunmen while riding on his way home to Pagadian.[81] Later in the afternoon, an operation was conducted by joint law enforcement personnel, with three suspects, as well as a policeman, killed; another suspect was wounded. Personal motive was reportedly the reason. Three more suspects remain at large by early 2020.[8]
  • Dennis Denora, publisher-editor of weekly Trends and Times (Panabo) and DNPRC president, was shot dead by motorcycle-riding assailants on June 7 in Panabo, Davao del Norte in what was suspected to be a politically motivated murder. He used to write a column for People's Daily Forum and Peryodiko Davao prior to setting up his own publication.[46][81] Murder complaint and information were filed against a suspect and his unidentified companions. Case is pending in court by early 2020.[8]
  • Joey Llana, Home Radio Legazpi, declared dead two hours after being shot while on his way to work in Daraga, Albay on July 20.[81] In 2019, an information for murder was filed against a suspect. The case was raffled at the Legazpi RTC. Case is pending in court.[8]
  • Gabriel Alburo, announcer of DYJL-fm Like Radio Guihulngan, candidate for councilor in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental; shot to death on Dec. 28 by two unidentified gunmen riding in tandem while on his way home from the La Libertad cockpit arena. It was reported that the victim had an argument with a betting rival because of their bets. Investigation is ongoing.[8][lower-alpha 14]

Non-work-related cases include:

  • Jessie M. Cano, 50 (administrative aide at the government-owned DXSO Radyo Pilipinas Marawi; Army Reservist): Shot dead by unknown assailants as he arrived home in a village inside the Mindanao State University Campus in Marawi, Lanao del Sur on June 23. Several possible angles were seen, including his work with the military, making him a possible target of Islamic State sympathizers.[8][106]
  • Manny Lacsamana, 51 (contributor to the regional monthly The Media Messenger; chairman of the board of a provincial chapter of the Central Luzon Media Association; businessman and property developer): Shot by unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen, died upon arrival in a hospital in Cabanatuan on June 23. The murder was reportedly related to his work as a property developer and occurred over quarrying issues in Nueva Ecija.[8][106]
  • Julius Barellano, 35 (volunteer reporter for 101.5 Radyo Bandera Sweet FM Bacolod, disc jockey at Brigada News FM San Carlos, Negros Occidental; chairman of a local chapter of the National Federation of Sugarcane Workers in San Carlos): Died on June 27 after being shot by one of two unknown motorcycle-riding assailants in front of his house in San Carlos while leaving. A personal grudge was revealed as the motive because of an argument between the victim and suspect.[8][107]
  • Nelvie Yu, 29 (reporter at 101.7 Spirit FM Baler, Aurora): Found dead in their residence in Dingalan, Aurora on Aug. 4. Her husband was considered a person of interest as the victim allegedly had an argument with him on the night before.[8]
  • Celso Amo, 66 (Bicol correspondent of The Philippine Star, Philippine News Agency stringer, also worked for the defunct Philippine Journal; editor-in-chief of government publication The Windows; former regional information officer of the Philippine Information Agency): stabbed to death at a basketball court in Daraga, Albay on Nov. 11 following an argument. Adam Johnson Abanes, charged with homicide, later pleaded guilty of death by tumultuous affray through the plea bargain and was sentenced to eight years in prison by the Legazpi RTC in 2021.[108]

2019

NUJP recorded three of those listed.

  • John Michael Decano (part-time news correspondent, announcer of DWPY Pasalingaya FM in Sorsogon; beautician), found dead on Jan. 9 inside a parlor in Sorsogon City. His death in what appeared as robbery with homicide is not work-related.[8][lower-alpha 9]
  • Francisco Patindol (DXJM-FM Butuan daily program blocktime commentator, former program director of its sister station DXCO-AM Opol, Misamis Oriental; local coordinator of the Abante Mindanao partylist): On Apr. 20, he was stabbed by a drunk jeepney dispatcher who had got into an argument with him and his companion outside a photocopying center in Butuan; he managed to walk to a nearby hospital where he later died.[109]
  • Eduardo Dizon, station manager and host at Brigada News FM Kidapawan station, was shot dead by motorcycle-riding gunmen while driving home on July 10 in Kidapawan, Cotabato.[4][81] He was critical of the Kapa investment scam in his commentaries over his program, which was later said as the motive for the killing. A suspect-turned-eyewitness identified a local Kapa leader, who was also a local broadcaster, as the mastermind. In late 2019, three other suspects were indicted for the murder in the Kidapawan RTC. One of them, also a local broadcaster, later surrendered. Case is pending in court.[8]
  • Dindo Generoso, DYEM-FM Bai Radio, died in November in Dumaguete.[81] Charges were filed against suspect/s; case is pending in court.[8]
  • Benjie Caballero, Radyo ni Juan, died in Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat.[81][lower-alpha 14]

