Edmundo Pérez Zujovic (middle)

Edmundo Pérez Zujovic (May 11, 1912 – June 8, 1971) was a Chilean businessman and politician, militant of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). He served as Minister of State during the government of president Eduardo Frei Montalva, in the administration he led the Public Works and Interior portfolios.[1]

In 1969 he was accused by the left-wing opposition of being the main person responsible for the Puerto Montt massacre – the death of eleven residents at the hands of Carabineros de Chile during an eviction procedure for an illegal land occupation. On June 8, 1971, during the government of socialist president Salvador Allende, he was assassinated by the far-left armed group Vanguardia Organizada del Pueblo (VOP) in retaliation for that massacre.

Early years

Edmundo Pérez Zujovic was born in the Chilean city of Antofagasta on May 11, 1912, son of Servando Pérez and Ángela Zujovic. He completed his secondary studies at the San Luis school in that city.[2] At the age of eighteen, when his father died suddenly, he had to take care of his family: three younger brothers, his mother and the oldest of his brothers who was studying at the university in Santiago. For this reason he did not pursue higher education.[3] Despite this, he managed to forge himself as an entrepreneur, particularly in the construction area in the north of his country.[4]

He participated in companies that developed the economic housing business, as well as others linked to the production of plaster and parquet.[4] He was also a visionary and progressive businessman when he started fishing activities in the port of Iquique with the creation of the Guanaye company.[2] He married Lydia Yoma,[5] also from Antofagasta in 1938, with whom he had nine children:[2] five daughters and four sons. His wife could never recover from her death and she died a few years later.[3] His son Edmundo, also a Christian Democrat militant, would come to occupy in 2008 —during the first government of President Michelle Bachelet— the position of Interior Minister.[3]

As a founding member of the Falangist tent, Frei Montalva, his comrade, once in power, called him to serve as Minister of Public Works, first, and as Minister of the Interior, later.[3][4][6] In the PDC he held the positions of communal president, national councilor and national vice president of the party.[2]

Bloodshed in Puerto Montt

On March 9, 1969, a group of Chilean police attempted to remove a group of squatters at Puerto Montt, killing ten of them, in what has come to be called the Massacre of Puerto Montt. As Minister of the Interior, Pérez had been consulted about what to do with the squatter camp. While no one knows if he ordered police to shoot, he did approve the removal of settlers from the illegal settlement, reversing his government's previous policy of squatter appeasement. It appears that he took this action because an opposition politician from the region, a leader of multiple squatter land-grabs, had recently been elected, thereby politicizing settlements in that area. Police had two encounters with settlers on that day. In the first one the police tear-gassed and stormed the camp, apparently without warning, after having given assurances to the contrary the previous day. The settlers subsequently returned in larger numbers and overwhelmed the police using crude weapons. The police then fired on the group.[7]

Outrage was enormous, even within the ruling Christian Democratic party.[7] The leftist opposition blamed Pérez Zujovic and Jorge Pérez Sánchez for the death of the squatters, but they were not brought to trial.

Chilean folk singer Víctor Jara wrote a song about the massacre entitled "Preguntas por Puerto Montt" ("Questions for Puerto Montt"), which mentions Perez Zujovic by name:

Usted debe responderYou have to answer
señor Pérez ZujovicMr Pérez Zujovic
porqué al pueblo indefenso,why was the defenseless people
contestaron con fusil.answered with guns.
Señor Pérez su concienciaMr Pérez, your conscience --
la enterró en un ataúdyou buried it in a coffin
y no limpiarán sus manosand all the rains of the South
toda la lluvia del sur.will not clean your hands.[8]

On one occasion, Jara sang the song at Saint George's College in Santiago. Part of the audience responded violently, throwing stones at the artists who had to be rescued by a group of students and teachers. Only after leaving the stage did Jara discover that Pérez Zujovic's younger son (a former student of the college) was present and had instigated the violence.[9]

Assassination

Homage to Pérez in 2011

On June 8, 1971, Pérez was driving to his construction firm office in his Mercedes-Benz, accompanied by his daughter, Maria Angélica, when his car was rammed by three men in another vehicle. Having brought Pérez’s car to a halt, one of the men smashed the window of the Mercedes and killed Pérez with a burst of submachine-gun fire.[10] Maria Angelica later identified the gunman as Ronald Rivera Calderon, a member of a leftist terrorist group called Organized Vanguard of the People.[11] On June 13, Ronald Rivera Calderon was killed by police in a gunfight at his hideout; his brother, Arturo, committed suicide, and seven others were arrested.[12]

Pérez’s assassination is thought to have exacerbated the deepening divide in Chilean politics which would eventually lead to the 1973 coup d'état.[13]

Family

Pérez was married to Lidia Yoma. They had nine children: five daughters and four sons, including politician Edmundo Pérez Yoma.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Avaria, Luis Valencia (1986). Anales de la República: registros de los ciudadanos que han integrado los Poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo (2nd ed.). Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Senado de la República de Chile; Homenaje a Edmundo Pérez Zujovic por Andrés Zaldívar". www.senado.cl. 1991. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "El Mercurio". El Mercurio (in Spanish). 3 June 2001. pp. 12–27. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Ramón Folch, Armando de (2003). Biografías de Chilenos: miembros de los poderes Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Judicial (1876-1973). Vol. 3. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile. p. 241.
  5. ↑ "Sesión 2ª, Ordinaria, en miércoles 5 de junio de 1991" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  6. ↑ "La Segunda". La Segunda: 10. 1 June 2001.
  7. 1 2 Cleaves, Peter (1974). Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile. University of California Press. pp. 295–298. ISBN 0-520-02448-6.
  8. ↑ "Preguntas Por Puerto Montt" (PDF). Archivo Chile. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  9. ↑ "El rol del artista" (in Spanish). Fundación Victor jara. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Ex-Official Killed By Chilean Gunmen". Palm Beach Post. June 9, 1971. p. A2.
  11. ↑ "Blame Laid To Allende In Slaying". Palm Beach Post. June 10, 1971. p. A11.
  12. ↑ "Assassination Felt Solved After Fight". Spokane Daily Chronicle. June 14, 1971. p. 2.
  13. ↑ Loveman, Brian (2000). Las Ardientes Cenizas Del Olvido: Vía Chilena de Reconciliación Política. p. 359.
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". diario.elmercurio.cl. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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