Viceroy of Portuguese India
Portuguese: Vice-rei da Índia Portuguesa
Coat of arms of Portuguese India
ResidenceViceroy's House
NominatorPrime Minister of Portugal
AppointerMonarch of Portugal (1505–1910)
President of Portugal (1910–1961)
PrecursorNone
Formation12 September 1505
First holderTristão da Cunha
Final holderManuel António Vassalo e Silva
Abolished19 December 1961
SuccessionGovernor of Goa
Map of Portuguese India, 1923.

The government of Portuguese India (Portuguese: Índia Portuguesa) started on 12 September 1505, seven years after the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Portuguese viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Cochin. Until 1752, the name India included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from Southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed – either by a viceroy or governor – from its headquarters, established in Old Goa since 1510. In 1752 Portuguese Mozambique was granted its own government, and in 1844 the Portuguese government of India ceased administering the territory of Portuguese Macau, Solor and Portuguese Timor, seeing itself thus confined to a reduced territorial possessions along the Konkan, Canara and Malabar Coasts, which would further be reduced to the present-day state of Goa and the union territory of Daman. Portuguese control ceased in Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally ceased in Goa in 1961, when the area was occupied by the Republic of India (although Portugal only recognised the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, by a treaty signed on 31 December 1974[1][2]). This ended four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule in parts – though tiny – of India.

It may be noted that during the term of the monarchy, the title of the head of the Portuguese government in India ranged from "governor" to "viceroy". The title of viceroy would only be assigned to members of the nobility; it was formally terminated in 1774, although it has later been given sporadically to be decisively ended after 1835, as shown below.

List

The following is a list of rulers during the history of Portuguese India as a viceroyalty or governorship.[3]

Official title Office-holder Mandate begin Mandate end Notes
Viceroy
(nom.)
D. Tristão da CunhaFirst to be nominated viceroy, but was unable to assume office
ViceroyD. Francisco de Almeida12 September 1505November 1509First governor and first viceroy of Portuguese India, appointed by King Manuel I of Portugal (r.1495–1521), conquered Kilwa, erected forts in Anjediva, Cochin, Cannanore, refused to cede office until after Battle of Diu, died at Table Bay, on return voyage, March 1510
Governor and
Captain-General(*)
Afonso de Albuquerque4 November 1509September 1515Appointment disputed and delayed by predecessor, conquered Goa, Malacca, Muscat and Hormuz, died off Goa, December 1515
GovernorLopo Soares de Albergaria8 September 1515September 1518Erected forts in Colombo (Ceylon) and Kollam, returned to Portugal
GovernorDiogo Lopes de Sequeira8 September 1518January 1522Old explorer and former designated captain of Malacca (1509, aborted), erected forts in Chaul, Maldives and Pacem, sent embassies to Ethiopia, Pegu and China, returned to Portugal
GovernorD. Duarte de Menezes22 January 1522September 1524Former captain of Tangier, grandson (via Tarouca line) of the famous Duarte de Menezes (Count of Viana), dismissed and returned to Portugal
ViceroyD. Vasco da Gama5 September 1524December 1524old discoverer of Indies route, now Count of Vidigueira,
second Viceroy,
first appointee of new King John III of Portugal (r.1521–1557),
died at Cochin, December 1524
GovernorD. Henrique de Menezes (o Roxo)17 January 1525February 1526succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
died at Cannanore, February 1526
GovernorLopo Vaz de SampaioFebruary 1526November 1529succeeded in India by death of predecessor (third in line),
refused to yield government to designated successor Pedro Mascarenhas, captain of Malacca),
arrested, returned to Portugal as prisoner
GovernorNuno da Cunha18 November 1529September 1538son of Tristão da Cunha,
arrival delayed by shipwreck in Madagascar,
conquered northern province (Bassein, Bombay, Diu, Daman)
died at sea on return to Portugal, March 1539
ViceroyD. Garcia de Noronha14 September 1538April 1540Third Viceroy, nephew of Afonso de Albuquerque,
died in Cochin, April 1540
GovernorD. Estêvão da Gama3 April 1540May 1542son of Vasco da Gama,
captain of Portuguese Malacca (f.1538),
succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
returned to Portugal
GovernorMartim Afonso de Sousa8 May 15421545donatary-captain of São Vicente (Brazil, f. 1534),
returned to Portugal
GovernorD. João de Castro10 September 15451548Nephew of D. Garcia de Noronha,
promoted to Viceroy in early 1548
ViceroyD. João de Castro1548June 1548Fourth viceroy.
