German Khan
Герман Борисович Хан
Born
German Borisovich Khan

(1961-10-24) 24 October 1961
Kyiv, Ukraine, USSR
CitizenshipRussian, Israeli[1]
Alma materMoscow Institute of Steel and Alloys
Occupation(s)Entrepreneur, business executive, philanthropist
Known forCo-founding Alfa Group, LetterOne, and L1 Energy
RelativesAlex Van der Zwaan (son-in-law)
Websitehttps://germankhan.online/

German Borisovich Khan (Russian: Герман Борисович Хан; born 24 October 1961) is a Ukrainian-Russian oligarch, billionaire, and businessman.[2][3] After graduating from university in 1988 he worked in a wholesale business selling consumer items,[4] before setting up his own cooperative.[1] He was then appointed the head of the wholesale trade business Alfa Eco as part of the Alfa Group Consortium, by his college friend Mikhail Fridman.[4][5] Alfa Group, which he also shares with another fellow billionaire and college peer, Alexei Kuzmichev, is the biggest financial and industrial investment group in Russia. He became president of Alfa Eco in 1996[6] and was instrumental in directing the company to focus on export and the oil trade.[1] When Alfa bought Tyumen Oil (TNK) in 1997, he joined the board of directors.[1] He was deputy chairman of TNK Oil Company[7] from 1997 until 2003.[4] In 2003, Khan worked with the other TNK owners to form a 50–50 joint venture with British Petroleum (BP),[8] in what was the largest foreign investment in Russia to date,[9] at US$8 billion.[10]

TNK-BP became Russia's third largest oil company.[4] In 2013 TNK-BP was sold to Rosneft[11] for US$56 billion,[12] a sale described by Reuters as "one of the biggest energy takeovers in history."[13] Khan joined Mikhail Fridman in establishing LetterOne, based in Luxembourg, for the purpose of investing some of the proceeds from the TNK-BP sale in international projects.[14][15][16] LetterOne's L1 Energy fund was founded in 2013.[6][17] Khan has donated funds to non-profits such as the European Jewish Fund,[18] and co-founded and supports the Genesis Philanthropy Group.[19]

Early life and education

German Borisovich Khan was born on 24 October 1961 in Kyiv, Ukraine.[4] The son of Ukrainian Jewish parents from Lviv,[20] his father was a metallurgy professor.[4] Khan had a keen interest in sports at a young age, and during high school he developed a long-term interest in boxing,[1][4] citing the sport as an influence on building confidence and self-discipline.[21] Khan graduated from high school in 1978 and subsequently worked for a year as an apprentice on a shop floor of a factory. He then studied mechanical engineering[1] at the Kyiv-Pedagogical College, graduating in 1982.[22] 1983 he enrolled in the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (MISIS),[4] where he specialised in the study of steel production.[1][20] After graduating from college in 1988, Khan operated small businesses[4] such as the clothing cooperative "Alexandrina" he founded with a partner, where he served as deputy chairman and handled supply chain and sales before its sale in 1990.[1]

Career

Alfa-Eco and TNK (1989–1990s)

After a chance meeting with businessman Mikhail Fridman,[1] who had also been a student at MISIS,[1] Khan was asked to head-up a wholesale trade business Alfa Eco as part of a wider company, Alfa Group Consortium.[4][5] The company began by buying and selling a range of products[5][11] including the purchase, upholstery and sale of carpets[5] to domestic and then later, export markets.[11] Khan took on a number of managerial positions within the company as it expanded into new areas, including head of the wholesale trade department, then head of the export department.[23][6] Currently under the umbrella company Alfa Group Consortium,[24] other divisions now include Alfa Capital Management, Rosvodokanal Group, AlfaStrakhovanie Group and A1 Group.[5] It also holds interests in the telecommunications company Vimpelcom and Russia's biggest food retailer, X5 Group.

