The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:[1]
Population
Demographics of pre-WW1 Austria (red) and Hungary (green) in Europe
| Area | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Cisleithania[2] | 28,571,934 | 55.6 |
| Transleithania[3] | 20,886,487 | 40.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) | 1,931,802 | 3.8 |
| Total | 51,390,223 | 100.0 |
Largest cities
| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name[6] | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Vienna | Wien | Bécs, Beč, Dunaj | Austria | 2,031,498
(city without the suburb 1,481,970) |
1,840,573
(Metro: 2,600,000) |
| 2. | Prague | Prag, Praha | Prága | Czech Republic | 668,000
(city without the suburb 223,741) |
1,301,132
(Metro: 2,620,000) |
| 3. | Trieste | Triest | Trieszt, Trst | Italy | 229,510 | 204,420 |
| 4. | Lviv | Lemberg, Lwów | Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов | Ukraine | 206,113 | 728,545 |
| 5. | Kraków | Krakau, Kraków | Krakkó, Krakov | Poland | 151,886 | 762,508 |
| 6. | Graz | Grác, Gradec | Austria | 151,781 | 328,276 | |
| 7. | Brno | Brünn, Brno | Berén, Börön, Börénvásár | Czech Republic | 125,737 | 377,028 |
| 8. | Chernivtsi | Czernowitz | Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці | Ukraine | 87,128 | 242,300 |
| 9. | Plzeň | Pilsen, Plzeň | Pilzen | Czech Republic | 80,343 | 169,858 |
| 10. | Linz | Linec | Austria | 67,817 | 200,841 |
| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name[6] | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Budapest | Budimpešta | Hungary | 1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371) | 1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786) | |
| 2. | Szeged | Szegedin, Segedin | Hungary | 118,328 | 170,285 | |
| 3. | Subotica | Szabadka | Суботица | Serbia | 94,610 | 105,681 |
| 4. | Debrecen | Hungary | 92,729 | 208,016 | ||
| 5. | Zagreb | Zágráb, Agram | Croatia | 79,038 | 803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941) | |
| 6. | Bratislava | Pozsony | Pressburg, Prešporok | Slovakia | 78,223 | 425,167 |
| 7. | Timișoara | Temesvár | Temeswar | Romania | 72,555 | 319,279 |
| 8. | Kecskemét | Hungary | 66,834 | 111,411 | ||
| 9. | Oradea | Nagyvárad | Großwardein | Romania | 64,169 | 196,367 |
| 10. | Arad | Arad | Romania | 63,166 | 159,074 | |
| 11. | Hódmezővásárhely | Hungary | 62,445 | 46,047 | ||
| 12. | Cluj-Napoca | Kolozsvár | Klausenburg | Romania | 60,808 | 324,576 |
| 13. | Újpest | Hungary | 55,197 | 100,694 | ||
| 14. | Miskolc | Hungary | 51,459 | 157,177 | ||
| 15. | Pécs | Hungary | 49,852 | 145,347 | ||
Languages
Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary in 1910
Combined demographics of the Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary (1910)
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. (Rusyns are registered as Ukrainians)
In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.
In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the census was based primarily on mother tongue,[7][5] 48.1% of the total population spoke Hungarian as their native language. Not counting autonomous Croatia-Slavonia, more than 54.4% of the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary were native speakers of Hungarian. This included also the Jews (around 5% of the population), as mostly they were Hungarian-speaking (the Yiddish speakers were recorded as German).[8][9]
| Language | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| German | 12,006,521 | 23.36 |
| Hungarian | 10,056,315 | 19.57 |
| Czech | 6,442,133 | 12.54 |
| Serbo-Croatian | 5,621,797 | 10.94 |
| Polish | 4,976,804 | 9.68 |
| Ruthenian | 3,997,831 | 7.78 |
| Romanian | 3,224,147 | 6.27 |
| Slovak | 1,967,970 | 3.83 |
| Slovene | 1,255,620 | 2.44 |
| Italian | 768,422 | 1.50 |
| Other | 1,072,663 | 2.09 |
| Total | 51,390,223 | 100.00 |
Cisleithanian states
| Land | Main language | others (if more than 2%) |
|---|---|---|
| Bohemia | Czech (63.2%) | German (36.8%) |
| Dalmatia | Serbo-Croatian (94.6%) | Italian (2.8%) |
| Galicia | Polish (58.6%) | Ruthenian (40.2%) |
| Lower Austria | German (95.9%) | Czech (3.8%) |
| Upper Austria | German (99.7%) | |
| Bukovina | Ruthenian (38.4%) | Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%) |
| Carinthia | German (78.6%) | Slovenian (20.7%) |
| Carniola | Slovenian (94.4%) | German (4.9%) |
| Salzburg | German (99.7%) | |
| Austrian Silesia | German (43.9%) | Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%) |
| Styria | German (70.5%) | Slovenian (28.4%) |
| Moravia | Czech (71.8%) | German (27.6%) |
| County of Tyrol | German (57.3%) | Italian (42.1%) |
| Austrian Littoral | Italian (39.6%) | Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%) |
| Vorarlberg | German (95.4%) | Italian (4.4%) |
Transleithanian lands
1910 census in Hungary proper (excluding Kingdom of Croatia)
Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
| Land | Mother Tongues | others (if more than 2%) |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian (54%) | Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.5%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%) |
| Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia | Croatian (62.5%) | Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%) |
| Land | Hungarian | Romanian | German | Slovak | Croatian | Serbian | Ruthenian | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danube Right Bank | 72% (2,221,295) | 0% (833) | 18% (555,694) | 0.6% (17,188) | 5.5% (168,436) | 0.5% (15,170) | 0% (232) | 3.4% (105,556) | 14.8% (3,084,404) |
| Danube Left Bank | 32.7% (711,654) | 0% (704) | 6.6% (144,395) | 58.8% (1,279,574) | 0.1% (2,294) | 0% (200) | 0% (393) | 1.7% (36,710) | 10.4% (2,175,924) |
| Danube-Tisza | 81.2% (3,061,066) | 0.1% (4,813) | 9.5% (357,822) | 2.1% (79,354) | 0.1% (4,866) | 4.1% (154,298) | 0.3% (11,121) | 4.1% (96,318) | 18% (3,769,658) |
| Tisza Right Bank | 53.5% (945,990) | 0.1% (1,910) | 5.6% (98,564) | 25% (441,776) | 0% (486) | 0% (247) | 14.3% (253,062) | 1.6% (27,646) | 8.5% (1,769,681) |
| Tisza Left Bank | 61.8% (1,603,924) | 24% (621,918) | 3.2% (83,229) | 3.1% (81,154) | 0% (327) | 0% (321) | 7.5% (194,504) | 0.3% (8,547) | 12.4% (2,594,924) |
| Tisza-Maros | 22.2% (474,988) | 39.5% (845,850) | 19.9% (427,253) | 2.1% (44,715) | 0.2% (4,950) | 13.6% (290,434) | 0.1% (3,188) | 2.4% (50,391) | 10.3% (2,141,769) |
| Transylvania | 34.3% (918,217) | 55% (1,472,021) | 8.7% (234,085) | 0.1% (2,404) | 0% (523) | 0% (421) | 0.1% (1,759) | 1.8% (48,937) | 12.8% (2,678,367) |
| Fiume | 13% (6,493) | 0.3% (137) | 4.6% (2,315) | 0.4% (192) | 26% (12,926) | 0.9% (425) | 0% (11) | 54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian) | 0.2% (49,806) |
| Croatia-Slavonia | 4% (105,948) | 0% (846) | 5.1% (134,078) | 0.8% (21,613) | 62.5% (1,638,354) | 24.6% (644,955) | 0.3% (8,317) | 2.6% (67,843) | 12.6% (2,621,954) |
| Total | 48.1% (10,050,575) | 14.1% (2,949,032) | 9.8% (2,037,435) | 9.4% (1,967,970) | 8.8% (1,833,162) | 5.3% (1,106,471) | 2.3% (472,587) | 2.2% (469,255) | 100% (20,886,487) |
Historical regions
| Region | Mother Tongues | Hungarian language | Other languages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transylvania | Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%) | 1,658,045 (31.7%) | German – 550,964 (10.5%) |
| Upper Hungary | Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%) | 881,320 (30.2%) | German – 198,405 (6.8%) |
| Délvidék | Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%) | 425,672 (28.1%) | German – 324,017 (21.4%) Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%) Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%) |
| Transcarpathia | Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%) | 185,433 (30.6%) | German – 64,257 (10.6%) |
| Fiume | Italian – 24,212 (48.6%) | 6,493 (13%) | Croatian and Serbian – 13,351 (26.8%) Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%) German - 2,315 (4.6%) |
| Őrvidék | German – 217,072 (74.4%) | 26,225 (9%) | Croatian – 43,633 (15%) |
| Muravidék | Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921 | 14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921 | German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921 |
The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (Militärgrenze), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.
Religions
Map of religions, from Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
| Religions/Confessions | in all of Austria-Hungary | Austrian part | Hungarian part | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catholics | 76.6% | 90.9% | 61.8% | 22.9% |
| Protestants | 8.9% | 2.1% | 19% | 0.3% |
| Orthodox | 8.7% | 2.3% | 14.3% | 43.5% |
| Jews | 4.4% | 4.7% | 4.9% | 0.6% |
| Muslims | 1.3% | 0% | 0% | 32.7% |
See also
References
- ↑ Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.
- ↑ Österreichische Statistik, Neue Folge (in German). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
- ↑ 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 17.
- ↑ Kogutowicz Károly, Hermann Győző: Zsebatlasz: Naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal az 1914. évre. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet R. T., Budapest 1913, S. 69, 105.
- 1 2 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 22.
- 1 2 "Donaumonarchie Österreich-Ungarn". Donaumonarchie.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ↑ "Magyarország népessége".
- ↑ "N psz ml l sok Erd ly ter let n 1850 s 1910 k z tt". www.bibl.u-szeged.hu. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07.
- ↑ A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.
- ↑ Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). ISBN 9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- William R. Shepherd: "Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary", Historical Atlas, 1911
Further reading
- Steidl, Annemarie et al. From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations: Austro-Hungarian Migrants in the US, 1870–1940 (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2017). 354 pp.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.