Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association
AbbreviationGaLTaS
Formation1991
Founded atNew South Wales
Dissolved1998 (1998)
TypeNGO
PurposeActivist and support organisation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, intersex and transgender students and teachers.
HeadquartersSydney
Location
Co-convenors
Derek Williams
Jacqui Griffin

The Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association (GaLTaS) was an Australian LGBT organisation active from 1991 to 1998 that was established during a wave of gay gang murders to publicise widespread problems of anti-gay bullying and violence in Australian schools, as well as to offer support and a path to redress for its victims.[1][2] It was founded by two Committee members of the New South Wales Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby:[3] gay activist Derek Williams, a New Zealand born teacher at Randwick Boys High School[4][5] and Jennifer Glass, an 18-year-old lesbian New South Wales high school student.[6] Previous attempts to set up support organisations such as the similarly named 'GAYTAS' in 1978 had not survived, with same-sex relationships at that stage still a criminal offence in New South Wales until law repeal in 1984.[7] However, GaLTaS prevailed after LGBT+ students themselves spoke openly to both LGBT+ and mainstream media.[8][9][10][11] The organisation was registered on 17 September 1992 as an Australian Incorporated Society, and was managed by a committee elected at each AGM, headed by two co-convenors. Parents were invited to all meetings, both individually and through a working association with PFLAG and the P&C. Williams was subsequently six times re-elected its male co-convenor, and after the resignation of Glass, teacher (now lawyer) Jacqui Griffin became female co-convenor for the major part of GaLTaS' significant activism.[12][13]

Background

Earlier attempts to establish support networks for LGBT+ students and teachers included the Gay Teachers and Students Group (originally called the 'Gay Teachers Group') established in Melbourne in 1975. This group spearheaded efforts to reform attitudes in relation to schooling and homosexuality by working with and seeking to influence, politicians and the broader community. The group's legacy is perhaps most famously symbolised by its landmark 1978 publication Young, Gay and Proud whose content was then published in an Americanised version of the same name in 1980.[14] The Lesbian Teachers Group based in Sydney formed in June 1978, with the NSW Gay Teachers and Students (GAYTAS) group forming in 1979. The two groups worked both separately and collaboratively to agitate for change. Despite students being part of GAYTAS's name, the group did not have any student members.[7][15][16] Nevertheless, they were attacked in Parliament by Mick Clough, who called for an inquiry to ensure that students were "protected from homosexual pressure".[17][18] Clough also opposed decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1984.[19]

The impetus to set up the new association for LGBT+ teachers and students had reached a crucial point following the murder convictions and 18-year prison sentences handed down in 1990 to 8 students (the "Alexandria Eight") from Sydney's Cleveland Street High School and a North Shore Catholic School for the gay-related killing of 33-year-old New Zealander Richard Johnson. Another group of 30 youths aged 12–18 (the "Bondi Boys") were active in throwing gay men to their deaths off the cliffs of Marks Park, Tamarama (colloquially euphemised as "cliff jumping"). As many as 88 men were killed, including Scott Johnson, Ross Warren, Gilles Mataini and John Russell, with their deaths initially dismissed as "suicide", "accident" or otherwise "not suspicious".[20][21][22][23] Amid a spate of such attacks,[24] gay Social Science teacher Wayne Tonks was also brutally murdered by two 16-year-old students from Cleveland Street High School after he had received threats at the school and had his Artarmon flat ransacked. Aside from the two who killed him, Tonks had previously taught three of the boys eventually convicted of Richard Johnson's murder.[21][25] By 2023, there were still "50 to 100 persons of interest at least known" to NSW Police.[26]

Political response

In February 1993, Education Minister Virginia Chadwick agreed to a meeting with GaLTaS at the New South Wales Parliament led by Derek Williams with former Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby Co-Convenor, Carole Ruthchild[27] and some of the students being subjected to homophobic victimisation and violence at their school.[28] Following an interview with Chadwick and Williams by Quentin Dempster on the 7:30 Report, Chadwick announced a draft Procedures For Resolving Complaints About Discrimination Against Students,[29] that would provide a means for LGBT+ students to achieve redress and complete their education.[30] Following the publication of the SchoolWatch Report, this was eventually promulgated in 1996[31][32] and the New South Wales Education Department also published a revised Resources for Teaching Against Violence kit, which included a substantial section devoted to 'Violence and Homophobia'.[33] These measures were primarily intended to reverse the escalation of ubiquitous homophobic student invective into serious crime such as assault and homicide that were having life-changing consequences not only for their victims, but also for their juvenile perpetrators.[34][35]

