Gaspar Corte-Real
a Portrait of Gaspar
Born1450
Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands, Kingdom of Portugal
Disappeared1501
Unknown
NationalityPortuguese
CitizenshipKingdom of Portugal
Occupation(s)Navigator, explorer
Known forExploring the North American coast
Parent

Gaspar Corte-Real (1450–1501) was a Portuguese explorer who, alongside his father João Vaz Corte-Real and brother Miguel, participated in various exploratory voyages sponsored by the Portuguese Crown. These voyages are said to have been some of the first to reach Newfoundland and possibly other parts of eastern Canada.

Early life

Gaspar was born into the noble Corte-Real family on Terceira in the Azores Islands,[1] the youngest of three sons of Portuguese explorer João Vaz Corte-Real (c. 1420–1496). Gaspar accompanied his father on expeditions to North America. His brothers were explorers as well.[2]

Careers

In 1498, King Manuel I of Portugal took an interest in western exploration, likely believing that the lands recently discovered by John Cabot (the coast of North America) were within the realm of Portuguese control under the Treaty of Tordesillas. Corte-Real was one of several explorers to sail west on behalf of Portugal.[3]

In 1500, Corte-Real reached Greenland, believing it to be east Asia (as Christopher Columbus had regarded the New World), but was unable to land. He set out on a second voyage in 1501, taking three caravels. The expedition was again prevented from landing at Greenland due to frozen seas. They changed course, and landed in a country of large rivers, pine trees, and berries, believed to be Labrador. There it is believed they captured 57 indigenous people, who were taken back to Portugal to be sold into slavery to assist in financing the voyage.[4] Two of the expedition's three ships made the return trip to Portugal, but the ship carrying Corte-Real was lost.[3]

Nothing more was heard of Gaspar Corte-Real after 1501. His brother Miguel attempted to find him in 1502, but he too got lost.[5]

Statue of Gaspar Corte-Real in the Monument of the Discoveries, in Lisbon, Portugal.

Legacy

A statue of Gaspar Corte-Real, located in the city of St. John's, Newfoundland

There is debate amongst historians about the relative importance of Corte-Real. Memorial University of Newfoundland historian Jeff Webb stated in 2017 that "He is a minor figure about whom very, very little is known with confidence."[4] The 20th-century myth-building of Corte-Real was largely the work of historian-diplomat Eduardo Brazao,[6][7] the former National Secretary of Portugal's propaganda ministry, the Secretariado Nacional de Informação, Cultura Popular e Turismo,[8][9] during the regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.[10]

A statue of Corte-Real was erected in front of the Confederation Building in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador in 1965, and has more recently been the subject of controversy. A street in Mount Pearl is named for the explorer. A building at Memorial University of Newfoundland's St. John's campus was formerly named after him. In December 2019, the Board of Regents voted to change its name to the Global Learning Centre, after prompting by the Internationalization Office that the building presently houses.[11]

St. John's statue

In May 1963, Brazao, then the Portuguese Ambassador to Canada, visited St. John's to meet with premier Joseph Smallwood.[12] Following conversations with Brazao, Smallwood announced on 28 May 1963 that the Portuguese fishing fleet "with the hearty approval of the government of Portugal" would commission "a famous Portuguese sculptor" to create a statue that would depict both Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel.[13] Following their meeting, Brazao invited Smallwood to Portugal,[14] where Smallwood met with Salazar in October of that year.[15]

Two years later, a statue of Corte-Real (minus Miguel)[16] was presented under the banner of the Canadian Portuguese Fisheries Organisation in 1965 to commemorate the hospitality of Newfoundlanders towards Portuguese Grand Banks fishermen.

In early 1999, a car, apparently chauffeured by a speeding tourist, slammed into the pedestal that supports the statue. The statue itself was unscathed, but its base was mangled. Later that year, Ottawa bronze restoration specialist Craig Johnson subcontracted local foundry sculptors to undertake the repairs while Johnson himself repainted the statue. According to local sculptor Will Gill, who did some of the work, no scars remain from the accident and the statue was returned to its original condition.[17]

In 2020, it was noted that the statue, designed by Estado Novo propagandist Martins Correa, was erected as part of a behind-the-scenes fisheries rights conflict between Salazar and Spain's Francisco Franco.[18] In 1968, Smallwood had announced that "Generalissimo Franco is to present a statue to the province" which would have been erected beside the statue of Corte-Real;[19] this second statue was never delivered.

