George VII
გიორგი VII
King of Georgia
Reign1393–1407
PredecessorBagrat V
SuccessorConstantine I
Born1360s
Died1407
Burial
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
SpouseNestan-Darejan
DynastyBagrationi dynasty
FatherBagrat V of Georgia
MotherHelena Megale Komnene
ReligionGeorgian Orthodox Church
KhelrtvaGeorge VII გიორგი VII's signature

George VII (Georgian: გიორგი VII, romanized: giorgi VII) (died 1405 or 1407) was king (mepe) of Georgia from 1393 to 1407 (alternatively, from 1395 to 1405).[1] Bagrat V's son and successor, George put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign fighting Timur and his Empire.

Early Life

George was the son of the king Bagrat V and his first wife Elene of Trebizond (died of bubonic plague, 1366).[2] Bagrat appointed him co-ruler in 1369.

When the Tbilis fell on 22 November 1386, its inhabitants were massacred and George's father Bagrat fell into captivity. Timur's army spent the winter in Karabakh. To regain his freedom, Bagrat pretended to convert to Islam and Timur sent him back under surveillance of a 12,000 strong army which was to enforce Georgian Kingdom conversion to islam. Bagrat secretly informed his son George, who raised an army and destroyed the Timurid troops, and freeing Bagrat.[3]

Reign

After Bagrat's death in 1393, his son George VII became the king of Georgia.

On September 13, 1394, Timur invaded with a large army from the Koli valley to the Aragvi valley via Trialeti and Kvemo Kartli. On the way, he destroyed everything, robbed and killed the inhabitants. Big battles took place in Aragvi valley.toimur's goal seems to have been to capture the Darial Pass in order to ultimately prevent the withdrawal of Georgian allied North Caucasian raiders and a possible Tokhtamysh invasion. Every time Timur appeared in Georgia, Tokhtamysh tried to invade Eastern Caucasus. It happened this time as well. Timur was unable to capture Darial due to the great resistance of the mountaineers. He was forced to come down from the mountain and go to Shaki through Tbilisi. At that time, Timur learned that Tokhtamysh would invade Shirvan through Derbent and ravage the place. Timur quickly moved in this direction, but avoided the battle and turned back again. His army encamped on the banks of the Mtkvari, near Mahmud Abad, and began preparations for a great campaign against Tokhtamish. It became clear to Timur that he would not be able to subdue Caucasus, including Georgia, if he did not defeat Tokhtamysh.[4]

Timur came to Shirvan through Derbent and camped there. He gave Iran and its neighboring countries, to his son Miran Shah. In 1397, Tamerlane returned to Samarkand and began preparations for an invasion to India.

While Tamerlane was campaigned in India in 1399, The Georgians took advantage, George VII and Sayyid Ali of Shaki attacked Azerbaijan and besieged the Alinja fortress and rescued the daughter of Ahmad Jalayir the ruler of Jalayirid Sultanate. Miran Shah sent general Seif ad-Din, The Georgians defeated the new army sent by Miran Shah but Sayyid Ali died in that battle. Georgian king refused to return the hostages with explanation that this would be against of the Caucasian traditions and Tamerlane personally started preparation for campaign against Georgia.[5]

Timur returned from the Central Asia, Timur came to Caucasus at the end of 1399 and camped in the Karabakh. Sharvanshah Ibrahim and the ruler of Shaki, Siyid Ahmed, who forgave his father's campaign, approved him as the ruler of Shaki and ordered both of them to participate in the war against Georgia. Timur took three chosen fighters out of every ten in his army, and thus made an army of 100,000, whom he ordered to take a 10-day march. The armies of Shirvan and Shaki were also added to them. This big army invaded Hereti and Kakheti. The purpose of this invasion was to obtain booty and food.

Timur's army invaded Hereti through a forest road. Soldiers were cutting their way with axes. It snowed continuously for 20 days. Despite this situation, Khimshia's army resisted the enemy. The battle lasted for a month. Timur's raiders looted and destroyed everything. They cut fruit trees, vineyards, walnut trees. In the end, due to the lack of fodder for cattle, they were forced to stop their march and return back during the heavy snowfall. The enemy army took a lot of property from Hereti. There were especially many flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. See also food products. The army leaving Hereti joined the main camp in Karabakh. Timur started preparations for the new sixth invasion in Georgia.