The SchoolWatch Report and LGBT+ Youth Hotline

In March 1993, GaLTaS was awarded a Federal National Youth Grant of $30,000 (=c.$68,400 equivalent in 2023)[36] by the Government of Australia[37] to establish a toll-free telephone hotline for gay and lesbian student victims of homophobic harassment and violence in schools.[38] More than 500 calls were taken by specially trained counsellors, while research from surveys conducted by Jacqui Griffin was compiled for inclusion in The SchoolWatch Report : A Study Into Anti-Lesbian and Anti-Gay Harassment and Violence in Australian Schools, with Foreword by Paul O'Grady MLC and Epilogue by Derek Williams.[39][40] SchoolWatch was modelled on the Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby's StreetWatch Report on anti-LGBT+ violence, launched in 1990 by Police Minister Ted Pickering.[41][27] A copy of Griffin's SchoolWatch Report was sent to Mrs Chadwick, who expressed alarm at its findings in an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald, confirming she had heard "very sad, and sometimes horrifying stories" about discrimination:

But I'd have to say I think equally sad are the stories you don't hear about the young people who drop out of school because they haven't told their parents, because their parents don't know they are gay, they don't tell their teachers because they fear they might not be understood or get support there. Rather than stand up for their rights and know there is a mechanism there to help them, they drop out. It is such a loss and a source of great concern for me.[35]

Mrs Chadwick further stated she would have 'no difficulty' with reading lists of fiction and non-fiction books selected from a list provided by GaLTaS that provided positive images of LGBT people being placed in school libraries.[42] Chadwick subsequently launched the SchoolWatch Report on 6 March 1995 at Randwick Boys High School in a ceremony attended by teachers, students, Griffin, Williams, the headmaster Geoff McNeill who had invited Chadwick, and the school's P&C.[43] Following the launch, the SchoolWatch Committee was formed in June 1995 by Williams (with Griffin later becoming Secretary)[44] to bring together representatives from the New South Wales Department of Education, the Board of Studies, the New South Wales Parents and Citizens Association, the New South Wales Teachers Federation, the Independent Education Union of Australia, the Catholic Education Office (CEO), the New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board, independent MP Clover Moore and the NSW Police Gay Liaison Officer[45] to address ongoing issues of school bullying,[46][47] suicidal ideation, suicide among LGBT youth[48] and homicide by students,[20][49][50] via workshops,[30][51] teacher training and books in schools programmes.[52]

After the defeat of the NSW Liberal Party by Labor at the 1995 New South Wales state election, Chadwick was succeeded as Education Minister by John Aquilina, who later abruptly shelved implementation of her reforms.[53]

In February 1997, as GaLTaS delegate, Williams addressed a Parliament of Australia forum on youth suicide convened by then Prime Minister, John Howard,[54][55] working with Heather Horntvedt who represented PFLAG[56] in her address to the forum.

Wood Royal Commission

During the Justice James Roland Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service, Derek Williams represented GaLTaS in submissions on behalf of LGBT+ teachers and students.[57] In an interview on the 7:30 Report by Quentin Dempster, Williams outlined the GaLTaS Code of Ethics and student welfare policy that had been revised the year before by Jacqui Griffin and adopted at a SGM in December 1995.[58][59][60]

Media representation

GaLTaS' activism on behalf of students was widely reported in both LGBT+ and largely sympathetic mainstream news mastheads as well as in television documentaries, and this helped bring the plight of LGBT+ students into public focus.

In 1992, Derek Williams represented GaLTaS as a guest on the Nine Network's TV series Sex[61][5] episode "Homosexuality", hosted by Australian actress Sophie Lee with Australian Medical Association (AMA) President, Dr Kerryn Phelps as medical reporter.[62] The episode was a televised dinner at the Nine Network studios, together with Festival of Light politician and outspoken LGBT+ rights opponent, Fred Nile, as well as representatives from the Parents and Citizens (P&C) and the AMA.[63] Williams and Phelps were subsequently interviewed together by Liz Hayes on the Today Show concerning ongoing issues of school-based homophobia.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and Channel 9's 60 Minutes also broadcast television documentaries covering GaLTaS' endeavours to keep LGBT+ students at school. The ABC's Attitude documentary Homophobia, which featured a report on the Harvey Milk High School, included interviews with LGBT students, parents, Jacqui Griffin and filmed Derek Williams teaching at Randwick Boys High School, whose supportive principal Geoff McNeill was also interviewed.[64][60]

Breach of Duty of Care lawsuits

From April 1997, GaLTaS began assisting LGBT+ students suing their schools in a number of landmark cases[65][66] alleging breach of duty of care by the Catholic Education Office (CEO) and the New South Wales Department of School Education, that were eventually settled out of court under non-disclosure agreements.

In 1997, assisted by GaLTaS with Contingent Fee legal representation by Carters Law Firm,[67] at age 13, Christopher Tsakalos became the youngest student ever to sue his school[68][69] for anti-gay vilification and bullying.[70][71] Christopher and his mother Vicky Tsakalos[68] approached Williams about homophobic bullying that had caused him to change school several times, ending at Cranebrook High School in Sydney's West. With parental agreement, Nine Network's 60 Minutes programme broadcast the documentary Pride and Prejudice - Chris[72][71] interviewing Williams, Christopher and Vicky Tsakalos, showing students at Cranebrook High School yelling homophobic abuse across the school playground followed by an interview with the headmistress.[73] The story was taken up in Australia's major mastheads, both nationally and internationally,[74][75][76] and the Tsakalos case was raised by Williams in his address to the Australian Parliament on 28 February 1997.[54]