2020s

2020

  • Cornelio Pepino, Original Energy 93.7 FM, murdered in May in Dumaguete.[81]
  • Jobert Bercasio, Balangibog, murdered Sep 14 in Sorsogon City.[81]
  • Virgilio Maganes; DWPR, Northern Watch; murdered on Nov 10 in Villasis, Pangasinan.[81] He was shot in a prior incident in 2016.[8]
  • Ronnie Villamor, Dos Kantos Balita, was gunned down on Nov 14 in Milagros, Masbate in an alleged encounter as authorities claimed. His colleagues denied the allegation.[81]

2021

  • Renante Cortes, dyRB, murdered July 22[110]
  • Orlando "Dondon" Dinoy; Newsline Philippines, Energy FM; died Oct 30
  • Jesus "Jess" Malabanan (Manila Standard, Manila Times, Bandera) was fatally shot in his home in Samar on Dec. 8. He went into hiding after receiving threats three years prior while he was based in Pampanga.[29]

2022

Six killings, all against radio journalists, took place.[9] The murders of Estrada, Gempesaw, Blanco and Mabasa are unsolved by August 2023, according to CPJ.[10] Meanwhile, the International Federation of Journalists documented four of these cases.

2023

The following is based on media reports:

  • Cresenciano Bunduquin, 50, program host at DWXR-fm Kalahi Radio, was killed by two motorcycle-riding perpetrators outside his home in Calapan, Oriental Mindoro on May 31. One of the suspects died after being hit by a vehicle while fleeing; another, an alleged gunman, was taken into custody of the NBI–National Capital Region prior to his arrest in July. The case was filed before the Calapan RTC Branch 39.[114]
  • Mohammad Hessam Midtimbang, 32, program host at Gabay Radio 97.7 FM, an Islamic preacher and member of the Bangsamoro Darul Ifta', was killed by a gunman in Cotabato City on August 21.[115]
  • Juan Jumalon, 57, broadcaster at Gold FM 94.7 Calamba, was killed by two gunmen who entered his home and radio booth in Calamba, Misamis Occidental, while he was on air. The killing was caught on a livestream. Four possible motives being investigated include a land dispute. Charges for murder and theft against three suspects, including a lookout who was later apprehended in an anti-drug operation, are yet to be formally filed at the judicial court.[116]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 (As of November 5, 2023) NUJP still includes in their list of those killed since 1986, especially as one of the 17 during the Aquino administration, the case of Florante de Castro[11] despite the fact that he was killed in 1984, as reported by CMFR.[12] Considering this, the November 2023 death of Juan Jumalon should be counted by the NUJP as 198th and not 199th.[3]
  2. 1 2 Aside from official statistics, reports from various sources differ:
    • Citing an interview with a National Press Club (NPC) official in January 1989, there were about 35 reported cases during the Marcos administration.[19]
    • As reported in 1985 by The Washington Post: In a published open letter to Pres. Marcos in 1985, the NPC noted 22 cases since 1979 (by August 1985); ten in the past two months. Many of these were perpetrated by either soldiers or paramilitary units. Only five were said to had been solved, few suspects had been arrested, and one conviction reported.[20]
    • As reported in 1985 by Associated Press: NPC tallied six cases between 1975 and mid-1984. Since then, the military reported 13 such cases and a disappearance of the police reporter (by August 1985); seven of those deaths were possibly work-related; at least 3 were reportedly killed by the military although it is listed as suspect in several other cases, citing news reports; at least one, claimed to be a leftist rebel, reportedly killed in an encounter. The Tri-Media Association in Manila lists two others.[21]
  3. ↑ Trial status:

    CMFR reported (by Nov. 2014):[34]
    —Fourteen with conviction: Joaquin, 1987; Toling, 1991; Berbon, 1996; Mallari, 1998 (archived for other suspects); Palma, 1999; Ureta, 2001 (accomplice convicted of homicide, gunman cleared due to being dead); Damalerio, 2002; Endrinal, 2004; Esperat (case against masterminds archived), Cantoneros & Benaojan, 2005; Pace, 2006; Padrigao, 2008 (conviction for a suspect pled guilty to homicide; ongoing trial for another); Ortega, 2011 (ongoing trial for masterminds).
    —Four with acquittal: Binoya & Mariano, 2004; Batul, 2006; Lintuan, 2007.
    —Eight dismissed at the Regional Trial Court (RTC) level: Manrique, 1988; Cayona & Ramos, 2001; Villarante, 2003; Manalo, 2004 (at the trial court and Ombudsman; accused gunman killed); Agustin, 2005 (case against alleged mastermind dismissed; archived for other suspects); Canete, 2006; Sison, 2008 (insufficient evidence against suspects).

    PTFoMS, in their inventory of cases, had obtained eighteen cases with convictions, as well as two (Loreto–Kho case, 2013) with a suspect pleaded guilty, with some discovered especially the unreported ones, prior to the 2019 verdict on the deaths of 31 of 32 journalists in Maguindanao in 2009 (the case of Momay was dismissed by the court and is for reinvestigation), thus reporting 49 overall:[8]
    —Fifteen work-related: Lingan (1990), Toling (1991), Palma (1999), Ureta (2001), Demalerio (2002), Endrinal & Hinolan (2004), Esperat & Benaojan (2005), Pace (2006), Roxas & Padrigao (2008), Camangyan & Belen (2010), Ortega (2011).
    —Three non-work-related: Hernandez (1997), Orsolino (2006), Daguio.
  4. ↑ Only 31 of 32 cases. That of victim Reynaldo Momay is for reinvestigation after it was dismissed.
  5. ↑ Florante de Castro had been listed in media organizations' databases,[44] including CMFR[30] which, in 2006, discovered that de Castro was killed on March 9, 1984, and not 1986, citing a 1984 issue of Malaya newspaper. Thus, de Castro was excluded then by CMFR from its official list of those killed in the line of duty since 1986.[12] Despite such fact, NUJP still includes de Castro in their list and remains until the present tally.[11]
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 In its 2005 report, Reporters Without Borders listed 42 cases whose actions of the police are said had been not good enough:[49]
    • 1986: Mabazza, Vicoy
    • 1987: Joaquin, Palo, Balani, Sagado
    • 1988: Miranda, Manrigue, Nava
    • 1989: Arcones, Talan
    • 1990: Catinding, Ladrigan
    • 1991: Toling
    • 1992: Hapalla, Martin, Vergara
    • 1993: Legaspi
    • 1996: Reyes
    • 1997: Mabazza
    • 1998: Bancarin, Bentulan
    • 2000: Yu, Jalapit
    • 2001: Yusop, Ureta, Cayona, Ramos
    • 2002: Hernandez, Damalerio (decided 2005), Alcantara
    • 2003: Villanueva, Pobeda, Gregorio, Villarante, Ramirez, Pala, Nadura
    • 2004: Endrinal, Mariano, Lumawag
    • 2005: Amoro
  7. ↑ Leo Palo: Some sources also referred to as Leo Palomares[8] and Ed Palomares with Palo erroneously reported as being killed "during the Malacañang siege."[44]
  8. ↑ Some sources erroneously included the case of Noli Ebarle (Noel Esin),[44][62] Butuan-based radio broadcaster abducted by a criminal syndicate on Aug 31 (mistakenly recorded as date of death) and released on Sept. 3.[63] The RSF, at least, reported the same in its annual report.[58]
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Documented only by UNESCO.
  10. ↑ All names of the 32 are from the CPJ data. Meanwhile, 30 are listed in the UNESCO data; not in their list are the names of Jepon Cadagdagon, Jolito Evardo, and Daniel Tiamson, but included there is a journalist whose name is Eugene Dohillo.
  11. ↑ A body of Reynaldo Momay, reportedly among those 32 died, remains missing; only the rest were recovered.[83]
  12. ↑ One of them, surrendered in Jan. 2020, is among those acquitted in the case.[8]
  13. ↑ The names are not included in any data from media watchdogs.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Documented only by CPJ.

