GRB 080319B
The afterglow of GRB 080319B imaged by Swift's X-ray Telescope (left) and Optical/Ultraviolet Telescope (right)
Event typeGamma-ray burst Edit this on Wikidata
Unknown
DateSwift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT)
March 19, 2008
Duration50 seconds
ConstellationBoötes
Right ascension14h 31m 40.98s [1]
Declination+36° 18' 8.8''
EpochJ2000
Distance7.5 billion light-years (2.3 Gpc)
z=0.937
Redshift0.94
RemnantUnknown
ProgenitorUnknown
Progenitor typeUnknown
Colour (B-V)Unknown
Peak apparent magnitude5.3
Other designationsGRB 080319B
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GRB 080319B was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by the Swift satellite at 06:12 UTC on March 19, 2008. The burst set a new record for the farthest object that was observable with the naked eye:[2] it had a peak visual apparent magnitude of 5.7 and remained visible to human eyes for approximately 30 seconds.[3] The magnitude was brighter than 9.0 for approximately 60 seconds.[4] If viewed from 1 AU away, it would have had a peak apparent magnitude of −67.57 (21 quadrillion times brighter than the Sun seen from Earth). It had an absolute magnitude of -38.6,[5] beaten by GRB 220101A with -39.4 in 2023.[6][7]

Overview

ESO artist's impression of gamma-ray burst GRB 080319B

The GRB's redshift was measured to be 0.937,[8] which means that the explosion occurred about 7.5 billion (7.5×109) years ago (the lookback time), and it took the light that long to reach Earth. This is roughly half the time since the Big Bang.[2] The first scientific paper submitted on the event suggested that the GRB could have easily been seen to a redshift of 16 (essentially to the time in the universe when stars were just being formed, well into the age of reionization) from a sub-meter sized telescope equipped with near-infrared filters.[9]

The afterglow of the burst set a new record for the "most intrinsically bright object ever observed by humans in the universe",[2] 2.5 million times brighter than the brightest supernova to date, SN 2005ap.[10]

Evidence suggests that the afterglow was particularly bright because its gamma jet pointed directly at Earth. This allowed an unprecedented examination of the jet structure, which appears to have consisted of a narrowly focused cone and a wider secondary one. If this is the norm for GRB jets, it follows that most GRB detections only capture the fainter wide cone, which means that most distant GRBs are too faint to detect with current telescopes. This would imply that GRBs are a far more common phenomenon than so far assumed.[11]

A record for the number of observed bursts with the same satellite on one day, four, was also set. This burst was named with the suffix B since it was the second burst detected that day. There were five GRBs detected in a 24-hour period, including GRB 080320.[12]

Until this gamma-ray burst event, the galaxy M83, at a distance of about 15 million light years, was the most distant object visible to the naked eye, albeit only under excellent conditions. The galaxy remains the most distant permanent object viewable without aid.[2]

It was soon suggested that this spectacle be named the Clarke Event,[13] as it first reached Earth just hours before the death of science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke.

The plot below shows the brightness in both the optical wavelengths and at higher energy for the event. The first optical exposure started about 2 seconds before the source was first observed by the SWIFT telescope and lasted for 10 seconds. The emission in both curves then peaks at around 15-30 seconds before a long exponential decay.

Brightness curve for GRB 080319B in optical wavelengths (black curve) and at higher energies (gray).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gamma Ray Burst Coordinates Network". NASA. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "NASA Satellite Detects Naked-Eye Explosion Halfway Across Universe". NASA. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  3. ↑ "Pi of the Sky observation of GRB080319B the brightest ever gamma-ray burst". Pi of the Sky. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  4. ↑ "GRB 080319B light curve". vo.astronet.ru. April 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  5. ↑ Woźniak, P. R.; Vestrand, W. T.; Panaitescu, A. D.; Wren, J. A.; Davis, H. R.; White, R. R. (2009). "GAMMA-RAY BURST AT THE EXTREME: "THE NAKED-EYE BURST" GRB 080319B". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (1): 495. arXiv:0810.2481. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/495. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ↑ Jin, Zhi-Ping; Zhou, Hao; Wang, Yun; Geng, Jin-Jun; Covino, Stefano; Wu, Xue-Feng; Li, Xiang; Fan, Yi-Zhong; Wei, Da-Ming; Wei, Jian-Yan (June 26, 2023). "An optical–ultraviolet flare with absolute AB magnitude of −39.4 detected in GRB 220101A". Nature Astronomy: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02005-w. ISSN 2397-3366.
  7. ↑ "400 Quadrillion Times Brighter Than the Sun – Scientists Detect Most Energetic Ultraviolet/Optical Flare Ever". SciTechDaily. September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  8. ↑ "VLT/UVES redshift of GRB 080319B". March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  9. ↑ J. S. Bloom; Perley; Li; Butler; Miller; Kocevski; Kann; Foley; Chen (2009). "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (1): 723–737. arXiv:0803.3215. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691..723B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723. S2CID 16440948.
  10. ↑ Schilling, Govert (March 21, 2008). "Universe's most powerful blast visible to the naked eye". New Scientist. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  11. ↑ Courtland, Rachel (September 10, 2008). "Brightest gamma-ray burst was aimed at Earth". New Scientist. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  12. ↑ "OLDER Swift Burst Ground-Analysis Information: 2008". GCN. March 4, 2009. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Why not the Clarke Event?". EarthSky Blogs. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2011.

Citations

Database references

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