Anton Schwarzkopf
Born(1924-07-08)8 July 1924[1]
Died30 July 2001(2001-07-30) (aged 77)[1]
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)Founder and president, Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH
Years active1957–1995
Known forroller coaster designer
Notable workRevolution, Shockwave, The Mindbender, Olympia Looping, Whizzer, Shuttle Loop

Anton Schwarzkopf (8 July 1924 30 July 2001) was a German engineer who founded Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH, a German manufacturer of roller coasters and other amusement rides that were sold to amusement parks and travelling funfairs around the world.

Early years

Anton Schwarzkopf, born 8 July 1924 in Bahlingen, Germany, began as an apprentice in his father's business, which focused on the design of specialised trailers used to transport circus equipment.[1] By 1954, his father's company had transitioned into creating amusement rides.[2]

Career

In 1957, Schwarzkopf built his first attraction, the Düsenspirale, which was a roller coaster that traveled around Germany with funfair showman Löffelhardt.[1] He took over his father's company in 1960 and created his first full-scale steel roller coaster, The Wildcat, in 1964.[1][2] In 1970, the first Jet Star II model was built for German showman Rick.[2] The model became popular for its electric spiral lift hill, and many of this type were built. In 1976, Schwarzkopf partnered with ride engineer Werner Stengel to create a ground-breaking attraction, the Revolution roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in California. It was the first roller coaster in the modern era to feature a vertical loop.[2] The vertical loop became a signature element used in many of Schwarzkopf's designs, including King Kobra at Kings Dominion in 1977, one of the first Shuttle Loop designs, and Shock Wave at Six Flags Over Texas in 1978, which featured consecutive vertical loops.

'Shockwave', Schwarzkopf's first double loop roller coaster.

Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH experienced rapid growth throughout the 1970s, as its rides were well received and in high demand. In the 1980s, the company produced several transportable rides for travelling funfairs, particularly those in Western Europe, with a notable example being the Alpina Bahn in 1983. Dreier Looping (meaning triple loop in English) was built in 1984, and Thriller was built in 1986. Outside of Germany, the company partnered with Intamin, and many older rides credited to Intamin were actually designed and created by Schwarzkopf.[1] Schwarzkopf suffered several business setbacks and suffered through several bankruptcies, with the first occurring in late 1983, leading to the abandonment of several upcoming designs and installations.[1] While dormant during the mid-1980s, Peißenberg and Zierer stepped in to construct several of Schwarzkopf's designs, including Bavarian Mountain Railroad in 1987.[1]

The company continued to produce flat rides and assist with roller coaster design for a number of years, and some popular releases during this time included the Bayern Kurve, the Enterprise, and the Monster. Schwarzkopf retired from the industry in 1995 and died on 30 July 2001(2001-07-30) (aged 77) after battling Parkinson's disease for several years.[1]

Legacy

There are a number of notable people from the amusement industry who have either worked with, or have relations to Anton Schwarzkopf. His brother, Franz Schwarzkopf, was also a ride designer around the same time as Anton, and designed many staples of the both amusement parks and carnivals alike, such as the Wave Swinger. Anton's son Wieland Schwarzkopf also became involved with the industry, starting out at Schwarzkopf, and later starting his own business in 1984. Wieland's company mostly provided parts and services for his father's rides, but had a few of its own attractions, such as the 'Sound Factory', a short-lived version of the popular 'Monster' ride with looping cars. Werner Stengel got his start with the Schwarzkopf company, and later went on to become one of the most prestigious designers of roller coasters and amusement rides. He was still heavily involved with most of Schwarzkopf's attractions. Hubert Gerstlauer, founder and namesake of Gerstlauer Amuesment Rides GmbH, was an employee of Schwarzkopf, before starting his own company in 1982. Gerstlauer's manufacturing is still carried out at the former Schwarzkopf facility in Münsterhausen, Bavaria.

Despite their age and shrinking numbers, Schwarzkopf rides remain popular. Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Whizzer at Six Flags Great America both received the American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) Coaster Landmark award signifying their importance to the industry.

List of notable roller coasters

As of 2019, Schwarzkopf has built 149 roller coasters around the world.[3]