References

  1. ↑ "52 journalists killed since the return to democracy in 1986". rsf.org. Reporters Sans Frontières. May 2, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  2. ↑ Karen Lema (November 5, 2023). "Philippines' Marcos condemns killing of journalist, orders investigation". Reuters. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jairo Bolledo (July 23, 2022). "In Numbers: Filipino journalists killed since 1986". Rappler. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

    Article updated until November 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 The ASEAN Post Team (August 13, 2019). "Journalists still dying in the Philippines". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Xinhua News Agency (February 20, 2014). "Philippines has world's third most killings of journalists". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Inquirer Research (March 25, 2011). "In the know: PH third in 2010 Impunity Index". Inquirer.net. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Joe Torres (January 8, 2016). "Philippines 'remains dangerous for journalists'". UCA News. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 "PTFoMS 2020: Reinforced, Reloaded. Accomplishment Report (Oct. 2016–Jan. 2020)". Presidential Task Force on Media Security. Office of the President of the Philippines. 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2022 – via Scribd.
  9. 1 2 3 "PH continues to be dangerous for journalists in 2023 – media watchdog". CNN Philippines. November 4, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Janvic Mateo (November 3, 2023). "Philippines still among worst countries for journalists". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 List (1986–2014) and information from National Union of Journalists of the Philippines:
    —Nonoy Espina (September 22, 2014). "Media Killings Continue in the Philippines". Human Rights Matter. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
    —"List of Filipino journalists killed (1986–Jan. 6, 2012)". Mabuhay Online. Bulacan. January 11, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
    —"Bloody Milestone: NUJP Reminders 100 Dead Journalists". Davao Today. March 15, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
    —Aquilino Pimentel Jr. (February 8, 2007). "Press release". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
    —Katie O'Keefe (September 1, 2005). "Under fire". Quill (via The Free Library). Retrieved October 21, 2022.

    Under the Arroyo administration:
    —"Journalists killed under the Arroyo administration". GMA News. February 19, 2007.

    Similar list were mentioned in the sources:
    —"Briefing paper for the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (PDF)" (PDF). Coalition to Stop Child Detention through Restorative Justice (Philippines). 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2022 – via IUPUI ScholarWorks.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Florante de Castro, killed 1984, not 1986". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. December 11, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Maguindanao massacre, year 4 (Part 1 of 2): 23 journalists killed in 40 months of PNoy, worst case load since '86". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. November 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Philippine Daily Inquirer (September 4, 2015). "Editorial: Still under attack". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  15. ↑ "CPJ data (as of December 2023)". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  16. ↑ "UNESCO data (as of December 2023)". UNESCO. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  17. ↑ "Marcos Jr. tells PNP to conduct thorough probe on radio broadcaster's killing". ABS-CBN News. November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Loo, Eric (2005). "Filipino journalists speak out and pay the price" (PDF). CORE. Research Online, University of Wollongong. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  19. 1 2 Donald L. Guimary (August 1989). "The Philippine Press after Marcos: Restored Freedoms and New Problems (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved October 27, 2022 – via Education Resources Information Center.
  20. 1 2 3 "Journalists Appeal to Marcos". The Washington Post. August 31, 1985. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 David Briscoe (August 6, 1985). "More Than a Dozen Journalists Killed in Philippines in a Year". Associated Press. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Killings of journalists rose during Ramos' first year". UCA News. September 20, 1993. Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information are from Philippine Movement for Press Freedom.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "IFJ Report: A Dangerous Profession: Press freedom under fire in the Philippines (PDF)" (PDF). International Federation of Journalists. 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2022.