On June 11, 2020, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Dwight Ball was quoted as saying the government would review politically sensitive provincial statues.[20] Author Edward Riche noted on June 20, 2020, "If enough people now see the statue of Corte-Real as memorializing a character who enslaved Indigenous people during his imperial ventures, we have a problem."[21] The statue controversy made headlines in Portugal the same day, quoting York University professor Gilberto Fernandes, who stated the statue symbolizes "a colonialist, Eurocentric and white supremacy narrative that underlies Canada's dominant institutions".[22]

On June 28, 2020, it was reported that Todd Russell, president of NunatuKavut, which represents Inuit in central and southern Labrador, "doesn't need any more consultation — he wants it taken down."[23] The Indigenous affairs officer at Memorial University of Newfoundland's Grenfell campus stated that the statue "continually reinforces that history started with Europeans. Of course, we know that that's not true, but that's not what is memorialized."[24] On July 8, 2020, it was reported that the statue had been spray-painted with the phrases "Slaver" and "Why is this guy still here?"[25] Various opinion pieces and letters to the editor called for the statue's removal.[21][26][27] The statue was further vandalized in July 2021, following the discovery of unmarked graves of Indigenous children on properties part of the Canadian Indian residential school system. A government working group made recommendations on the statue in February 2022; no action had been taken by July 2023.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gaspar Corte Real". www.elizabethan-era.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  2. ↑ Postie, Two Blokes with a. "History Atlas". www.historyatlas.com. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
  3. 1 2 Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. "Corte-Real, Gaspar". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  4. 1 2 McLeod, James. "N.L. indigenous leaders say Corte-Real statue is an insulting relic". The Telegram. The Telegram. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Vigneras, L.-A. (1979) [1966]. "Corte-Real, Miguel". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  6. ↑ Brazao, Eduardo (1964). La découverte de Terre-Neuve (First ed.). Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. pp. 7–129.
  7. ↑ Sparkes, Paul (13 June 2012). "An attempt to recover lost glory". The Telegram. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  8. ↑ "TOURISM STORIES: IN "ESTADO NOVO"". Publituris. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  9. ↑ Ribeiro, Carla Patrícia da Silva (2019). "The Porto Delegation of the National Secretariat for Information (1945-1960): the Relationship with the City and its Institutions". e-Journal of Portuguese History. 17 (2). Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  10. ↑ de Meneses, Filipe (2009). Salazar: A Political Biography (First ed.). New York: Enigma Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-1929631902.
  11. ↑ Batten, Jennifer (2020-02-03). "Building renamed". Gazette - Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  12. ↑ "Portuguese Ambassador Attends House Session". St Johns Daily News. May 29, 1963. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  13. ↑ "Portugal to show appreciation for Newfoundland hospitality". The Daily News. 1963-05-29. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  14. ↑ "Premier will visit Portugal". The Daily News. 1963-09-05. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  15. ↑ "JRS tells Rotary of recent visits". The Daily News. 1963-11-22. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  16. ↑ James McLeod (Aug 25, 2017). "N.L. indigenous leaders say Corte-Real statue is an insulting relic". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  17. ↑ "Gaspar Corte-Real Statue - The Scope Archive". thescope.ca. May 24, 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  18. ↑ Hawthorn, Andrew. "How a controversial St. John's statue was actually propaganda for a Portuguese dictatorship". CBC.ca. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  19. ↑ "St. John's, Nfld". Wainwright Star Chronicle. 14 August 1968. p. 6. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  20. ↑ Maher, David. "Government reviewing Newfoundland and Labrador monuments to determine if they reflect modern values". Saltwire.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  21. 1 2 Riche, Edward (20 June 2020). "Statue of limitations: Some thoughts about the Corte-Real monument". CBC.ca. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "Controversial statue of Portuguese Corte-Real in Canada is "colonialist narrative" and can be removed". Publico. 20 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  23. ↑ White, Bailey (28 June 2020). "Symbols of the system: Discovery Day is done, but the conversation is just beginning". CBC.ca. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  24. ↑ McKenzie-Sutter, Holly (16 June 2020). "Review of monuments sparks discussion of colonial narratives in N.L. history". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  25. ↑ ""Why is this guy still here?": Graffiti Challenges Status of Corte Real Statue". VOCM.com. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  26. ↑ Radford, Bill (3 July 2020). "LETTER: Let Churchill join Corte-Real". The Telegram. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  27. ↑ Radford, Bill (8 June 2020). "LETTER: Our very own slaver monument". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  28. ↑ Whitten, Elizabeth; Lazarenko, Arlette (3 July 2023). "No changes for controversial Corte-Real statue, despite working group recommendations". CBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

Further reading

  • Beals, Herbert K (2007). "Corte-Real, Gaspar". The Oxford Companion to World Exploration. Oxford University Press.
  • Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 464–465. ISBN 0-8166-0782-6.
  • Howgego, Raymond John, ed. (2003). "Corte-Real, Gaspar". Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800. Hordern House. ISBN 1875567364.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). The European Discovery of America, The Northern Voyages. Oxford University Press. pp. 213=217.
  • Seaver, Kirsten A. (1996). The Frozen Echo : Greenland and the Exploration of North America, ca. A.D. 1000-1500. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2514-4.
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