Also in 1997, again assisted by GaLTaS and Carter's Law Firm, gay student James Brilley sued Marcellin College Randwick for breach of duty of care and anti-gay vilification. After collapsing at his school as a result of his experience, Brilley had spent 4 months in psychiatric care at the Caritas Psychiatric Unit. Despite Catholic schools' religion-based exemption from the Anti-Discrimination Act, the matter was settled out of court under a non-disclosure agreement for a six-figure sum. In light of Brilley's complaint, and echoing Williams' call for the law to be reformed, the President of the NSW Anti-Discrimination Board and NSW Privacy Commissioner, Chris Puplick stated, "Students' rights should not be contingent upon their particular school."[66][77] Brilley's treatment fell short of the Catholic Education Commission's (CEC) denouncement of discrimination, both in the Anti-Discrimination Board's 1982 report, Discrimination and Homosexuality:

Catholic authorities have made it clear that they deplore personal discrimination against homosexuals … homosexuals are assured of acceptance, and guaranteed the human rights enjoyed by others.[78]

and in its 1993 syllabus Towards Wholeness – A Catholic Perspective on Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Year 7-10 under the heading 'Information about adult lifestyles related to sexuality – heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality', where it states:

Teachers through example and through formal teaching programs should reinforce what the Church has stated, that it is deplorable that homosexual persons have been the objects of violent malice in speech or in act. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church's pastors wherever it occurs. (New South Wales Catholic Education Commission, 1993:6)[79]

Dismissals under anti-discrimination law exemptions

In October 1992, the Deputy Principal of the Australian Catholic University, Brother Dan Stewart refused GaLTaS permission to establish a student group on its campus, following a meeting with a GaLTaS trainee teacher member enrolled there. Stewart accused GaLTaS of contriving and politicising an issue "contrary to the stated ethos of the university." However, the federal Minister for Education, Peter Baldwin said he was very disappointed by the university's decision. "Gays and lesbians, like any other students, should be allowed to meet and offer each other support without fear of repercussion from the university administration."[80]

From May 1993, GaLTaS began to call on the NSW parliament to remove private schools' LGBT+ related exemptions from the New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1977.[81]

On 10 March 1995, 25-year-old Computer Science teacher Peter Saidi alleged constructive dismissal by the Catholic Education Office from his position at Freeman Catholic College after his employers learned he had marched with the GaLTaS float at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras the preceding Saturday.[82] The following day, more than 500 students and parents staged a school revolt on the school oval in support of Saidi, while all 1100 students of the school signed a petition demanding his immediate reinstatement.[83][84] Despite the strong support for him from the students and parents, Saidi told Capital Q newspaper, "I was made to resign so that when I go seek employment elsewhere, I would look more favourable than I would had I been sacked".[85] Derek Williams told the Daily Telegraph that because discrimination was legally permitted in these schools, "students were being cocooned from laws that would eventually apply to them when they left school."[86] Independent Education Union (IEU) Secretary General Dick Shearman responded that the IEU could not defend Saidi because non-government schools were exempt from anti-discrimination legislation. "Whether you agree or disagree with that view, it happens to be the law as it stands in New South Wales, and we have to operate within that in any legal sense." After realising the extent of support for him within the student and parent body, Saidi unsuccessfully attempted to walk back his resignation, and the students ended their strike after the school threatened to withhold their academic results. He was thereafter employed as a Computing Studies and Maths teacher by the New South Wales Department of Education.[87][88]

While NSW state law could offer Saidi no protection against anti-LGBT+ discrimination, the federal Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) was prepared to rule on such cases. Even though any finding in favour of an appellant would be a paper tiger, it would still bring anti-LGBT+ discrimination into the public eye through being tabled in parliament. In 1997, Jacqui Griffin won her discrimination case filed with HREOC under Chris Sidoti against the Sydney Catholic Education Office for refusing her employment on the basis of her GaLTaS co-convenorship, with Williams appearing as witness representing GaLTaS.[89][60][90] Griffin argued that GaLTaS advocacy for schools free of violence and discrimination directed against homosexuals was compliant with the Catholic Church's own declarations in 1982 and in 1993,[78][79] and that moreover, the CEC had itself explicitly stated that homosexuals could be teachers:

Persons who are homosexually oriented should be eligible for employment in any occupation and homosexual teachers have this right.[35]

Williams also told the hearing, "The aims of GaLTaS are not to promote homosexual activity…" Sidoti later commented in the report:

If the employment of Ms Griffin would injure the religious susceptibilities of these students and their parents, the injury would be founded on a misconception. Indeed it would be not an injury to their religious susceptibilities but an injury to their prejudices.