    This publication includes the list of journalists killed (1986–Mar. 2005), same as that by National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. Also cited were Bulatlat, Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, and the defunct Philippine Movement for Press Freedom. Detailed in this publication: Damalerio (2002), Pobeda (2003), Endrinal & Binoya (2005); as well as Bancairin (1998), Palma (1999), & Amoro (2005).
  24. 1 2 3 Ronalyn Olea (September 2003). "71 Journalists Killed Since 1986". Bulatlat. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Andres Rebana (December 2003). "Media Killings Getting Out of Control". Bulatlat. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Philippine Daily Inquirer (June 11, 2014). "What Went Before: Media killings under Aquino administration". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information are from: Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility on 2014 cases; Committee to Protect Journalists on 2011 Ortega case.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Death and Impunity in Philippine Journalism". Asia Sentinel. January 19, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Alan Robles (April 5, 2009). "Media massacre". Development and Cooperation (D+C). Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information are from National Union of Journalists of the Philippines.
  29. 1 2 3 Makoi Popioco (December 24, 2021). "Filipino journalists can only take risks equal to their protections". The Interpreter. Lowy Institute. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  30. 1 2 "Tell us there's no impunity". The PCIJ Blog. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. May 7, 2005. Retrieved October 31, 2022.

    List from Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, now outdated. Two entries in this list were excluded later: de Castro (1986) and Villanueva (2005); ten were added in updated list.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Max Soliven (May 17, 2005). "By The Way: A wishy-washy, weepy government gets no respect from killers". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Women in media: Ten women killed for their work as journalists (1990-2014)". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. April 30, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  33. 1 2 2009 Perez case:
    "Batangas Court Acquits Suspect in 2009 Broadcaster Killing". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. April 15, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 List (1986–2014) from Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility:
    —"List of journalists/media workers killed in the line of duty in the Philippines since 1986 (as of November 2014)" CMFR. 2015. (Link 1) Retrieved 2022-10-25 – via FDocuments (India). (Link 2) Retrieved 2022-10-31 – via Dokumen (Indonesia).
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Maguindanao massacre, year 4 (Part 2 of 2): Media murders: Few suspects in jail, few cases in court, conviction rate low". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. November 21, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Joeberth Ocao (July 15, 2017). "Messenger silenced". Cebu Journalism and Journalists. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  37. ↑ Phelim Kine (October 14, 2016). "Philippines Launches Inquiry Into Journalist Killings". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  38. 1 2 3 4 2010 Belen case:
    —Carlos Conde (February 9, 2015). "Dispatches: Jailing the Philippines' Elusive Journalist Killers". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
    —"Decision in the Belen murder case". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. February 5, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2022 – via Scribd.
    —"G.R. No. 230356". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. September 18, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Incidents of violence and harassment against journalists". Cebu Citizens-Press Council. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  40. 1 2 3 Merlinda A. Pedrosa (July 18, 2010). "Negros Press Club, police to work on media safety". SunStar. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gregorio V. Bituin Jr. (November 24, 2009). "Ang dyornalista bilang birador". Sanaysay ni Gorio (in Tagalog). Retrieved October 28, 2022. (Originally published as an article for the Diario Uno newspaper in 1998.)
  42. ↑ E. Arsenio Manuel, Dictionary of Philippine Biography, Volume Three, Filipiniana Publications, Quezon City (1986)
  43. 1 2 3 "The Marcos Regime and the Making of a Subservient Philippine Press (Part 2)". Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission. Government of the Philippines. October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 "Filipino Jounalists Killed (1986–2005)". Media Museum. Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication. 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  45. 1 2 3 2013 Solijon case:
    Richel Umel (August 30, 2013). "Radioman shot dead in Iligan City". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Antonio Figueroa (June 18, 2018). "Fast Backward: A brief history of Davao's media killings". Edge Davao. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Philippines press toll (Feb. 1986–Feb. 1990)". Index on Censorship. February 1990. doi:10.1080/03064229008534777. Retrieved October 22, 2022 – via SAGE Journals.
  48. 1 2 Karol Mabazza (March 15, 2021). "The lost legacy". Karol Mabazza Blog.

    Citing the following sources:
    —"2 Journalists Are Slain By Philippine Rebels". The New York Times. New York City. Reuters. April 25, 1986.
    —John Burgess (April 26, 1986). "Manila Pledges To Punish Rebels". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.
    —Ma. Ceres P. Doyo (January 17, 2013). "Opinion: Don't ride with armed groups and marked prey". Inquirer.net.

    All aforementioned were retrieved 2022-10-22.