List of roller coasters from Anton Schwarzkopf
NameModelAmusement park
former park(s)
CountryYear builtStatusrefs
Greased Lightnin'
formerly Tidal Wave
Shuttle LoopSix Flags Discovery Kingdom
California's Great America
United States United Statesunknown
1977–2002
Removed[4]
[5]
DüsenspiraleUnknownWiener PraterAustria Austria1957Removed[6]
Jet StarJet StarCasino PierUnited States United States1970Removed[7]
Jumbo JetJet Star 3 / Jumbo JetSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1975Removed[8]
Whizzer
formerly Willard's Whizzer
Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet
Six Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States1976Operating[9]
Whizzer
formerly Willard's Whizzer
Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet
California's Great AmericaUnited States United States1976Removed[10]
Jet Star 2Jet Star 2Lagoon
Riverfront Park
United States United States1976
1974
Operating[11]
[12]
Alpen BlitzAlpenblitz IISix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1976Removed[13]
Jumbo JetJet Star 3 / Jumbo JetMorey's PiersUnited States United States1976Removed[14]
New RevolutionUnknownSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States1976Operating[15]
SooperDooperLooperLooping SpeedracerHersheyparkUnited States United States1977Operating[16]
Wild RiderWildcat 54mSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1978Removed[17]
The Riddler MindbenderUnknownSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States1978Operating[18]
Shock WaveUnknownSix Flags Over TexasUnited States United States1978Operating[19]
Montezooma's RevengeShuttle LoopKnott's Berry FarmUnited States United States1978Closed[20]
WildcatWildcat 65mCedar PointUnited States United States1979Removed[21]
Shuttle LoopShuttle LoopNagashima Spa LandJapan Japan1980Operating[22]
NessieLooping RacerHansa ParkGermany Germany1980Operating[23]
ScorpionSilverarrowBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States1980Operating[24]
Looping StarLooping StarNagashima Spa LandJapan Japan1982Operating[25]
Psyké Underground
formerly Sirocco
formerly Turbine
Shuttle Loop Walibi Belgium Belgium Belgium 1982 Operating [26]
Colossus the Fire DragonDouble LoopingLagoonUnited States United States1983Operating[27]
Tig'rr Coaster
formerly Jet Star
Jet StarIndiana Beach
Holiday Beach
United States United States1984
1976–1983
Operating[28]
[29]
MindbenderDreier LoopingGalaxyland Amusement ParkCanada Canada1985Removed[30]
Silver BulletLooping StarFrontier CityUnited States United States1986Operating[31]
[32]
[33]
LisebergbananUnknownLisebergSweden Sweden1987Operating[34]
Jetline
formerly Berg- och Dalbanan
UnknownGröna LundSweden Sweden1988Closed[35]
Viper
formerly Jet Scream
Looping StarSix Flags AstroWorld
Six Flags St. Louis
United States United States1989
1981–1988
Removed[36]
[37]
Golden Loop
formerly White Lightnin'
Shuttle LoopGold Reef City
Carowinds
South Africa South Africa1989
1977–1988
Operating[38]
[39]
Turbo Mountain
formerly Geronimo
Jet Star 2Adventure World
Luna Park
Australia Australia1991
1982–1988
Removed[40]
[41]
Cannonball Express
formerly Enigma
formerly Super Figure Eight
formerly Jumbo 5
Jumbo VPleasurewood Hills
Funland Park
Meli Park
United Kingdom United Kingdom1995
1985–1995
1983–1984
Operating[42]
[43]
[44]
Nightmare at Crack Axle Canyon
formerly Nightmare at Phantom Cave
formerly Starchaser
Jet StarGreat Escape
Six Flags Darien Lake
Kentucky Kingdom
Beech Bend
United States United States1999
1996–1998
1987–1995
unknown
Removed[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
Katapul
formerly Thunderlooper
formerly King Kobra
Shuttle LoopHopi Hari
Alton Towers
Jolly Roger Amusement Park
Kings Dominion
Brazil Brazil1999
1990–1996
1987–1989
1977–1986
Operating[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
Montaña Rusa
formerly Zambezi Zinger
Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet
Parque Del Café
Worlds of Fun
Colombia Colombia1999
1973–1997
Operating[53]
[54]
Jet StarJet StarLuna Park La Palmyre
Morey's Piers
Knoebels Amusement Park & Resort
France France2000
1993–1999
1977–1992
Operating[55]
[56]
[57]
Tornado
formerly Glissade
Jet Star 3 / Jumbo JetSelva Mágica
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Busch Gardens Williamsburg
Mexico Mexico2002
1993–2001
1975–1985
Closed[58]
[59]
[60]
Knightmare
formerly BMRX
formerly Bavarian Mountain Railroad
UnknownCamelot Theme Park
Kobe Portopialand
United Kingdom United Kingdom2007
1987–2006
Removed[61]
[62]
Tsunami
formerly Zonga
formerly Texas Tornado
formerly Taz's Texas Tornado
formerly Thriller
UnknownIsla San Marcos Parque Temático
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
Six Flags AstroWorld
Gröna Lund
Mexico Mexico2008
2003–2004
1998–2000
1996
In storage[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
Tornado
formerly Space Mountain
formerly New Beast
formerly Alton Beast
Jet Star 3 / Jumbo JetSalitre Magico
Divertido
Alton Towers
Colombia Colombia2010
1998–2004
1992–1997
Removed[67]
[68]
[69]
Rocket
formerly Black Hole
formerly Black Hole II
formerly New Black Hole
Jet Star 2Furuvik
Alton Towers
Sweden Sweden2011
1983–2005
Removed[70]
[71]
Jumbo JetJet Star 3 / Jumbo JetChelyuskintsev Park
Dreamland
Beoland
Malmö Folkets Park
Palace Playland
Cedar Point
Belarus Belarus2015
2010–2014
2003–2006
1985–1989
unknown
1972–1978
Operating[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
Wildcat
formerly Rails
formerly Wild Rails
Wildcat 65mJolly Roger Amusement Park
Valleyfair
Cedar Point
United States United States2015
1999–2001
1979–1998
1970–1978
Operating[78] &
[79]
[80]
[81]
Big Blue
formerly Twist and Shout
formerly Looping Star
formerly Tower of Terror
Silberpfeil
SilverarrowFun Park Mirnovec
Loudoun Castle
Dreamland
Camelot Theme Park
Ocean Beach Amusement Park
OK Corral
Croatia Croatia2017
2003–2010
2001–2002
1989–2000
1986–1988
1980–1985
Operating[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
Bobsleigh
formerly Course De Bobsleigh
formerly Jumbo Jet
City Jet / Jet 400Parc de la Vallée
Nigloland
Drayton Manor
France France2018
1995–2017
1981–1983
Operating[88]
[89]
[90]
Looping Star
formerly Thunder Loop
formerly Looping Star
formerly Superachtbaan Looping Star
Looping StarParko Paliatso Luna Park
Attractiepark Slagharen
Cyprus Cyprus2018-2023
1979–2016
Removed[91]
[92]
Teststrecke
formerly Laser
formerly Colossus
Double LoopingWiener Prater
Dorney Park
Playcenter São Paulo
Austria Austria2019
1986–2008
1981–1986
Removed[93]
[94]
[95]
Super Jet
formerly Montanha Russa
Wildcat 54mDiego's Park
Mirabilandia
Brazil Brazil2019/20
1994–1998
Operating[96]
[97]
Texas Wildcat
formerly Raptor Attack
formerly Rat Ride
Wildcat 45mCotaland
Lightwater Valley
United States United States2021
1987–2019
Operating[98]
[99]
Olympia LoopingUnknownWiener PraterAustria Austria2022
2018
2016
Operating[100]
[101]
[102]
American Dreier Looping
formerly Quimera
formerly Montaña Triple Loop
formerly Montaña Infinitum
formerly Magnum Force
formerly Triple Loop Coaster
UnknownIndiana Beach
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Flamingo Land
Sunway Lagoon
United States United States2023
2007–2019
2000–2005
1997–1999
Under
construction
[103]
[104]
[105]&
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]
Unknown
formerly Cascabel
formerly Laser Loop
Shuttle LoopNiagara Amusement Park & Splash World
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Kennywood
United States United StatesTBA
1994–2019
1980–1990
In
Storage
[110]
[111]
[112]
local ride nameAnton Schwarzkopf
model type[2]
amusement / theme park location
(current, or last operating)
former park(s)
location country
(current / last)
latest date
opened
(former dates)
current
status
refs