Died at Goa, June 1548
GovernorGarcia de Sá6 June 1548June 1549succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
first governor married in India,
acquired Bardez and Salcette,
died at Goa, June 1549
GovernorJorge Cabral13 June 1549November 1550succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
returned to Portugal
ViceroyD. Afonso de NoronhaNovember 1550September 1554Fifth Viceroy (henceforth all Governors appointed in Lisbon will have rank of 'Viceroy'),
former governor of Ceuta, 1540–49,
son of Fernando de Menezes (Marquis of Vila Real),
returned to Portugal
ViceroyD. Pedro Mascarenhas23 September 1554June 1555old discoverer of Indian Ocean islands,
former captain of Malacca (1525–26),
died at Goa, June 1555
GovernorFrancisco Barreto16 June 1555September 1558succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
returned to Portugal.
Later (1570) returned as governor of East Africa(**),
led expedition to Monomatapa and died in Tete.
ViceroyD. Constantino de Braganza8 September 1558September 1561Son of James (Duke of Braganza),
first appointee of Catherine of Austria, (regent of new King Sebastian of Portugal),
returned to Portugal
ViceroyD. Francisco Coutinho (Count of Redondo)7 September 156119 February 1564Died at Goa, February 1564
GovernorJoão de Mendonça19 February 1564September 1564former captain of Malacca,
succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
returned to Portugal
ViceroyD. António de Noronha (Antão)3 September 1564September 1568former captain of Ceuta (1549), and Hormuz (c.1560)
nephew of earlier India governor D. Afonso de Noronha,
died at sea on return to Portugal
ViceroyD. Luís de Ataíde10 September 1568September 1571future Count of Atouguia (f.1577),
first appointee of King Sebastian of Portugal in his own right
returned to Portugal
Viceroy(**)D. António de Noronha (o Catarraz)6 September 1571December 1573Not to be confused with earlier namesake,
governor in Goa of a reduced India (**),
co-equal with António Moniz Barreto (in Malacca) and Francisco Barreto (in Sofala),
dismissed and returned to Portugal
GovernorAntónio Moniz Barreto9 December 1573September 1576Governor of Malacca, succeeded in India after dismissal of predecessor,
returned to Portugal
GovernorD. Diogo de MenezesSeptember 1576August 1578Son of Tangier captain João de Menezes ("o Craveiro")
Succeeded in India after appointed viceroy, Rui Lourenço de Távora, died en route (off Mozambique),
returned to Portugal.
ViceroyD. Luís de Ataíde (second time)31 August 1578March 1581Second appointment, now Count of Atouguia,
already in India when news of the king's death at Alcazarquivir arrived,
managed India through the early stages of 1580 succession crisis,
died in Goa, March 1581
GovernorFernão Teles de MenezesMarch 1581September 1581Succeeded in India by death of predecessor (as per prior instructions of the late Cardinal-King Henry),
considered the last governor of the House of Avis,
received news of ascension of Habsburg king Philip I of Portugal,
administered oaths of loyalty of Portuguese India colonies to new monarchy,
returned to Portugal.
ViceroyFrancisco de Mascarenhas15811584Donatary-captain in the Azores
First appointee of Philip I of Portugal (r.1581–1598),
returned to Portugal.
ViceroyD. Duarte de Menezes15844 May 1588Former governor of Tangier (1474–78), Algarve (1580),
grandson of earlier India governor Duarte de Menezes,
Died in Goa, May 1588.
GovernorD. Manuel de Sousa CoutinhoMay 15881591Former governor of Ceylon, current governor of Malacca
Succeeded in India by death of predecessor,
Died in shipwreck while returning to Portugal.