    "G.R. No. 251693"
    —Documents submitted for compliance (including Amended Information, dated Oct. 24, 1986) (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. 2020-03-11.
    —Decision. 2020-09-28. (1) PDF file from The LawPhil Project. (2) Another link from Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
    All aforementioned were retrieved 2022-10-31.

    Other sources:
    —"Wilfredo Vicoy". The Baron. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
    —"Willie Vicoy Widely Mourned". The Correspondent. Hong Kong: Foreign Correspondents' Club. June 1986. Retrieved October 22, 2022 – via Issuu.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Philippines: An end to impunity; Justice for Marlene Esperat and the 51 other journalists killed since 1986 (PDF)" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. Paris. 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Philippine Press Freedom Report, September 2006–July 2007 (PDF)" (PDF). Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Journalists killed in 1990". Index on Censorship. February 1991. doi:10.1080/03064229108535045. Retrieved October 28, 2022 – via SAGE Journals.

    List is from International Federation of Journalists.
  52. 1 2 3 "Index". Index on Censorship. 19 (9): 37–41. September 1990. doi:10.1080/03064229008534961. S2CID 220930921. Retrieved October 28, 2022 – via SAGE Journals.

    Information are from International PEN.
  53. 1 2 Associated Press (July 1990). "Untitled (Summary of developments in the news industry, July 9–16)". Associated Press. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  54. 1 2 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. February 1992. p. 964. ISBN 0-16-037393-X. Retrieved October 28, 2022 – via Google Books.
  55. ↑ 1991 Enciso case:
    —"Soldiers kill Philippine newsman". United Press International. May 27, 1991. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    —"Senate Resolution No. 127, s. 1991". Senate of the Philippines, Legislative Digital Resources. Government of the Philippines. June 3, 1993. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  56. 1 2 "Index". Index on Censorship. 23 (1–2): 230–253. January–February 1994. doi:10.1080/03064229408535677. S2CID 220442392.

    Information are from Philippine Press Freedom Advocate.
  57. 1 2 IPS correspondents (May 8, 1996). "Asia-Media: Reporters Pay a Deadly Price For Doing Their Jobs". Inter Press Service. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Reporters Without Borders (May 3, 2002). "Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002 - Philippines". Refworld. UNHCR. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  59. 1 2 1998 Llasos and 2004 Misajon cases:
    Antonieta Lopez (October 11, 2004). "Iloilo journalist's rob-slay suspect yields". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ronalyn Olea (March 11, 2011). "Kin of 5 Slain Journalists File Raps Vs. Philippine Gov't Before UN Body". Bulatlat. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  61. 1 2 3 Orlando Dinoy (August 10, 2011). "Suspect in slaying of broadcaster still free; case archived". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 25, 2022.

    Information are from National Union of Journalists of the Philippines.
  62. ↑ Ederic Eder (September 12, 2003). "Stop Killing Journalists". ederic.net. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  63. ↑ On an abduction case of a journalist in 2001:
    —Lino de la Cruz (September 4, 2001). "Criminal group abducts radioman to 'lecture'". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    —Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (September 6, 2001). "Kidnapped broadcaster released after three days in captivity". IFEX. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  64. 1 2 2004 Hinolan case:
    "Former Mayor Convicted for 2004 Killing of Broadcaster". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. August 12, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Reporters Without Borders (2003). "Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2003 - Philippines". Refworld. UNHCR. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E. San Juan Jr. (September 22, 2008). "US Backed Arroyo Regime Terrorizes Media And Artists In The Philippines". countercurrents.org. Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information on Damalerio & Alcantara (2002), Gregorio (2003), and Binoya (2004) are from International Federation of Journalists; on Villanueva & Sanchez (2005) are from UNESCO.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ""No Justice Just Adds to the Pain": Killings, Disappearances, and Impunity in the Philippines". Human Rights Watch. July 18, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2022. Out of hundreds of killings and enforced disappearances since 2001, there have been only seven successfully prosecuted cases, resulting in the conviction of 12 defendants.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miriam Defensor Santiago. "Senate Resolution (PDF)" (PDF). Senate of the Philippines. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  69. 1 2 2005 Amoro case:
    —"Philippine court jails gunman of slain journalist". Reuters. January 29, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
    —"Statement: Conviction welcomed in 2005 murder case". Committee to Protect Journalists. January 29, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Committee to Protect Journalists (February 2004). "Attacks on the Press in 2003 - Philippines". Refworld. UNHCR. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Aubrey SC Makilan (November 2004). "'Grief and Rage in the Midst of Storm'". Bulatlat. Retrieved October 25, 2022.

