Lissachatina fulica
Lissachatina fulica in Bali, Indonesia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Suborder: Achatinina
Superfamily: Achatinoidea
Family: Achatinidae
Genus: Lissachatina
Species:
L. fulica
Binomial name
Lissachatina fulica
(Férussac, 1821)
Synonyms
  • Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Férussac, 1821)· accepted, alternate representation
  • Achatina fulica (Férussac, 1821)
  • Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica fulica Bowdich, 1822 (unaccepted combination)
  • Achatina acuta Lamarck, 1822 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina couroupa Lesson, 1831 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina fasciata Deshayes, 1831 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (superseded combination)
  • Achatina fulva Deshayes, 1838 (invalid: not Achatina fulva Beck, 1837)
  • Achatina mauritiana Lamarck, 1822 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina mauritiana var. sinistrorsa Grateloup, 1840 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina redivina Mabille, 1901 (junior synonym)
  • Achatina zebra var. macrostoma Beck, 1837 (junior synonym)
  • Helix (Cochlitoma) fulicna Férussac, 1821 (basionym)
  • Helix fulica Férussac, 1821 (original combination)

Lissachatina fulica is a species of large land snail that belongs in the subfamily Achatininae of the family Achatinidae.[1] It is also known as the Giant African land snail.[2] It shares the common name "giant African snail" with other species of snails such as Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. This snail species has been considered a significant cause of pest issues around the world. Internationally, it is the most frequently occurring invasive species of snail.[3]

Outside of its native range, this snail thrives in many types of habitat in areas with mild climates. It feeds voraciously and is a vector for plant pathogens, causing severe damage to agricultural crops and native plants. It competes with native snail taxa, is a nuisance pest of urban areas, and spreads human disease.[2] This snail is listed as one of the top 100 invasive species in the world.[4]

Subspecies

Subspecies within this species:

  • Lissachatina fulica castanea (Lamarck, 1822)
  • Lissachatina fulica coloba (Pilsbry, 1904)
  • Lissachatina fulica hamillei Petit, 1859[5]
  • L. f. rodatzi Dunker, 1852
  • L. f. umbilicata Nevill, 1879

Distribution

The species is native to East Africa,[5] but it has been widely introduced to other parts of the world through the pet trade, as a food resource, and by accidental introduction.[6]

This species has been found in China since 1931[7] and its initial point of distribution in China was Xiamen.[8] The snail has also been established on Pratas Island, of Taiwan,[9] throughout India, the Pacific, Indian Ocean islands, Southeast Asia[10][6] and the West Indies. The species was established in the United States in 1936. They were brought to the U.S. through imports, intended for educational uses and to be pets. Some were also introduced because they were accidentally shipped with other cargo.[11] An eradication effort in Florida[12] began in 2011 when they were first sighted, and the last sighting was in 2017. In October 2021 the Florida Department of Agriculture declared the eradication a success after no further sightings in those four years.[13] In June 2022 the snail was again found in Florida.[14]

The species has been observed in Bhutan (Gyelposhing, Mongar), where it is an invasive species since 2006 and their number increased drastically since 2008.[15][16] It has begun to attack agricultural fields and flower gardens. It is believed there that dogs have died as a result of consuming the snail and being infected by the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The worm also causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans.[17]

Starting in 2010,[18] individuals of the species have been found in the humid, subtropical Argentine Mesopotamia. The National Agricultural Health Service has established an ongoing project to detect, study, and prevent the expansion of this pest.[19]

In early April 2021, USCBP intercepted 22 being smuggled from Ghana into the US, along with various other prohibited quarantine items.[20]

Description

The adult snail is around 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and 20 cm (7.9 in) or more in length, making it one of the largest of all extant land snails.[21]

The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as long as it is broad. Either clockwise (dextral) or counter-clockwise (sinistral) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell, although the dextral cone is the more common. Shell colouration is highly variable, and dependent on diet. Typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded.[22]

Apertural view of the shell
Lateral view of the shell
Abapertural view of the shell

Ecology

Habitat

The giant African snail is native to East Africa, and can be traced back to Kenya and Tanzania. It is a highly invasive species, and colonies can be formed from a single gravid individual. In many places, release into the wild is illegal. Nonetheless, the species has established itself in some temperate climates and its habitat now includes most regions of the humid tropics, including many Pacific islands, southern and eastern Asia, and the Caribbean. The giant snail can now be found in agricultural areas, coastland, natural forest, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub and shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.