Khan held a number of managerial positions at Alfa Group starting in 1992. With Alfa-Eco restructured as the trading arm of the Alfa Group, Khan was Alfa-Eco's head of trade operations until 1996[6] and its director of commodity trading from 1995 to 1998.[24] He became president in 1996, where for his two-year tenure[6] he was instrumental in directing the company to focus on export and the oil trade. The company started by purchasing crude, securing contracts with refiners to process it, and then selling the refined product.[1] In 1997, Alfa Group Consortium together with Access Industries and Renova Group[11] acquired the state-owned TNK Oil Company[7] (Tyumen Oil Company).[24] Alfa Group purchased 40% of TNK's shares.[4] When Alfa bought Tyumen Oil (TNK), he joined the board and remained involved in M&A deals.[1] Khan was appointed deputy chairman of the management board of TNK in 2000,[6] retaining the role until 2003.[24]

TNK-BP leadership (2003–2013)

In 2003, Alfa Group sold exactly half of TNK to British Petroleum (BP) for US$6.15 billion,[8] in what was the biggest foreign investment in Russia to date[9] equivalent to $8 billion in invested assets.[10] The deal resulted in the formation of the oil company TNK-BP,[4] with half of the joint venture owned by BP, and the other 50 percent owned by the Alfa Group together with billionaire partners Viktor Vekselberg, and Leonard Blavatnik.[13] From 2003 to 2013,[3] Khan was executive director of TNK-BP Management[4] (now called TNK-BP Holding),[4][6] and a member of the management board.[3][25][26] While managing TNK-BP, Khan remained involved with the Alfa Group at large. Alfa Group bought a stake in Turkcell in 2005, and by April 2007, Alfa Group controlled a 43.5% stake in Kyivstar, a Ukrainian telecom company.[27]

During Khan's tenure as a TNK-BP executive director,[26] TNK-BP became Russia's third largest oil company and globally a top ten private oil producer.[4] Without a majority stakeholder in the company to dictate choices, by 2008, BP executives were in conflict with AAR over TNK-BP's strategy to internationalise the business.[28] After several ongoing lawsuits, issues between AAR and BP were compounded in 2010, after Khan and Fridman resisted BP's push to do business with the state-owned oil company Rosneft in Russia,[13] contrary to their shareholder agreement.[29] By 2011, Khan's net worth was estimated at $9.6 billion, which placed him at 92 on the Forbes billionaires list, also ranking him as the thirteenth wealthiest person in Russia.[25] Khan was appointed executive director of TNK-BP Ltd. in January 2011.[6]

Founding LetterOne and L1 Energy (2013–2015)

German Khan and L1 Energy colleague Lord Browne in 2016.

In July 2012, TNK-BP was sold to the state-owned Rosneft[11] for $56 billion,[12] a process which was still underway by early 2013.[13] Reuters described it as "one of the biggest energy takeovers in history," with the overall deal worth $55 billion.[13] Khan officially left TNK-BP in March 2013 after Alfa Group sold its 50% stake in TNK-BP to Rosneft for $28 billion.[17][30] Khan earned around $3.3 billion in the deal.[31][32] Using the $14 billion raised from selling their stakes in TNK-BP, Khan joined Mickhail Fridman[15][16] in establishing LetterOne (L1),[17][30] based in Luxembourg,[14] for the purpose of investing the proceeds from the sale of TNK-BP in international projects.[12][14]

LetterOne's L1 Energy was founded in 2013 with[17] Lord Browne, former CEO of BP,[33] James Hackett of Anadarko Petroleum and Andrew Gould of BG joining L1 Energy Advisory Board.[33] The 2014 downturn in the oil industry and the falling ruble value in Russia led to Khan losing about 22% of his estimated value in 2014, or about $2.5 billion in one year.[32] By that point, his overall value was estimated at £6.3 billion.[34] The market afterwards improved, and Alfa Group's assets equaled around $40 billion by March 2015.[35] On 2 March 2015 Lord Browne was appointed chairman of L1 Energy.[36] L1 Energy officially launched as a company[6] in May 2015 in the Neue Galerie New York. The company outlined an ambition to acquire and then develop a portfolio of two or three regionally focused platforms around the world.[16] On 7 May 2015 Lord Davies was appointed deputy non-executive chairman of LetterOne,[37] and a week later, former Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt was appointed as the board's advisor.[38]

North Sea assets, L1 divisions (2015–2016)