Timur spent the winter of 1399-1400 in Karabakh. After supplying food and replenishing the army, Timur marched towards Georgia in the spring of 1400 and camped near the border. Timur sent an ambassador to King George and demanded obedience and the handing over of prince Taher. Otherwise, he threatened to destroy Georgia.

The armies of Timur and Georgians clashed at Gogchi lake. The Georgian army had a better position. It was a windy day and he was blowing dust right in the enemy's face. In the first attack, the Georgians almost completely destroyed the advance detachment of the enemy. However, Timur's army greatly outnumbered the Georgian army. In the evening, Timur attacked the Georgians, who were tired from the whole day's battle, with new large army. Georgians were forced to retreat and strengthen themselves in the mountains, fortresses and caves of Kvemo Kartli. Timur's warriors descended in front of the caves with baskets tied on ropes and shot arrows at the burning embers. This is how the mountainous part of Kvemo Kartli was identified. Then they came to Tbilisi and took it with great battles. Timur wanted to capture king George and did everything for this. He had special squads chase after George. King George was retreating with a fight. Opponents fought so close to each other that some members of George Amal were even captured by the Timurids. On the way, the enemy destroyed churches, fortresses, houses, crops, orchards. Thus they passed through Mukhran and its surroundings.

Then they invaded the area of Ksani. Eristavi Virsheli of Ksni was a participant in the Nakhchivan campaign. It seems that the prisoners brought from there were also in the Ksani valley. One of the goals of Timur's invasion of Saeristavo was to seize them. Virsheli fortified himself in Knogo prison and put up a great resistance to the attackers. The enemy did not manage to deploy a large army in the narrow valley and was forced to turn back, although he caused a lot of damage to the Ksani valley. After the Ksani valley, the Timurids invaded Kartli. Janibeg, the chief of Kartli, put up a lot of resistance, but in the end he was forced to submit, although his domain still could not escape from the destruction. There were also Muslim prisoners brought from Nakhichevan in Janibeg's domain.

The next big battle took place near the fortress of Gori. Despite the resistance of the Georgians, Timud still captured the fortress. King George was retreating again with a fight, and Timur was destroying everything on the way. Georgians defended the well-fortified Dzami fortress for seven days, after which King George was forced to leave the fortress, broke through the siege and retreated to the west. Timur's army overran the place and massacred the population mercilessly. The last battle was fought by King George against the enemy in the area of Likhi ridge. King Geomoe was forced to move to Western Georgia. Tamerlane did not dare to move to Western Georgia.

After that, he ransacked Samtskhe, robbed and robbed. They also gathered a lot of prisoners. From there, passing Trialeti, they went to Tezmi valley and looted and ransacked the place, including Rkoni monastery. Then the Kvatakhevi area was raided, and the monastery was set on fire and the people sheltering there, including monks, were burned. After that, they entered Mtskheta and looted and destroyed Svetitskhoveli. Big battles took place in Aragvi valley as well. The population of Aragvi also suffered great losses. From here, Timur marched south to the Kol field, on the way he took the fortress of Phanaskert, destroyed its surroundings and camped on the Kol field.

The invasion of 1400, which lasted the whole spring-summer, was the longest and the longest. They destroyed, looted and burned many cities and villages, castles and churches, monasteries, fields and orchards; They took 60,000 prisoners and massacred many more people. According to the historians of Tamerlane, all this happened because King George killed the Timurids besieging the Alinja fortress in Nakhichevan.[6]

After the departure of Timur from Georgia, King George moved to Eastern Georgia and began to organize domestic affairs. King George and Virshel Eristavi of Ksani raided and punished the Dvals, who took advantage of Timur's invasion and raided and looted the Ksani valley.

In 1401, after a ten-year siege, Timur's troops captured the fortress of Alinja in Nakhchivan. In the same year, Timur came to the borders of Georgia from the east and camped in Shamkor.