    Information and list (2004) are from National Union of Journalists of the Philippines.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 "Philippines: Surge of Journalist Killings, Justice Failures". Human Rights Watch. January 21, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 United States Department of State (April 2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2006, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1047–1048. Retrieved October 30, 2022 – via Google Books.

    The source mistakenly mentioned the case of Edward Balida, a journalist based in Valencia, Bukidnon, who survived an assassination attempt in August 2004.
  74. 1 2 3 4 Agence France-Presse (August 14, 2004). "Philippine journalists under fire". Taipei Times. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  75. 1 2 2004 Abayon and Consignado cases:
    Rene Alviar (August 14, 2004). "Bukidnon radioman shot". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  76. ↑ 2004 Villanueva case:
    —Sara Soliven de Guzman (September 29, 2004). "Opinion: When you can be murdered on the bus for a cellphone, this isn't a strong Republic!". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    —"Committee Report No. 92 (PDF)" (PDF). Senate of the Philippines. Government of the Philippines. August 28, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  77. ↑ 2004 Misajon case:
    —GMA News (September 26, 2007). "Suspect in 2004 killing of GMA provincial news anchor falls". GMA News. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    —Erly C. Garcia. "Cops nab fourth suspect in newscaster's killing". The News Today. Iloilo City. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    —Nestor P. Burgos Jr. (January 18, 2013). "3 convicted of robbing, killing TV news anchor". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 11, 2010). "2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Philippines". United States Department of State. Federal government of the United States. Retrieved September 2, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Philippine Press Freedom Report 2008 (PDF)". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  80. ↑ 2006 Melendrez case is mentioned:
    "Murder, She Wrought (PDF)" (PDF). PhilRights. Philippine Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ABS-CBN News (November 23, 2020). "19 journos killed in 4 years of Duterte admin - watchdog". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information are from National Union of Journalists of the Philippines.
  82. 1 2 Phelim Kine (January 8, 2015). "Dispatches: A Deadly Start to 2015 for Philippine Journalists". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  83. 1 2 3 4 2009 Maguindanao massacre case:
    —"Ampatuan Massacre, Five Years On (PDF)" (PDF). International Federation of Journalists. 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
    —"Massacre in the Philippines: International Solidarity Mission Rapid Assessment, Dec. 2009". International Federation of Journalists. 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2022 – via Issuu.

    These publications include the list of journalists killed (1986–Jan. 2015), citing the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines.
  84. ↑ Conde, Carlos H. (June 16, 2010). "Radio Journalist Slain in Philippines". New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Press club gives Aquino grade of 80% in running after journalists' killers". GMA News. December 17, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