The CEO rejected the HREOC finding;[91] nonetheless, in March 1998 Sidoti submitted his decision to the Attorney General Daryl Williams for tabling in the Federal Parliament, declaring the church's assertions 'gratuitous and scurrilous'.[92][93]

In his book The High Price of Heaven, author David Marr wrote that the Griffin matter was "deeply embarrassing for the Catholic Church. It had to concede that the GaLTaS aim of protecting homosexual and lesbian kids from harassment squared with the church's own teaching as laid down by the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith."[93][78][79]

The Presbyterian Church of Queensland later adduced Griffin's HREOC win in support of its claims of competing rights and alleged abrogation of Freedom of Religion in its submission to the Australian Commonwealth Parliament Inquiry into the Status of the Human Right of Freedom of Religion or Belief that had been called in 2016 by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon. Julie Bishop.[94] However, the inquiry lapsed when the Joint Standing Committee disbanded at the dissolution of the House of Representatives in April 2019.[95]

Repeal of religious exemptions

On 10 April 2019, the Attorney-General issued Terms of Reference requesting the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) to conduct an Inquiry into the Framework of Religious Exemptions in Anti discrimination Legislation. However, on 3 November 2022, the Attorney-General withdrew the terms of reference for the Inquiry, which was then abandoned following the shelving of the Coalition's contentious Religious Discrimination Bill.[96][97] Existing exemptions already gave religious and independent schools the legally protected right to expel LGBT+ students and to fire LGBT+ teaching and ancillary staff on the grounds of their real or perceived sexual orientation or gender. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the collapse of the Religious Discrimination Bill, Law & Justice Professor Lucas Lixinsky of the University of New South Wales argued that religious schools could still engage in constructive dismissal wherein "the prohibition of expelling a student or firing a teacher creates an incentive for creating hostile educational and work environments".[98]

Meanwhile, in the Northern Territory (NT), after a period of consultation,[99] on 22 November 2022, the Anti-Discrimination Amendment Bill 2022 (NT) removing 'limited' religious exemptions in areas of education – section 30(2), work – section 37A and accommodation – section 40(2A) was passed in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, with Jacqui Griffin present in the House.[100] While this was opposed by the Country Liberal Party, who promised to repeal it, and was objected to by religious bodies as eroding religious freedom,[101][102] it was welcomed by the NT LGBT+ community, who had made a submission in January 2018 to the NT Government calling for reform.[103]

On 27 January 2023, the ALRC released its consultation paper, Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, in which the Australian government declared commitment to reforming federal anti-discrimination laws to ensure religious educational institutions no longer "discriminate against a student or member of staff on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, marital or relationship status or pregnancy". The proposed reform did not otherwise limit the right of religious institutions to give good-faith preference to persons of the same religion as the educational institution in the selection of staff. In light of the large volume of submissions received, an extension to its reporting deadline was confirmed on 20 April 2023, with amended Terms of Reference extending the date for reporting to 31 December 2023,[104] however the report was released 14 December 2023.[105]

In December 2023, Saint Ursula's College, Kingsgrove ended its ban on same-sex partners for LGBT+ students attending the school formal after a Change.org petition launched by a student against its "discriminatory policy" had reached 4,900 signatures. Federal education minister, Jason Clare, had urged the Catholic school to rethink the ban and "show a little bit of common sense", saying "It's 2023. You should be able to take whoever you want to the Year 12 farewell."[106] In the same month, Pope Francis announced that priests would be allowed to bless same-sex couples,[107] a move that appeared to depart radically from the Church's erstwhile denial of its core sacraments to LGBT+ communicants if they were not celibate,[108] and longstanding refusal to bless same-sex unions.[109]

Legacy

In 1998, GaLTaS was absorbed into the New South Wales Teachers Federation as a Special Interest Group,[110] with Derek Williams as a founding member. The SchoolWatch Committee established by Williams continued in its intended ministerial advisory role for the next five years, with Jacqui Griffin eventually assuming the role of Secretary. From 2010, the Safe Schools Coalition Australia began developing the Safe Schools Program to give support to teachers and schools seeking assistance in the creation of a more inclusive environment for LGBT+ students and their families.[111]

After entering the legal profession full-time,[112][113] Griffin continued her involvement with LGBT+ rights activism, with submissions by the Rainbow Territory group to the federal government in 2023 in reforming exemptions to state anti-discrimination laws. The most comprehensive outcome in 2023 after lobbying by the group was for both staff and for students in her native Northern Territory, which revoked all exemptions.[114] Her children's book The Adventures of Scales and Sarah about the friendship between a young girl and a chromosomally gender-flipping bearded dragon lizard in a context of climate change was self-published in 2023.[115] Williams moved to his ancestral Scotland where he remained active in LGBT+ politics, and in 2018 he was co-opted to the Committee of the Edinburgh University Staff Pride Network.[116][117][118] On 3 March 2023, his former employer, Randwick Boys High School, celebrated World Pride Day as a whole-school event.[119]