ViceroyMatias de Albuquerque15911597
ViceroyD. Francisco da Gama,
conde da Vidigueira
15971600
ViceroyAires de Saldanha16001605
ViceroyMartim Afonso de Castro1605June 1607Died at Malacca in June 1607
GovernorFr. Aleixo de Meneses,
Archbishop of Goa
June 16071609
GovernorAndré Furtado de Mendonça1609
ViceroyRui Lourenço de Távora16091612
ViceroyD. Jerónimo de Azevedo16121617
ViceroyD. João Coutinho16171619
GovernorFernão de Albuquerque16191622
ViceroyD. Francisco da Gama (second time)16221628
ViceroyFr. Luís de Brito e Meneses,
Bishop of Meliapore
1628July 1629Died at Cochim in July 1629
Governing Council1. Nuno Álvares Botelho
2. D. Lourenço da Cunha
3. Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca
1629
ViceroyMiguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares16291635
ViceroyPero da Silva1635June 1639Died at Goa in June 1639
GovernorAntónio Teles de Meneses16391640
ViceroyJoão da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras16401644Returned to Portugal
ViceroyFilipe Mascarenhas16441651
ViceroyJoão da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras
(second time)
1651Died at Mozambique, en route to India
Governing Council1. Fr. Francisco dos Mártires (Archbp of Goa)
2. Francisco de Melo e Castro
3. António de Sousa Coutinho
16511652
ViceroyVasco Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Óbedos16521655Expelled in internal coup
UsurperBrás de Castro1655Arrested by successor
GovernorRodrigo Lobo da Silveira, Count of Sarzedas23 Aug 165514 January 1656Died at Goa in January 1656
GovernorManuel Mascarenhas Homem14 January 165622 May 1656
Governing Council1. Manuel Mascarenhas Homem
2. Francisco de Melo e Castro
3. António de Sousa Coutinho
January 16561661
Governing Council1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque
2. Manuel Mascarenhas Homem
3. D. Pedro de Lencastre
1661
Governing Council1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque,
2. António de Melo e Castro
3. D. Pedro de Lencastre
16611662
ViceroyAntónio de Melo e Castro16 December 16621666
ViceroyJoão Nunes da Cunha, Count of São Vicente1666November 1668Died at Goa in November 1668
Governing Council1. António de Melo e Castro,
2. Manuel Corte-Real de Sampaio
3. Luís de Miranda Henriques
November 16681671
ViceroyLuís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque16711676Died off Lisbon on return voyage
ViceroyD. Pedro de Almeida, Conde de Assumar16761678Died at Goa in 1678
Interim GovernorAntónio Brandão, Archbishop of Goa
(sometime with António Pais de Sande)
16781681
ViceroyFrancisco de Távora, conde de Alvor16811686
GovernorD. Rodrigo da Costa16861690
GovernorD. Miguel de Almeida1690January 1691Died at Goa in January 1691
Governing Council1. Fernando Martins Mascarenhas Lencastre
2. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archbp of Goa)
January 16911692
ViceroyPedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque16921697Returned to Portugal
ViceroyAntónio Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho16971701
Governing Council1. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archp of Goa)
2. D. Vasco Lima Coutinho
17011702
ViceroyCaetano de Melo e Castro17021707
ViceroyD. Rodrigo da Costa
(second time, as Viceroy now)
17071712
ViceroyVasco Fernandes César de Meneses, Count of Sabugosa17121717Returned to Portugal
GovernorFr. Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha, Archbishop of GoaJanuary 1717October 1717
ViceroyLuís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 5th Count of EriceiraOctober 17171720
ViceroyFrancisco José de Sampaio e Castro1720July 1723Died at Goa in July 1723
Interim GovernorCristóvão de MeloJuly 1723
Governing Council1. Cristóvão de Melo
2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa)
3. Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
17231725
ViceroyJoão de Saldanha da Gama17251732Returned to Portugal
Governing Council1. Cristóvão de Melo
2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa)
3. Tomé Gomes Moreira
1732
ViceroyPedro Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Sandomil17321740Returned to Portugal
ViceroyLuís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal
(second time)
17401742Died at Goa in 1742
Governing Council1. Francisco de Vasconcelos
2. Lourenço de Noronha
3. Luís Caetano de Almeida
17421744
ViceroyPedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos,
Count of Assumar, marquis of Alorna
17441750
ViceroyFrancisco de Assis de Távora,
marquis of Távora
September 17501754Returned to Portugal,
executed in 1759
ViceroyLuís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva1754June 1756Killed in action by the Maratha Army at Goa in June 1756
Governing Council1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira
(Archbp of Goa)
2. João de Mesquista Matos Teixeira
3. Filipe de Valadares
17561757
ViceroyManuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque, Count of Ega17581765Returned to Portugal
Council1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira
(Archbp of Goa)
2. João Baptista Vaz Pereira
3. D. João José de Melo
17651768
GovernorJoão José de Melo17681771Promoted to Captain-General in 1771 (***)
Governor and
Captain-General
João José de Melo1771January 1774Died at Goa in January 1774
Interim GovernorFilipe de Valadares Sotomaior1774
Governor and Captain-General of IndiaD. José Pedro da Câmara17741779
Governor and Captain-General of IndiaD. Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein17791786