Feeding

Feeding on Crinum leaves

The giant African snail is a macrophytophagous herbivore; it eats a wide range of plant material, fruit, vegetables, lichens, fungi,[21][23] paper, and cardboard. It sometimes eats sand, very small stones, bones from carcasses, and even concrete as calcium sources for its shell. In rare instances, the snails consume each other, snail eggs, and other deceased small animals such as mice and birds.

In captivity, this species can be fed on a wide range of fruit and vegetables, plain unseasoned mince, or boiled egg. They should always be provided with a source of calcium carbonate such as cuttlefish bone, vital for healthy shell growth. They require about 20% of crude protein in their diet for optimal growth.[24]

Lifecycle

This species is a simultaneous hermaphrodite; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is capable of producing both sperm and ova. The testes typically mature first around 5–8 months, followed by the ovaries.[25] Self-fertilization is not viable and therefore snails require a partner to reproduce. Snails typically mate with a snail of similar size.[26] During the mating, the snails either simultaneously transfer gametes to each other (bilateral sperm transfer), or one snail transfers sperm into the other (unilateral sperm transfer).

Snails mate at night and their mating begins with courtship rituals that can last up to half an hour, including petting their heads and front parts against each other. One snail initiates the courtship, and if all goes well they begin copulation. However, copulation does not always occur because snails show mate choice behavior, and observations have shown up to 90% of attempted courtships were rejected and did not end in copulation.[27] Copulation can last anywhere from 1–24 hours, but tends to last 6–8 hours.[26] Transferred sperm can be stored within the body up to two years.

The snails are oviparous and lay shelled eggs.[26] The number of eggs per clutch and clutches per year varies by environment and age of the parent, but averages around 200 eggs per clutch and 5-6 clutches per year. The eggs hatch after 8-21 days and the snails emerge as juveniles. They reach adult size in about six months, after which growth slows, but does not cease until death. Life expectancy is 3–5 years in the wild and 5–6 years in captivity, but the snails can live for up to 10 years.[25]

Fresh eggs
Hatching from eggs
Juvenile snail

Snails are primarily active at night and spend their days in dark, damp places such as buried in soil or under leaf litter.[25] They are capable of aestivating up to three years in times of extreme drought, sealing itself into its shell by secretion of a calcareous compound that dries on contact with the air.

Parasites

Several different species and types of parasites have been known to infect Lissachatina fulica.

As an invasive species

In many places, this snail is a pest of agriculture and households, with the ability to transmit both human and plant pathogens. Suggested preventive measures include strict quarantine to prevent introduction and further spread. This snail has been given top national quarantine significance in the United States.[32] In the past, quarantine officials have been able to successfully intercept and eradicate incipient invasions on the mainland USA.[33]

They are also known to damage buildings by eating stucco and similar materials for the calcium.[34]

In the wild, this species often harbors the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause a very serious meningitis in humans. Human cases of this meningitis usually result from a person having eaten the raw or undercooked snail, but even handling live wild snails of this species can infect a person with the nematode, thus causing a life-threatening infection.[35]

In some regions, an effort has been made to promote use of the giant African snail as a food resource to reduce its populations. However, promoting a pest in this way is a controversial measure, because it may encourage the further deliberate spread of the snails.

One particularly catastrophic attempt to biologically control this species occurred on South Pacific Islands. Colonies of A. fulica were introduced as a food reserve for the American military during World War II and they escaped. A carnivorous species (Florida rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea) was later introduced by the United States government, in an attempt to control A. fulica, but the rosy wolf snail instead heavily preyed upon the native Partula snails, causing the extinction of most Partula species within a decade.

Human use

Individual being kept as a pet

These snails are used by some practitioners of Candomblé for religious purposes in Brazil as an offering to the deity Oxalá. The snails substitute for a closely related species, the West African giant snail (Archachatina marginata) normally offered in Nigeria. The two species are similar enough in appearance to satisfy religious authorities.[36] They are also edible if cooked properly.[37] In Taiwan, this species is used in the dish of 炒螺肉 (fried snail meat), which is a delicacy among the traditional drinking snacks. L. fulica also constitutes the predominant land snail found in Chinese markets, and larger species have potential as small, efficient livestock.[38]

The snails have also become increasingly popular as pets[39][40][41] in countries including France and the UK,[42] where various companies have sold the animal both as a pet and an education aide.[43] In light of social media posts where pet owners share images in close contact with the snails, a research from the University of Lausanne alerted with the risks of infections transmitted to humans. [44]

The heparinoid, acharan sulfate, is isolated from this species.[45]

References

This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.[36]