On 3 March 2015, L1 Energy purchased 100% of DEA,[39] an international exploration and production company[35] owned by the German utility RWE, for US$7 billion[36] (€5.1 billion).[39] RWE DEA had total natural gas production output of 2.6bn cubic metres in 2013. The deal was approved by Germany[35] and seven other national and supranational authorities, including the European Union and Ukraine.[36] Despite this, the L1 purchase of RWE DEA was opposed by UK Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Davey, who "raised concerns" that sanctions[35] might "force L1 Energy to shut down production in the North Sea, imperiling oil supplies"[40] and 5% of Britain's North Sea natural gas output.[41]

DEA sold its North Sea oil fields[42] to Ineos, the chemical company owned by Jim Ratcliffe, for an undisclosed sum in October 2015.[43] At the time, the British government assured LetterOne that the forced sale of DEA's UK assets was "not a judgement on the suitability of LetterOne’s owners to control these or any other assets in the UK."[44][45] On 14 October 2015, LetterOne Group announced that it had agreed a deal to acquire German utility E.ON's interests in three producing Norwegian fields, all located in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Norway's oil minister supported the deal and said that approval would be handled "in the usual way."[46] As of 2016, Khan retains positions on the supervisory board at both Alfa Group Consortium[3] and Alfa Group.[6][24] He is also a director at Alfa Finance Holdings SA,[24] Alfa Bank[6] ABH Holdings S.A.,[6][24] LetterOne Holdings S.A.,[6] and the supervisory board of[3] DEA Deutsche Erdoel AG,[47] which was bought by L1 Energy in 2015.[23] He ranked as the 128th richest person in Europe as of March 2016, with an estimated net value of US$8.7 billion.[48]

Sanctions (2022)

Khan (along with Fridman and Kuzmichev) was sanctioned by the EU and UK in February and March 2022 as part of an extensive package of sanctions against Russian officials and oligarchs imposed in response to the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Khan stepped down from the LetterOne board in March. In April Alfa Bank was hit with sanctions by the U.S.[49] [50]

Philanthropy

Khan (in forefront) at the commemoration of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center at Babi Yar, Ukraine in 2016.[51]

Khan is an active supporter of the Life Line charitable programme, which provides medicine and surgery for seriously ill children in Russia. Since its founding in 2008, the program claims that 8334 children have been saved as a result of their work.[52] Khan is a supporter of Jewish initiatives in Russia and elsewhere in Europe. An active member of the Russian Jewish Congress,[34][53] Khan regularly contributes to the European Jewish Fund, a non-profit organization aimed at developing European Jewry and promoting tolerance and reconciliation.[18] Khan along with Stan Polovets, Mikhail Fridman, Pyotr Aven, and Alexander Knaster founded the Genesis Philanthropy Group in 2011, whose purpose is to develop and enhance Jewish identity among Jews worldwide.[19][54][55] In September 2016, it was announced that he was a member of an initiative to create a Holocaust memorial at Babi Yar in Ukraine. The Initiative Group of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center also included his long-term colleague Fridman.[51]

In May 2017 Khan, along with fellow Alfa Bank owners Mikhail Fridman and Petr Aven, filed a defamation lawsuit against BuzzFeed for publishing the unverified Steele dossier,[56][57][58] which alleges financial ties and collusion between Putin, Trump, and the three bank owners.[59][60] In October 2017 Khan, Fridman, and Aven also filed a libel suit against the private-investigation firm Fusion GPS and its founder Glenn Simpson, who had commissioned former MI6 agent Christopher Steele to compile the dossier, for circulating the dossier among journalists and allowing it to be published.[61] In April 2018 Khan, Fridman, and Aven filed a libel suit against Steele in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia,[62][63] but the suit was dismissed with prejudice the following August.[64]

Khan is one of many Russian "oligarchs" named in the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, CAATSA, signed into law by President Donald Trump in 2017.[65]

Personal life

Khan has both Russian and Israeli citizenship.[1] He and his wife Angelika[4] have four children together, Jakob, Eleanora, Eva and Lev.[25][66] and live in London[4] and Moscow.[4][18][66] In 2010, Khan purchased a home on Eaton Square in London. Khan remains active with sports, for example participating in endurance, off-road, and rally driving competitions.[4] He enjoys hunting and has a collection of sporting guns and rifles.[4][66] According to WikiLeaks leaked US diplomatic cables, he was alleged in the past by other businesspeople to have carried handguns to business meetings in Russia.[67] Khan also owns a villa in Monte Argentario, a coastal area in Tuscany.[68]