Prior to the activism of GaLTaS in bringing the existence of LGBT+ youth and their victimisation to inescapable public awareness, the NSW Dept of Education policy had been that "The Department of School Education does not condone or promote homosexuality", along similar lines to the British Section 28, which reflected the prevailing view at that time. Virginia Chadwick's heartfelt recognition of the problems facing LGBT+ children in her schools and her willingness to address them with new anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies, reflected an opening up of dialogue with parents of these children, and their teachers. Moreover, the Keating government's funding of the GaLTaS youth hotline that preceded Griffin's SchoolWatch Report followed by the report's public launch and adoption by Chadwick credibly placed on public record LGBT+ students' experience of bullying and its direct correlation with homicide by students, depression and suicide ideation. Crucial to GaLTaS' advocacy for safe schools was its dialogue with parents. In its February 2000 edition of Parent & Citizen Journal, the P&C published an article by Griffin (Secretary of the SchoolWatch Committee), Teaching Against Homophobia, which stated:

Homophobic harassment, though, begins at primary school and is intrinsically connected to gender. Homophobia originates from, and serves to reinforce, dominant constructions of appropriate masculine and feminine behaviours.[44]

By 2017, the New South Wales Education Department had promulgated its Review of Sexuality and Gender Education, setting out guidelines for age-appropriate sex education curricula,[120] following the 2011 expansion of its anti-bullying policy.[121] In 2022, the New South Wales government published its LGBTIQ+ Health Strategy 2022-2027 paper,[122] which along with the conclusive 61% 'Yes' vote in the 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, further underlined the magnitude of the shift that had taken place in public understanding of LGBT+ identity away from its criminalisation prior to 1984.