List of other attractions

  • Giant wheel – a 41.5 metres (136 feet) diameter ferris wheel at Six Flags Great Adventure and Cedar Point.
  • Orbit (Enterprise) – Six Flags Great America, formerly the Orleans Orbit upon opening of Marriott's Great America, operated from 1976 to 2016.
  • Orbit (Enterprise) – California's Great America.
  • Wheelie (Enterprise) – Six Flags Over Georgia, operated from 1977 to 2012, removed to make room for SkyScreamer. Now at Funspot in Orlando.
  • Enterprise – Attractiepark Slagharren.
  • Bayern KurveKennywood.
  • Berserker (Bayern Kurve) – California's Great America.
  • Centrifuge (Calypso III) – California's Great America.
  • Fiddler's Fling (Calypso III) – Six Flags Great America.
  • The Lobster (Monster III) – Six Flags Great America.
  • A Shuttle Boat ride (Santa Maria) at Bobbejaanland, defunct.
  • Apollo (Apollo 14) – Attractiepark Slagharen, one of two originally built at the park, both were converted to swing rides at some point, and one of the sides ended up at Loudoun Castle.
  • Octopus (Monster II) – Attractiepark Slagharen.
  • Sky Tower (Zepplin II) – Attractiepark Slagharen, later converted into an observation tower.
  • Monorail – Attractiepark Slagharen.
  • Riesenrad (Ferris Wheel 50m) – famous Oktoberfest ferris wheel, owned by showman Willenborg.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pantenburg, Michael. "Schwarzkopf Coaster Net – Anton Schwarzkopf". Schwarzkopf-Coaster.net. Michael Pantenburg / Metamorph. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Pantenburg, Michael. "Schwarzkopf Coaster Net – The Roller Coasters (catalogue overview)". Schwarzkopf-Coaster.net. Michael Pantenburg / Metamorph. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  3. Marden, Duane. "Schwarzkopf". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  4. Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin'  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  5. Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin'  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  6. Marden, Duane. "Düsenspirale  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  7. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Casino Pier)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  8. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  9. Marden, Duane. "Whizzer  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  10. Marden, Duane. "Whizzer  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  11. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star 2  (Lagoon)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  12. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star 2  (Riverfront Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  13. Marden, Duane. "Alpen Blitz  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  14. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  15. Marden, Duane. "New Revolution  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  16. Marden, Duane. "Sooperdooperlooper  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  17. Marden, Duane. "Wild Rider  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  18. Marden, Duane. "Mind Bender  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  19. Marden, Duane. "Shock Wave  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  20. Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenege  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  21. Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  22. Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  23. Marden, Duane. "Nessie Superrollercoaster  (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  24. Marden, Duane. "Scorpion  (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  25. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  26. "Psyké Underground - Walibi Belgium (Wavre, Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  27. Marden, Duane. "Colossus the Fire Dragon  (Lagoon)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  28. Marden, Duane. "Tig'rr Coaster  (Indiana Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  29. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Holiday Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  30. Marden, Duane. "Mindbender  (Galaxyland Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  31. Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Frontier City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  32. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  33. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (State Fair of Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  34. Marden, Duane. "Lisebergbanan  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  35. Marden, Duane. "Jetline  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  36. Marden, Duane. "Viper  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  37. Marden, Duane. "Jet Scream  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  38. Marden, Duane. "Golden Loop  (Gold Reef City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  39. Marden, Duane. "White Lightnin'  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  40. Marden, Duane. "Turbo Mountain  (Adventure World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  41. Marden, Duane. "Geronimo  (Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  42. Marden, Duane. "Cannonball Express  (Pleasurewood Hills)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  43. Marden, Duane. "Super Figure Eight  (Funland Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  44. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo 5  (Meli Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  45. Marden, Duane. "Nightmare at Crack Axle Canyon  (Great Escape)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  46. Marden, Duane. "Nightmare at Phantom Cave  (Six Flags Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  47. Marden, Duane. "Starchaser  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  48. Marden, Duane. "Starchaser  (Beech Bend)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  49. Marden, Duane. "Katapul  (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  50. Marden, Duane. "Thunderlooper  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  51. Marden, Duane. "King Kobra  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  52. Marden, Duane. "King Kobra  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  53. Marden, Duane. "Montaña Rusa  (Parque Del Café)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  54. Marden, Duane. "Zambezi Zinger  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  55. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Luna Park La Palmyre)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  56. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  57. Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Knoebels Amusement Park & Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  58. Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Selvia Mágica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  59. Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  60. Marden, Duane. "Glissade  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  61. Marden, Duane. "Knightmare  (Camelot Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  62. Marden, Duane. "BMRX  (Kobe Portopialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  63. Marden, Duane. "Tsunami  (Isla San Marcos Parque Temático)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  64. Marden, Duane. "Zonga  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  65. Marden, Duane. "Texas Tornado  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  66. Marden, Duane. "Thriller  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  67. Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Salitre Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  68. Marden, Duane. "Space Mountain  (Divertido)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  69. Marden, Duane. "New Beast  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  70. Marden, Duane. "Rocket  (Furuvik)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  71. Marden, Duane. "Black Hole  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  72. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Chelyuskintsev)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  73. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  74. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Beoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  75. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Malmö Folkets Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  76. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Palace Playland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  77. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  78. Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  79. Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  80. Marden, Duane. "Rails  (Valleyfair)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  81. Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  82. Marden, Duane. "Big Blue  (Fun Park Mirnovec)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  83. Marden, Duane. "Twist and Shout  (Loudoun Castle)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  84. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  85. Marden, Duane. "Tower of Terror  (Camelot Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  86. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Ocean Beach Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  87. Marden, Duane. "Silberpfeil  (OK Corral)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  88. Marden, Duane. "Circuit Bobsleigh  (Parc de la Vallée)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  89. Marden, Duane. "Bobsleigh  (Nigloland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  90. Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Drayton Manor)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  91. Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Parko Paliatso Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  92. Marden, Duane. "Thunder Loop  (Attractiepark Slagharen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  93. Marden, Duane. "Teststrecke  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  94. Marden, Duane. "Laser  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  95. Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Playcenter São Paulo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  96. Marden, Duane. "Super Jet  (Diego's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  97. Marden, Duane. "Montanha Russa  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  98. Marden, Duane. "Texas Wildcat  (Cotaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  99. Marden, Duane. "Raptor Attack  (Lightwater Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  100. Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  101. Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  102. Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  103. Marden, Duane. "American Dreier Looping  (Indiana Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
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