    Information are from National Press Club.
  86. ↑ 2010 Daguio case:
    —Ricky Tulipat (July 12, 2010). "Killer ng ex-brodkaster nadakma". Philstar.com (in Tagalog).
    —Charlie Lagasca (July 31, 2010). "Suspect in journalist's killing found dead". Philstar.com.
    —Charlie Lagasca (August 2, 2010). "Slain Kalinga radio man's kin seek police protection". Philstar.com.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  87. ↑ 2010 Cruz case:
    Manny Galvez (August 11, 2010). "Female writer charged for publisher's slay". Philstar.com. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  88. ↑ 2011 Pascual case:
    —Villamor Visaya Jr. (October 13, 2012). "Media man's killer falls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 28, 2022 – via PressReader.
    —Charlie Lagasca (October 11, 2012). "Isabela bank exec's killer falls". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  89. ↑ 2012 Cauzo case:
    Ed Lingao (November 21, 2013). "Maguindanao massacre, year 4 (Sidebar): A widow's story". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  90. ↑ Angela Casauay (February 19, 2014). "PH 3rd most dangerous country for journalists in 2013". Rappler. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "In Mortal Danger: Journalists & Media Staff Killed in 2013 (PDF)" (PDF). ifj.org. International Federation of Journalists. 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  92. 1 2 3 2013 Kho–Loreto and Sy cases:
  93. ↑ 2013 Tabanao case:
    "Radio anchor shot dead in Cebu City". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. September 19, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  94. 1 2 3 2013 Dignos, Milo, and Butalid cases:
  95. ↑ 2013 Milo case:
    —"Second radio anchor killed in a week". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. December 9, 2013.
    —"Estranged wife and police officer accused of murdering radio broadcaster". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. December 13, 2013.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  96. 1 2 3 4 5 Jazmin Bonifacio (November 8, 2022). "Tacloban media commemorate Yolanda by urging social security safety nets". Rappler. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  97. 1 2 3 4 "Four dead, other media workers without shelter and supplies after super typhoon". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  98. 1 2 3 "Four journalists killed, six missing in Philippine storm". Committee to Protect Journalists. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  99. 1 2 3 4 Philippine News Agency (June 23, 2015). "Tacloban City honors journalists killed by Yolanda". SunStar. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  100. 1 2 3 Jojo Malig (November 13, 2013). "4 journalists dead, 7 missing after 'Yolanda'". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  101. 1 2 3 Ayee Macaraig (November 13, 2013). "'Until the end, Tacloban journalists did job'". Rappler. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  102. 1 2 3 4 5 "In the Philippines: Three Journalists Were Killed for Their Work in 2015". CMFR. January 6, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Vera Files fact check: Media groups err on figures on media killings; Roque claim on press freedom wrong". Vera Files. May 9, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2022.

    Information are from the data provided by Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, National Union of Journalists of the Philippines, and Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
  104. ↑ 2017 Marasigan case:
    —Audrey Morallo (August 4, 2017). "BusinessWorld ex-editor, brother shot dead in San Juan City". Philstar.com.
    —Non Alquitran (August 4, 2017). "PR man for Dominguez, Floirendo murdered". Philstar.com.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  105. ↑ 2017 Bolongaita case:
    —A. Doydora (September 22, 2017). "DJ who traced roots to Bohol shot dead in Cebu". The Bohol Chronicle.
    —Delta Dyrecka Letigio (September 11, 2018). "Accused pleads not guilty to Maxi slay". Cebu Daily News.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  106. 1 2 2018 Cano and Lacsamana cases:
    —Richel Umel (June 25, 2018). "Philippines: 2 Media Workers Shot Dead". BenarNews.
    —Artemio Dumlao (June 26, 2018). "2 media workers slain in Cabanatuan, Marawi". Philstar.com.
    —"Media Workers Killed in Two Separate Shootings". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. July 2, 2018.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  107. ↑ 2018 Barellano case:
    —"Radioman's last words: 'Love, give me justice'". Panay News. July 2, 2018.
    —"Radio Reporter Shot Dead in Negros Occidental". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. July 2, 2018.
    —"Radio journalist gunned down in Philippines". RadioInfo. July 6, 2018.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  108. ↑ 2018 Amo case:
    —Cet Dematera (November 12, 2018). "STAR correspondent stabbed dead in Albay". The Philippine Star.
    —"'Philippine Star' journalist dies from stabbing". Coconuts Manila. November 12, 2018.
    —"Killer of Philippine Star correspondent gets 8 years after plea bargain". Abogado. April 30, 2021.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  109. ↑ 2019 Patindol case:
    —Alexander D. Lopez (April 23, 2019). "Manhunt on against suspect in radio commentator killing". The Manila Times – via PressReader.
    —"Radio Blocktimer Killed in Butuan City". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. April 29, 2019.
    All were retrieved Nov 1, 2022.
  110. ↑ "Director-General condemns killing of radio journalist Renante Cortes in the Philippines". UNESCO. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  111. ↑ "Director-General urges investigation into murder of broadcaster Jaynard Angeles in the Philippines". UNESCO. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  112. 1 2 3 4 2022 Killed List (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: International Federation of Journalists. 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  113. ↑ F. Gempesaw, 2022:
  114. ↑ C. Bunduquin, 2023:
  115. ↑ M.H. Midtimbang, 2023:
  116. ↑ J. Jumalon, 2023:
  1. "List of Journalists killed under the Arroyo administration". gmanews.tv.
  2. "Pacific Media Watch" (PDF). kauri.aut.ac.nz.
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