References

  1. ↑ Singerman, Deborah (18 January 1992). 'Testing Time for School Gays'. Page 36. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  2. ↑ Singerman, Deborah. (27 November 1991). "Out of the closet and into the classroom". Green Left Issue 37. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  3. ↑ NSW Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby Human rights in Australia
  4. ↑ Committee, Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby AGM, July 1990. (Source: Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby Annual Report 1988–1989). Wayback Machine. (Sydney, Australia)
  5. 1 2 Skiffington, Toni. (1 February 1997). 'Derek came out to find success and become a role model'. Page 14 (full page). The Daily Post (Rotorua, New Zealand)
  6. ↑ Jennifer Glass. Lesbians on the Loose. Issue 14. February 1991. Trove.
  7. 1 2 McKinnon, Scott (12 June 2017). "Maintaining the school closet: the changing regulation of homosexuality and the contested space of the school in New South Wales, 1978–84". Australian Geographer. 49: 185–198. doi:10.1080/00049182.2017.1327786. ISSN 0004-9182. S2CID 148956408.
  8. ↑ Totaro, Paola (20 March 1992). 'Student gang forces gay boys to quit school. Front Page. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  9. ↑ Totaro, Paola - Education Writer. (27 March 1992). Gay students are coming out of the classrooms. p.3 - Sydney Morning Herald.
  10. ↑ Larriera, Alicia (30 March 1992). 'Gays refuse to enroll'. Page 2. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)'
  11. ↑ (6 June 1992). 'Three Lesbians Quit HSC'. Page 6. The Sydney Morning Herald. (Australia).
  12. ↑ (January 1996). 1996 'Derek Williams and Jacqui Griffin are the new co-convenors of the Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students' Association'. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. Australia)
  13. ↑ Zwolsman, Debbie. (July 1992). Dykes drop out while Chadwick stalls. Front page. Lesbians on the Loose. Issue 33, Vol. 3 No 7. Trove.
  14. ↑ Young, gay, and proud! 1995. AlyCat Books. Internet Archive.
  15. ↑ McKinnon, Scott. (20 September 2017). Anti-LGBT rights campaigns and the figure of the child/ Australian Women's History Network official website.
  16. ↑ Marshall, Daniel. (May 2011). Young Gays: towards a history of youth, queer sexualities and education in Australia. No 87, Page 60: The Latrobe Journal, State Library Victoria.
  17. ↑ Petitions. Legislative Assembly, Full Hansard, 8 November 1979, Page 2783, 'Gay Teachers and Students Group', Mr R.I. Clough: New South Wales Parliament, Hansard.
  18. ↑ 'Students asked to join gay teachers group says MP'. (9 November 1979). Daily Telegraph.
  19. ↑ Dunn, Ross. (16 May 1984). 'Gay bill will pass, but with a change'. Front page. Sydney Morning Herald.
  20. 1 2 Goddard, Martyn (6 April 1991). 'Seeds Of Tolerance: In The Gay Killing Fields'. Page 39 (full page). Sydney Morning Herald Spectrum. (Australia)
  21. 1 2 Callaghan, Greg. (1 October 2021). 'A willingness to write crimes off': on the trail of the Bondi killers. Sydney Morning Herald.
  22. ↑ Timeline for Key Events in the Hate Crimes Journey 1978 - 2018 2 For NSW Parliamentary Inquiry (by Sue Thompson 6.11.18 v.12). New South Wales Parliament.
  23. ↑ Davis, Kristen (January 2007). "Bondi's underbelly: the 'gay gang murders". Queer Space: Centres and Peripheries.
  24. ↑ Fenely, Rick. (27 July 2013). Up to 80 men murdered, 30 cases unsolved. Sydney Morning Herald.
  25. ↑ Goddard, Martyn. (25 January 1991). 'Death Boast'. Front Page. Star Observer (Australia)
  26. ↑ Whitbourn, Michaela. (21 February 2023). Police quietly 'reversed' inquest findings on Bondi deaths, inquiry told. Sydney Morning Herald.
  27. 1 2 Special Commission of Inquiry into LGBTIQ hate crimes: Statement of Carole Ruthchild. 7 Novemmber 2022. New South Wales Government.
  28. ↑ (27 February 1993) Carole Ruthchild, co-convenor of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby (GLRL), Derek Williams, co-convenor of Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students (GaLTaS) meet with Virginia Chadwick. Parliament of New South Wales. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. (Sydney, Australia)
  29. ↑ Powell, Sian (7 October 1993). 'Govt bid to outlaw racism, sexism in schools'. Page 3. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  30. 1 2 Long, Stephen (11 April 1991). 'Education the way to wipe out prejudice'. Page 6. The Eastern Herald (Sydney, Australia)
  31. ↑ (February 1995). Sydney Star Observer: Issue 253 The NSW Education Minister releases an anti-discrimination policy for schools which addresses lesbian and gay and HIV status harassment and vilification'. Sydney's Pride History Group. (Australia)
  32. ↑ Procedures For Resolving Complaints About Discrimination Against Students - whole of document scan: https://fliphtml5.com/ website.
  33. ↑ Resources for Teaching Against Violence (1996). ISBN 0731014170. New South Wales Department of Education.
  34. ↑ Combatting Homophobia. Education: Vol 73 No 5, 27 April 1992. New South Wales Teachers Federation. Trove
  35. 1 2 3 Mason, Gail (Ed.) & Tomsen, Stephen (Ed.) (1997). Homophobic Violence. Pages 104–117. 'Anti-lesbian/gay violence in schools'. Griffin, Jacqui (GaLTaS Co-convenor). The Hawkins Press. ISBN 1876067047. Australian Institute of Criminology.
  36. ↑ Inflation Calculator.
  37. ↑ (24 March 1993). IN BRIEF: Help for gay victims. Page 4. The Sydney Morning Herald
  38. ↑ Parker, Maralyn. (15 December 1993). 'Crisis Line Helps Beat Harassment'. Telegraph Mirror.
  39. ↑ Griffin, Jacqui (1994). The SchoolWatch report: a study into anti-lesbian and anti-gay harassment and violence in Australian schools. Chippendale, N.S.W.: J. Griffin. ISBN 978-0-646-19960-3. National Library of Australia.
  40. ↑ The SchoolWatch Report - whole of document scan: https://fliphtml5.com/ website.
  41. ↑ STREETWATCH. Issue 5, May 1990. Page 4: Lesbians on the Loose.