Khan is the father-in-law of Alex van der Zwaan who, on 20 February 2018, pleaded guilty to charges raised by the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[69] Van der Zwaan was charged with lying to the FBI about his contacts with Rick Gates, and pleaded guilty to one count of making a false statement to investigators.[70] On 3 April 2018, he was sentenced to 30 days in prison and fined $20,000.[71][72]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "DEA's Supervisory Board: German Khan Profile". DEA Magazine page 25. DEA website. February 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  2. ↑ "Forbes World's Richest People". Forbes. October 2004. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "One of the original founders of Letterone, Mr Khan is a member of the Board of Directors of the L1 Holdings and L1 Investment Holdings". LetterOne. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "German Khan the oligarch behind TNK". Luxatic. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Profile: Mikhail Fridman – from rugs to riches". Financial Times. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "German Borisovich Khan". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  7. 1 2 Chazan, Guy (5 March 2015). "Mikhail Fridman: The Alpha oligarch". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  8. 1 2 Yenikeyeff, Shamil (23 November 2011). "BP, Russian billionaires, and the Kremlin: a Power Triangle that never was" (PDF). The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Mikhail Fridman – Profile". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  10. 1 2 "BP to buy back $8 billion of shares, returning its 2003 investment in TNK-BP to shareholders". BP.com. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "One of the original founders of LetterOne, Mr Fridman is Chairman of the Board of Directors of L1 Holdings and L1 Investment Holdings". LetterOne. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 "Rosneft and BP Complete TNK-BP Sale and Purchase Transaction". BP. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Callus, Andrew (4 December 2012). "Insight: UK court reveals fear and mistrust at TNK-BP". Reuters. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 "LetterOne". Letterone.lu. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  15. 1 2 Leite, Julia (26 October 2015). "Fridman Offers $4 Billion to Merge Brazil Carriers Oi, Tim". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 Macalister, Terry (8 March 2015). "Ex-BP boss aims to build major energy industry player from scratch | Politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Alic, Jen (23 June 2013). "Alfa Billionaires Launch L1 Energy Fund". Oilprice.com. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 Sher, Gilead (6 May 2011). "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 11–20". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  19. 1 2 David M. Herszenhorn (26 June 2012). "Russians Join Israel to Start Jewish Prize of $1 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Уюм Цеплюм | Ахгмея Яопюбнвмхй". Rb.ru. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
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  22. ↑ "German Khan". Peotek. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Khan German Borissovich - photo, bio. NeftegazRU.com Person". neftegazru.com.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "German Khan – Executive Director of TNK-BP". AAR.ru. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 "Meet the Russian Billionaires That Took on BP and Won". CBS News. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  26. 1 2 "German Khan". Alfa Group. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  27. ↑ "Shareholder dispute could drive Kyivstar into technical default". Kyiv Post. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  28. ↑ White, Gregory (14 November 2011). "TNK-BP Russian Partner Relishes Conflict". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  29. ↑ "BP, Rosneft Announce Historic Share-Swap Deal, Joint Arctic Exploration Alliance". IHS Markit. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  30. 1 2 "Cash-laden oligarchs hunt pastures new". Financial Times. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  31. ↑ "7 Richest Oil Baron's in the World". Billionaires Newswire. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  32. 1 2 Kottasova, Ivana (16 December 2014). "Putin's cronies lose $50 billion". CNN. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  33. 1 2 Reed, Stanley (28 June 2013). "2 Hard-Charging Oligarchs Returning to Global Energy Market". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  34. 1 2 Rocker, Simon (13 November 2014). "Russian philanthropists bound for London". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Bershidsky, Leonid (5 March 2015). "Not All Russian Billionaires Are Putin Cronies". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  36. 1 2 3 Macalister, Terry (8 March 2015). "Ex-BP boss aims to build major energy industry player from scratch". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  37. ↑ "Ex-British trade minister Davies joins Russia's LetterOne". Reuters. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Former Swedish premier Bildt appointed LetterOne board adviser". Reuters. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  39. 1 2 "LetterOne completes purchase of RWE Dea for €5.1 billion". Oil and Gas Journal. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  40. ↑ Hook, Leslie (12 February 2016). "Uber picks up $200m from Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  41. ↑ Amon, Michael (8 May 2015). "Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Looks to Sell U.K. Gas Fields". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "Fridman looks to avert political row by selling North Sea fields". Financial Times. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  43. ↑ Khan, Mehreen (11 October 2015). "Billionaire Jim Ratcliffe snaps up North Sea oil fields". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  44. ↑ Adams, Christopher (11 October 2015). "Ineos targets further North Sea assets in wake of $750m deal". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  45. ↑ Adams, Christopher (11 October 2015). "Ineos targets further North Sea assets in wake of $750m deal". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  46. ↑ "Russia's Fridman spends $1.6bn on Norwegian oil and gas fields". Financial Times. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  47. ↑ "Dea – New Dea". DEA Group. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  48. ↑ Cam, Deniz (3 March 2016). "Richest People in Europe". Forbes. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  49. ↑ "German Khan". Forbes.
  50. ↑ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  51. 1 2 "Petro Poroshenko announces initiative to create Holocaust Memorial Center". BabiYar.org. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  52. ↑ "Alfa-Bank's Clients Donated Million Rubles to the Life-Line Fund". Alfa Bank. 12 November 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  53. ↑ "At the Center of Jewish life in Russia since 1996" (PDF). Russian Jewish Congress. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  54. ↑ "Project Genesis events". Yad Vashem. 2009. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  55. ↑ "Itzhak Perlman, "Fiddler to the World," Awarded 2016 Genesis Prize". eJewish Philanthropy. 14 December 2015.
  56. ↑ Porter, Tom (27 May 2017). "Russian Bankers Sue BuzzFeed Over Publication of Unverified Trump Dossier". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  57. ↑ Gerstein, Josh (26 May 2017). "Russian bank owners sue BuzzFeed over Trump dossier publication". Politico. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  58. ↑ "Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan v. Buzzfeed, Inc. - Summons and Complaint" (PDF). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018 – via Politico.
  59. ↑ Smith, Geoffrey (11 January 2017). "Here's Why Russian Intelligence Bombshell on Donald Trump Might Be Believable". Fortune. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  60. ↑ Sommer, Allison Kaplan (11 January 2017). "Controversial Dossier on Trump Alleges That Russia Targets Jewish-American Businessmen". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  61. ↑ Gerstein, Josh (4 October 2017). "3 Russians named in Trump dossier sue Fusion GPS for libel". Politico. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  62. ↑ Polantz, Katelyn (20 April 2018). "3 Russian oligarchs sue Christopher Steele". CNN. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  63. ↑ "Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan v. Orbis Business Intelligence Limited and Christopher Steele" (PDF). 16 April 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018 – via CNN.
  64. ↑ "Russia's Alfa Bank fails in lawsuit over Steele's Trump dossier". MSNBC (video). The Rachel Maddow Show. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  65. ↑ "Report to Congress Pursuant to Section 241 of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 Regarding Senior Foreign Political Figures and Oligarchs in the Russian Federation and Russian Parastatal Entities" (PDF). 29 January 2018.
  66. 1 2 3 Hecht, Albert (17 March 2014). "Mikhail Fridman & German Khan Buying German Oil Company for $7 Billion". Jewish Business News. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  67. ↑ "Aar And Bp Negotiating A "Cease-Fire"". The Telegraph. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  68. ↑ "Il miliardario russo dona 50.000 euro". Il Tirreno (in Italian). 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  69. ↑ "Mueller Charges Son-in-Law of Russian Oligarch for Allegedly Lying About Communications With Gates". NBC New York. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  70. ↑ Hsu, Spencer S.; Helderman, Rosalind S. (20 February 2018). "In Mueller probe, son-in-law of Russian businessman pleads guilty to false statements". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  71. ↑ Johnson, Kevin (3 April 2018). "Lawyer connected to Russia election interference investigation receives 30-day sentence". USA TODAY. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  72. ↑ LaFraniere, Sharon (3 April 2018). "Ex-Skadden Lawyer Is Sentenced to 30 Days in Russia Inquiry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
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