  1. ↑ Bouchet, P. (2016). "Achatina fulica (Férussac, 1821). In: MolluscaBase". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
  2. 1 2 Achatina fulica. Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG. IUCN.
  3. ↑ Thiengo, Silvania (September 21, 2006). "Rapid spread of invasive snail in South America: the giant African snail, Achatina [fix pls], in Brasil" (PDF). Biological Invasions. 9 (6): 693–702. doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9069-6. S2CID 21572666.
  4. ↑ View 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG. IUCN.
  5. 1 2 Rowson, B.; Warren, B.; Ngereza, C. (2010). "Terrestrial molluscs of Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and its status as an "oceanic" island". ZooKeys (70): 1–39. doi:10.3897/zookeys.70.762. PMC 3088446. PMID 21594041.
  6. 1 2 Fontanilla, Ian Kendrich C.; Maria, Inna Mikaella P. Sta; Garcia, James Rainier M.; Ghate, Hemant; Naggs, Fred; Wade, Christopher M. (2014-09-09). "Restricted Genetic Variation in Populations of Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica outside of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands Points to the Indian Ocean Islands as the Earliest Known Common Source". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e105151. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105151. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4159197. PMID 25203830.
  7. ↑ Lv, S.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H. X.; Hu, L.; Yang, K.; Steinmann, P.; Chen, Z.; Wang, L. Y.; Utzinger, J.; Zhou, X. N. (2009). "map of distribution in 2007". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (2): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368. PMC 2631131. PMID 19190771.
  8. ↑ Lv, S.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H. X.; Hu, L.; Yang, K.; Steinmann, P.; Chen, Z.; Wang, L. Y.; Utzinger, J. R.; Zhou, X. N. (2009). Knight, Matty (ed.). "Invasive Snails and an Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (2): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368. PMC 2631131. PMID 19190771. figure 5.
  9. ↑ Wu S.-P., Hwang C.-C., Huang H.-M., Chang H.-W., Lin Y.-S. & Lee P.-F. (2007). "Land Molluscan Fauna of the Dongsha Island with Twenty New Recorded Species". Taiwania 52(2): 145-151. PDF Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Foon, Junn Kitt; Clements, Gopalasamy Reuben; Liew, Thor-Seng (2017-04-07). "Diversity and biogeography of land snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the limestone hills of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia". ZooKeys (682): 1–94. doi:10.3897/zookeys.682.12999. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5523159. PMID 28769723.
  11. ↑ "National Agriculture Library". National Invasive Species Information Center. March 17, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  12. ↑ Campo-Flores, Arian. October 4th, 2011. "Giant Alien Snails Attack Miami, Though They're Not in Much of a Rush: Eradication Teams Go House to House, Nabbing 10,000 Invaders; 'Crunch Under Our Feet'." Wall Street Journal. Link
  13. ↑ Berlin, Samantha (2021-10-07). "Florida spent over $24M eradicating invasive snails that damage homes". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  14. ↑ Mole, Beth (2022-07-06). "Florida once again has giant calamitous snails that spew parasitic brain worms". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  15. ↑ "Gyalpoizhing town representative accused of spreading snails". Bhutan Broadcasting Service. Bhutan Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  16. ↑ "Outbreak of the invasive Giant African Land Snail in Gyelpozhing frustrates the residents". The Bhutanese. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  17. ↑ "Giant African land snails". National Plant Protection Center. NPPC. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  18. ↑ "Caracol Gigante Africano en Argentina". 30 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  19. ↑ "Detección de Caracol Gigante Africano en la ciudad de Corrientes". SENASA (in Spanish). 12 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  20. ↑ "JFK Airport CBP Catches Highly Invasive Giant African Snails in Man's Baggage". U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 2021-04-06. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  21. 1 2 "Achatina fulica (Giant African Snail)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  22. ↑ Skelley, PE; Dixon, WN; and Hodges, G. 2011. Giant African land snail and giant South American snails: field recognition. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Gainesville, Florida. PDF
  23. ↑ Hoffman, Taylor; Pirie, Nicole. "Achatina fulica (giant african snail)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
  24. ↑ (in Portuguese) Soares C. M., Hayashi C., Gonçalves G. S., Nagae M. Y. & Boscolo W. R. (1999). "Exigência de proteína para o caracol gigante (Achatina fulica) em fase de crescimento. Protein requirements for giant snail (Achatina fulica) during the growth phase". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 21(3): 683-686. abstract, PDF.