  42. ↑ Lewis, Julie (7 March 1995). 'Anti-gay students targeted via literature'. Page 5.The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  43. ↑ (9 March 1995). Sydney Star Observer: Issue 256. The School Watch Report – 'A Study into Anti-Lesbian and Anti-Gay Harassment and Violence is launched at Randwick Boys' High School by the NSW Minister of Education'. Sydney's Pride History Group. (Australia)
  44. 1 2 Griffin, Jacqui. (February 2000). 'Teaching Against Homophobia'. Parent & Citizen Journal - Vol.51 No 1: pages 30-31. Parents and Citizens.
  45. ↑ Jenny Mouzos and Sue Thompson. (March 2001). Comparison between Gay Hate-Related Homicides of Men and Other Male Homicides in New South Wales 1989 -1999 . Hate Crime Conference, 9–10 December 1999, University of Sydney. Published as Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice - No. 155 by Australian Institute of Criminology.
  46. ↑ Passey, David. (15 May 1997). 'Schools tackle rights of gays'. Page 3. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  47. ↑ Vass, Nathan (1 July 1996). 'Gay slurs: school suspends 2 students'. Page 6. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  48. ↑ Adamson, Judy (20 July 1995). 'Death by Numbers'. Front Page, P4-5. Northern Herald (Sydney, Australia)
  49. ↑ Goddard, Martyn (25 January 1991). 'Death Boast'. Front Page. Star Observer (Australia)
  50. ↑ Wade, Matthew (23 September 2016). "The Sydney gay beat murders revealed". Star Observer. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  51. ↑ Williams, Derek. 11 October 1997. How to Stop Classroom Homophobia conference. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. (Sydney, Australia).
  52. ↑ Raethel, Stephanie (22 October 1997). 'Gay book gift bushwhacked'. Page 3. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  53. ↑ Passey, David. (16 May 1997). 'Aquilina forbids school trial of pro-gay program'. Page 6. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  54. 1 2 Hansard: "HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON FAMILY AND COMMUNITY AFFAIRS" (PDF). 5 February 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  55. ↑ 28 February 1997. Prime Minister John Howard hosts a forum on youth suicide. Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association (GaLTaS) and Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) speak at the forum. Canberra. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ Zwolsman, Debbi. (May 1992). Pushed to the Limit. LESBIANS ON THE LOOSE: ISSUE 29. Trove.
  57. ↑ David Humphries and Jennifer Cook. (27 August 1997). 'Wood's main recommendations' and 'MP's say 'no' to consent proposal'. Page 7. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  58. ↑ Griffin, Jacqui. (June 1996). Pedophile Herrings. Lesbians on the Loose. Page 7. Trove.
  59. ↑ 'Briefs'. "Vote 'political suicide'". Lesbians on the Loose: Vol. 5, No 7, July 1994. National Library of Australia. Trove.
  60. 1 2 3 Sidoti, Chris. (March 1998). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Report of Inquiry into a Complaint of Discrimination in Employment and Occupation. Discrimination on the ground of sexual preference. HRC Report No. 6. (Australia)
  61. ↑ "The Museum of Broadcast Communications – Encyclopedia of Television – Sex". 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  62. ↑ Lee, Sophie. (19 March 1992). Sydney Morning Herald. Page 24. Television. "Homosexuality". Nine Network. (Australia).
  63. ↑ Luck, Peter. (23 March 1992). 'Luck on the Logies'. Pages 48 and 53 (= 1 and 6 The Guide). Sydney Morning Herald. (Australia).
  64. ↑ "Attitude | Library Sales – ABC Commercial". 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  65. ↑ Martin, Louise (2 April 1997). 'Youth sues over school abuse'. Page A3. The Age (Melbourne, Australia)
  66. 1 2 Passey, David. (1 May 1997). 'Gay man sues Catholic school for vilification'. Page 6. The Sydney Morning Herald. (Australia)
  67. ↑ "Australian Lawyers Directory – All Lawyers, Solicitors firms, Barristers and Bar Chambers in Australia, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane". www.australianlawyersdirectory.com.au. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  68. 1 2 "Australian Youth Sues Over School Abuse". groups.google.com. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  69. ↑ (3 April 1997). 'The case of 14 year old gay student Christopher Tsakalos who is suing Cranebrook High School Penrith for failing to prevent anti-gay vilification, will be rushed directly to the Supreme Court'. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. (Australia).
  70. ↑ Passey, David. (5 April 1997). 'Schoolyard Victims'. Page 38. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  71. 1 2 Rasmussen, Mary Louise (12 November 2012). Becoming Subjects: Sexualities and Secondary Schooling. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-08194-1.
  72. ↑ (23 March 1997). Reporter: Jeff McMullen, Producers: Kerryn Pratt and Stephen Taylor. Pride and Prejudice – Chris. 60 Minutes. Nine Network. (Sydney, Australia)
  73. ↑ Kendall, Christopher & Sidebotham, Naomi. (2004). Homophobic Bullying in Schools: Is there a Duty of Care?. 1327-7634 Vol 9, No 1, 2004, pp.71–93 Australia & New Zealand Journal of Law & Education. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Murdoch University. Western Australia.
  74. ↑ Epstein, Debbie (Ed.) & Sears, James Thomas (Ed.) (1 November 1999). A Dangerous Knowing: Sexuality, Pedagogy and Popular Culture. Pages 287–298. 'Multicultural does not mean multisexual'. Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli. Continuum International Publishing Group. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1441193510. ISBN 9781441193513. (United Kingdom).
  75. ↑ Meyer, Elizabeth L. & Stader, David. (2009). 'Queer Youth and the Culture Wars: From Classroom to Courtroom in Australia, Canada and the United States'. McGill University (Canada). Saint Louis University (USA).
  76. ↑ "Queer Youth and the Culture Wars: From Classroom to Courtroom in Australia, Canada and the United States". 5 February 2023. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  77. ↑ Fredericks, Karen. "... and ain't i a woman?: Learning hatred from the church". Green Left Weekly. 9 June 1993. Retrieved 19 November 2023. Issue 103.