Konstantine Batonishvili, the ambassador of King George, offered Timur in Shamkor a truce with great gifts and in the name of the king. Tamerlane was preparing for a war against the Ottomans, and therefore a truce was desirable for him. According to the terms of the truce, Georgia paid tribute, withdrew a certain number of troops, Georgians were not supposed to harass Muslims, etc. Instead, Timur promised security to Georgia. A truce was concluded in September 1401.[7] Tamerlane stopped in Karabakh to spend the winter. In the spring, Timur's great army left for Ottomans. On the way, he came to the Tortumi fortress, in which about 200 Georgian soldiers were fortified, took it and destroyed it after a five-day battle, and cut off the soldiers.[6]

Once the Ottomans were defeated, Timur, back in Erzurum in 1402, decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. George VII's brother, Constantine, who was then on bad terms with his brother, arrived with gifts, as did the king's defiant vassal Iwane Jaqeli, prince of Samtskhe. Sheikh Ibrahim I of Shirvan went to estimate the revenues and expenses of Georgia. George sent new presents but Timur refused them and summoned George to appear in person. In the meantime, he himself laid siege to the previously impregnable fortress of Birtvisi, defended by a tiny Georgian garrison. Having captured the fortress in August 1403, Timur sent his army to plunder and clear the frontier regions of Georgia and set out in pursuit of the retreating king George VII as far as Abkhazia. Timur's historian reports that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred.[6][8]

Finally, in 1403 George had to make peace with the fierce enemy, recognising Timur as a suzerain and paying him tribute, but retaining the right to be crowned as a Christian monarch.

In the aftermath of Timur's death in February 1405 and the subsequent power struggles among his heirs, Timur's empire became fragmented as Miran Shah and his sons struggled over control of Persia. In the midst of this chaos, George, who had returned from Imereti, engaged in battles to regain lost territories. He managed to conquer Nakhchivan and Ganja while also causing destruction in places like Ani, Erzurum, and Tabriz. Despite commanding an army of merely 5,000 men, George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.[9]

Death

According to Vakhushti, He was killed in battle against the Turkmen nomads, apparently of the Kara Koyunlu clan. Today, some historians consider this information of Vakhushti doubtful and claim that George VII died of natural causes.[10]

George VII may have died childless, as his brother Constantine I became the next king.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kʻartʻuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi (in Georgian). Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba. 1998. pp. 530–543. ISBN 978-5-511-00896-7.
  2. ↑ Ivane Javakhishvili, The History of the Georgian Nation, vol. 3, Tbilisi, 1982, p.180
  3. ↑ Baumer 2023, p. 75.
  4. ↑ Minorsky, Vladimir, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, p. 757. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
  5. ↑ Anchabadze 2014, p. 48.
  6. 1 2 3 Minorsky, Vladimir, "Tiflis", in: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, p. 757. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
  7. ↑ Sicker, Martin (2000), The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, p. 155. Praeger, ISBN 0-275-96892-8.
  8. ↑ Grousset, René (1970), The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, pp. 433–4. Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  9. ↑ Rayfield 2012, p. 152.
  10. ↑ Tavadze, L. (2008) About the reasons of Georgian King George VII death, Studies in the Middle Ages History of Georgia, Vol. IX. p. 41–45 ISBN 978-9941-12-174-6

Source

  • Anchabadze, Zaza (2014). European Georgia: (ethnogeopolitics in Caucasus and Ethnogenetical History of Europe). Tbilisi. ISBN 9941063222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Baumer, Christoph (2023). History of the Caucasus. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780755636303.
  • Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books.

Further reading

  • ჯავახიშვილი ივ., ქართველი ერის ისტორია, წგ. 3, თბ., 1982 (თხზ. თორმეტ ტომად, ტ. 3).
  • კაციტაძე დ., საქართველო XIV–XV საუკუნეთა მიჯნაზე, თბ., 1975;
  • ტაბატაძე კ., ქართველი ხალხის ბრძოლა უცხოელ დამპყრობთა წინააღმდეგ XIV–XV საუკუნეების მიჯნაზე, თბ., 1974;
  • ოდიშელი ჯ., აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოს პოლიტიკური ისტორიისათვის (XIV–XVII სს.), კრ.: XIV–XVIII სს. რამდენიმე ქართული ისტორიული დოკუმენტი, თბ., 1964;
  • გვრიტიშვილი დ., ნარკვევები საქართველოს ისტორიიდან (XIII–XIVსს.), თბ., 1962;
  • გაბაშვილი ვ., თათართა შემოსევები საქართველოში (ბაგრატ V და გიორგი VI), თბ., 1943;
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.