  25. 1 2 3 "Achatina fulica (giant African land snail)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  26. 1 2 3 Molluscs as crop pests. G. M. Barker. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. 2002. pp. 55–114. ISBN 0-85199-790-2. OCLC 52761130.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  27. ↑ TOMIYAMA, KIYONORI (1996-02-15). "MATE-CHOICE CRITERIA IN A PROTANDROUS SIMULTANEOUSLY HERMAPHRODITIC LAND SNAIL ACHATINA FULICA (FÉRUSSAC) (STYLOMMATOPHORA: ACHATINIDAE)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 62 (1): 101–111. doi:10.1093/mollus/62.1.101. ISSN 0260-1230.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Ohlweiler, F. P.; Guimarães, M. C. D. A.; Takahashi, F. Y.; Eduardo, J. M. (2010). "Current distribution of Achatina fulica, in the State of São Paulo including records of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda) larvae infestation". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 52 (4): 211–214. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652010000400009. PMID 21748230. PDF.
  29. 1 2 Kremer, William (2012-08-03). "African snail: Deadly invasion in South America". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  30. 1 2 3 Igbinosa, I. B.; Isaac, C.; Adamu, H. O.; Adeleke, G. (2016-12-01). "Parasites of edible land snails in Edo State, Nigeria". Helminthologia. 53 (4): 331–335. doi:10.1515/helmin-2016-0031. S2CID 55824665.
  31. 1 2 3 4 (in Spanish) Libora M., Morales G., Carmen S., Isbelia S. & Luz A. P. (2010). "Primer hallazgo en Venezuela de huevos de Schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interés en salud pública, presentes en heces y secreción mucosa del molusco terrestre Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822). [First finding in Venezuela of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and mucous secretion of the mollusc Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)]. Zootecnia Tropical 28: 383-394. PDF
  32. ↑ Cowie, R. H.; Dillon, R. T.; Robinson, D. G.; Smith, J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment" (PDF). American Malacological Bulletin. 27 (1–2): 113–132. doi:10.4003/006.027.0210. S2CID 54919881. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-16.
  33. ↑ "PBS "Alien Invasion". Accessed on 6 January 2008". PBS. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  34. ↑ "Giant snails attack Florida". CBS News.
  35. ↑ Kremer, William (2012-08-03). "African snail: Deadly invasion in South America". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  36. 1 2 Léo Neto, N. A.; Brooks, S. E.; Alves, R. M. R. (2009). "From Eshu to Obatala: Animals used in sacrificial rituals at Candomblé "terreiros" in Brazil". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 5: 23. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-5-23. PMC 2739163. PMID 19709402.
  37. ↑ Hayward, Tim (2009-07-03). "African Land Snails Video". The Guardian. Guardian.
  38. ↑ Lv, S.; Zhang, Y.; Steinmann, P.; Zhou, X.-N. (2008). "Emerging angiostrongyliasis in mainland China". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 161–164. doi:10.3201/eid1401.061529. PMC 2600175. PMID 18258099.
  39. ↑ "Into the Andes: three new introductions of Lissachatina fulica (Gastropoda, Achatinidae) and its potential distribution in South America". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  40. ↑ Vogler, Roberto E.; Beltramino, Ariel A.; Sede, Mariano M.; Gregoric, Diego E. Gutiérrez; Núñez, Verónica; Rumi, Alejandra (2013). "The Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Achatinidae): Using Bioclimatic Models to Identify South American Areas Susceptible to Invasion" (PDF). American Malacological Bulletin. 31 (1): 39–50. doi:10.4003/006.031.0115. ISSN 0740-2783. S2CID 55191938.
  41. ↑ "Giant snails invade, coat Florida in slime". MNN - Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  42. ↑ Fontanilla, Ian Kendrich C.; Sta. Maria, Inna Mikaella P.; Garcia, James Rainier M.; Ghate, Hemant; Naggs, Fred; Wade, Christopher M. (2014-09-09). "Restricted Genetic Variation in Populations of Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica outside of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands Points to the Indian Ocean Islands as the Earliest Known Common Source". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e105151. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105151. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4159197. PMID 25203830.
  43. ↑ Dickens, Katrina Leah; Capinera, John Lowell; Smith, Trevor Randall (2018). "Effects of Density and Food Deprivation on Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of Lissachatina fulica". American Malacological Bulletin. 36 (1): 57–61. doi:10.4003/006.036.0115. ISSN 0740-2783. S2CID 90933828.
  44. ↑ https://www.newsendip.com/giant-african-snails-a-pet-for-some-a-potential-carrier-of-dangerous-infections-for-humans-study-says/
  45. ↑ Gunay, NS; Linhardt, RJ (1999). "Heparinoids: structure, biological activities and therapeutic applications". Planta Med. 65 (4): 301–6. doi:10.1055/s-1999-13990. PMID 10364832.
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