  78. 1 2 3 Clews, Colin. (26 August 2013). 1982. Politics: NSW Government ignores anti-discrimination findings. www.gayinthe80s.com website.
  79. 1 2 3 Towards Wholeness – A Catholic Perspective on Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Year 7-10. ISBN 9780949807939. 1993. Catholic Education Commission, New South Wales. Google Books.
  80. ↑ Leech, Graeme. (7 October 1992). 'Campus Rejects Gay Support Group'. Page 14: 'Higher Education'. The Australian.
  81. ↑ Kirk, Sigrid. (19 May 1993). 'Call to ban school discrimination.' Page 3. The Sydney Morning Herald. (Australia)
  82. ↑ Scott, Mark. (10 March 1995). 'Gay man quits as teacher'. Page 2. Sydney Morning Herald.
  83. ↑ Chris Brennan & Peter Alpert. (11 March 1995). 'School sacking revolt'. The Daily Telegraph (Sydney).
  84. ↑ Raethel, Stephanie. (10 March 1995). 'Parents support parade teacher'. The Daily Telegraph (Sydney).
  85. ↑ 'Teacher accuses union of misrepresentation'. 17 March 1995 Capital Q.
  86. ↑ Raethel, Stephanie. (10 March 1995). 'Parade teacher forced to quit'. The Daily Telegraph (Sydney).
  87. ↑ I WANT MY JOB - Pupils back gay teacher. 14 March 1995. Bankstown Express - Cumberland Newspapers.
  88. ↑ Nicholls, Murray. (14 March 1995). 'Ready for a fight'. The Fairfield Advance.
  89. ↑ Raethel, Stephanie (19 December 1997). 'Lesbian teacher wins discrimination case'. Page 8. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  90. ↑ December 1997. 'The Human Rights Commissioner, Chris Sidoti condemns the Catholic Education Office for refusing Jacqui Griffin's employment in 1993 when she was the co-convenor of GaLTaS'. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. (Sydney, Australia)
  91. ↑ McGillion, Chris (24 June 1998). 'Ruling on gay teacher rejected'. Page 7. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  92. ↑ Legal developments From HREoc & the EOT. March 1998. Australasian Legal Information Institute.
  93. 1 2 Marr, David. The High Price of Heaven. Page 233 - The Spires of St Mary's. ISBN 9781865082011. Goodreads.
  94. ↑ Submission to the Australian Commonwealth Parliament Human Rights Sub-Committee Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Inquiry into the Status of the Human Right of Freedom of Religion or Belief. 'Practical Examples of Dangers of Courts Weighing Religious Truth': p.21, Section 1.29(b). Presbyterian Church of Queensland.
  95. ↑ 29 November 2016. Inquiry into the status of the human right to freedom of religion or belief. Parliament of Australia.
  96. ↑ Review into the Framework of Religious Exemptions in Anti-discrimination Legislation. 10 April 2019. Australian Law Reform Commission. Australian Government.
  97. ↑ Sarah Martin & Paul Karp. (10 February 2022). Coalition shelves religious discrimination bill after Christian lobby says changes do 'more harm than good'. Guardian Australia.
  98. ↑ Lixinsky, Lucas. Explainer: What happened to the Religious Discrimination Bill?. Australian Human Rights Institute, University of New South Wales.
  99. ↑ Modernising the Anti-Discrimination Act: 1992 Anti-Discrimination Amendment Bill 2022: Fact sheet. Northern Territory Legislative Assembly.
  100. ↑ Balancing protections from Discrimination with Religious Freedoms – Religious schools. NT Dept of Justice.
  101. ↑ Northern Territory Parliament passes anti-discrimination bill. 24 November 2022. cathnews.com website. Catholic education in Australia, Northern Territory.
  102. ↑ Steenhof, John. (2 December 2022). NT anti-discrimination law changes target religious schools Human Rights Law Alliance
  103. ↑ Rainbow Territory: Submission to the Modernisation of the Anti- Discrimination Act 1992 (NT) Discussion Paper. Northern Territory Legislative Assembly.
  104. ↑ Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws. 4 November 2022. Australian Law Reform Commission. Australian Government.
  105. ↑ What We Heard. 14 December 2023. Australian Law Reform Commission.
  106. ↑ 'Sydney Catholic school scraps same-sex formal ban following backlash'. 3 November 2023. Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press.
  107. ↑ Horowitz, Jason. (18 December 2023). 'Pope Francis Allows Priests to Bless Same-Sex Couples'. New York Times.
  108. ↑ Yurcaba, Jo. (9 December 2021). 'Catholic diocese says gay and trans people can't be baptized or receive Communion'. NBC News
  109. ↑ Elbaum, Rachel. (15 March 2021). 'Vatican says Catholic Church can't bless same-sex unions'. NBC News
  110. ↑ "Special Interest Groups". NSW Teachers Federation. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  111. ↑ Safe Schools Coalition Australia. Health and Education Resource Centre: UNESCO.
  112. ↑ So. Who the hell is behind Family Law Assist? familylawassist.net.au website.
  113. ↑ Jacqui Griffin. lawtap.com website.
  114. ↑ CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL SUMMARY OF EXCEPTIONS FOR RELIGIOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Australian Law Reform Commission.
  115. ↑ Griffin, Jacqui. (27 April 2023). The Adventures of Scales and Sarah. ISBN 9780645780611. Goodreads.
  116. ↑ "Contacts and Committee". The University of Edinburgh. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  117. ↑ 'LGBT+ Network of Networks in Higher Education's Networks Got Talent Showcase: Derek's Entry' - (Video). Staff Pride Network on YouTube.
  118. ↑ 'Pride Month 2021' - (Video). The University of Edinburgh Staff Pride Network on Facebook .
  119. ↑ RBHS Newsletter 3 March. Issue 5: 3 March 2023. Randwick Boys High School.
  120. ↑ Louden, William. (17 January 2017). Review of Sexuality and Gender Education. Department of Education (New South Wales).
  121. ↑ Bullying of Students - Prevention and Response. Policy contact: 'Behaviour and Student Participation' #0278143809 - Reference number: PD-2010-0415-V01.0.5. Implementation date: 21 March 2011. Department of Education (New South Wales).
  122. ↑ Brad Hazzard. Minister for Health (New South Wales). NSW LGBTIQ+ Health Strategy 2022-2027. Government of New South Wales.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.