Gavialoidea
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent,
Indian gharial, Gavialis gangeticus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Clade: Longirostres
Superfamily: Gavialoidea
Hay, 1930
Subgroups

Gavialoidea is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians, the other two being Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea. Although many extinct species are known, only the gharial Gavialis gangeticus and the false gharial Tomistoma schlegelii are alive today, with Hanyusuchus having become extinct in the last few centuries.

Extinct South American gavialoids likely dispersed in the mid Tertiary from Africa and Asia.[2] Fossil remains of the Puerto Rican gavialoid Aktiogavialis puertorisensis were discovered in a cave located in San Sebastián, Puerto Rico and dated to the Oligocene. This individual is thought to have crossed the Atlantic coming from Africa, indicating that this species was able to withstand saltwater.[3]

Classification

Gavialoidea is cladistically defined as Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial) and all crocodylians closer to it than to Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) or Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile).[2][3] This is a stem-based definition for gavialoids, and is more inclusive than the crown group Gavialidae.[4] As a crown group, Gavialidae only includes the last common ancestor of all extant (living) gavialids and their descendants (living or extinct), whereas Gavialoidea, as a total group, also includes more basal extinct gavialid ancestors that are more closely related to living gavialids than to crocodiles or alligators. When considering only living taxa (neontology), this makes Gavialoidea and Gavialidae synonymous, and only Gavialidae is used. Thus, Gavialoidea is only used in the context of paleontology.

Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the taxon Brevirostres, to the exclusion of the gharials. This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species.[5] However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.[6][7][8][4][9] The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al. in 2003.[6]

In addition, these recent molecular DNA studies consistently indicate that the false gharial (Tomistoma) (and by inference other related extinct forms) traditionally viewed as belonging to the crocodylian subfamily Tomistominae actually belong to Gavialoidea (and Gavialidae).[6][10][11][7][8][4][9] As its name suggests, the false gharial was once thought to be only distantly related to the gharial despite its similar appearance. The false gharial and other tomistomines were traditionally classified within the superfamily Crocodyloidea as close relatives of crocodiles, based solely on morphological evidence.[10]

The phylogenetic position group of Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic longirostrine eusuchians dubbed the "thoracosaurs" is controversial. Traditionally they are considered to be members of Gavialoidea, but some studies have recovered them as non crocodilian eusuchians.[4]

A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data interpreted inter-relationships within Crocodilia,[4] which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.[9] The tip dating analysis resolved the extinct Thoracosaurus and similar extinct close relatives as outside of Gavialoidea.

The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study, and Gavialoidea's relationships within Crocodylia:

Crocodylia
Alligatoroidea

extinct basal Alligatoroids†

Alligatoridae
Caimaninae

Caiman

Melanosuchus

Paleosuchus

Alligatorinae

Alligator

(crown group)
(total group)
Longirostres
Crocodyloidea

"Crocodylus" megarhinus†

Crocodylidae

Crocodylus

Mecistops

Osteolaemus

(crown group)
(total group)
Gavialoidea

Kentisuchus†

Maroccosuchus†

Paratomistoma†

Dollosuchoides†

Tomistoma cairense†

Gavialidae

Gavialis

Tomistoma

(crown group)
(total group)
(crown group)
(crown group)

However, other analyses by different authors have continued to resolve thoracosaurs as members of Gavialoidea.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Jouve, S.; de Muizon, C.; Cespedes-Paz, R.; Sossa-Soruco, V.; Knoll, S. (2020). "The longirostrine crocodyliforms from Bolivia and their evolution through the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (2): 475–509. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa081.
  2. 1 2 Brochu, C. A. (2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31 (31): 357–397. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..357B. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
  3. 1 2 Vélez-Juarbe, J.; Brochu, C. A. & Santos, H. (2007). "A gharial from the Oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of a non-marine reptile". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 274 (1615): 1245–1254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0455. PMC 2176176. PMID 17341454.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529.
  5. ↑ Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471. PMC 3269432. PMID 22303441.
  6. 1 2 3 Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527.
  7. 1 2 Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
  8. 1 2 Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
  9. 1 2 3 Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
  10. 1 2 Gatesy, Jorge; Amato, G.; Norell, M.; DeSalle, R.; Hayashi, C. (2003). "Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 403–422. doi:10.1080/10635150309329. PMID 12775528.
  11. ↑ Willis, R. E.; McAliley, L. R.; Neeley, E. D.; Densmore Ld, L. D. (June 2007). "Evidence for placing the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) into the family Gavialidae: Inferences from nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 787–794. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.005. PMID 17433721.
  12. ↑ Puértolas‐Pascual, Eduardo; Kuzmin, Ivan T.; Serrano‐Martínez, Alejandro; Mateus, Octávio (2023-02-02). "Neuroanatomy of the crocodylomorph Portugalosuchus azenhae from the late cretaceous of Portugal". Journal of Anatomy: joa.13836. doi:10.1111/joa.13836. ISSN 0021-8782.
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