Governor and Captain-General of IndiaFrancisco da Cunha e Meneses17861794
Governor and Captain-General of IndiaFrancisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara,
Viscount of Mirandela
17941806
Viceroy and Captain-General of IndiaD. Bernardo José Maria da Silveira e Lorena,
Count of Sarzedas
18061816
Viceroy and Captain-General of IndiaD. Diogo de Sousa,
Count of Rio Pardo
18161821
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of IndiaManuel José Gomes Loureiro,
Manuel Godinho Mira,
Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama,
Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto
Manuel Duarte Leitão
1821
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of IndiaD. Manuel da Câmara,
D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino,
António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles,
João Carlos Leal
António José de Lima Leitão
18211822
Provisional Junta of Government of the State of IndiaD. Manuel da Câmara,
D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino,
António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles,
João Carlos Leal,
Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha
18221823
Viceroy and Captain-General of IndiaD. Manuel da Câmara18231825Dissolved Junta and assumed de facto title of Governor of Portuguese India
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. Frei Manuel de São Galdino,
Cândido José Mourão Garcez Palha,
António Ribeiro de Carvalho
18251826
Governor and Captain-General of IndiaD. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro18261830
Viceroy and Captain-General of IndiaD. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro18261835
GovernorBernardo Peres da Silva1835
GovernorD. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro1835
GovernorJoaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama1835
Government Council of the State of IndiaJoão Casimiro Pereira da Rocha de Vasconcelos,
Manuel José Ribeiro,
Frei Constantino de Santa Rita,
João Cabral de Estefique,
António Maria de Melo,
Joaquim António de Morais Carneiro,
António Mariano de Azevedo,
José António de Lemos
18351837After 1836 confined to Goa
GovernorBernardo Peres da Silva18361837Governor of Daman and Diu, provisional governor of Goa
GovernorSimão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares,
Baron of Sabroso
18371839(restored unity to Portuguese India)
GovernorJosé António Vieira da Fonseca1839
GovernorManuel José Mendes,
Baron of Candal
18391840
Government Council of the State of IndiaJosé António Vieira da Fonseca,
José Câncio Freire de Lima,
António João de Ataíde,
Domingos José Mariano Luís,
José da Costa Campos,
Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos
1840
Interim GovernorJosé Joaquim Lopes Lima18401842
Government Council of the State of IndiaAntónio Ramalho de Sá,
António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles,
António João de Ataíde,
José da Costa Campos
Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos
1842
GovernorFrancisco Xavier da Silva Pereira,
Count of Antas
18421843
GovernorJoaquim Mourão Garcez Palha18431844
GovernorJosé Ferreira Pestana18441851
GovernorJosé Joaquim Januário Lapa,
Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém
18511855
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. Frei Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho,
Arcebispo de Goa e Primaz das Índias,
Luís da Costa Campos,
Francisco Xavier Peres,
Bernardo Heitor da Silva e Lorena,
Vítor Anastácio Mourão Garcez Palha
1855
GovernorAntónio César de Vasconcelos Correia,
Count of Torres Novas
18551864
GovernorJosé Ferreira Pestana186418702nd term
GovernorJanuário Correia de Almeida,
Count of São Januário
18701871
GovernorJoaquim José Macedo e Couto18711875
GovernorJoão Tavares de Almeida18751877
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos,
Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies
,
João Caetano da Silva Campos,
Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
Eduardo Augusto de Sá Nogueira Pinto Balsemão
1877
GovernorAntónio Sérgio de Sousa18771878
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos,
Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies
,
João Caetano da Silva Campos,
Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
António Sérgio de Sousa Júnior
1878
GovernorCaetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque18781882
GovernorCarlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,
Viscount of Paço d'Arcos
18821886
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
José de Sá Coutinho,
José Inácio de Brito
José Maria Teixeira Guimarães
1886
GovernorFrancisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral1886
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
José de Sá Coutinho,
José Inácio de Brito
José Maria Teixeira Guimarães
1886
GovernorAugusto César Cardoso de Carvalho18861889
Interim GovernorJoaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque1889
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Joaquim Borges de Azevedo Enes,
José Inácio de Brito,
Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque
1889
GovernorVasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses18891891
GovernorFrancisco Maria da Cunha1891
Interim GovernorJoão Manuel Correia Taborda189118921st term
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Luís Fisher Berquó Falcão,
Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes,
João Manuel Correia Taborda
1892
GovernorFrancisco Teixeira da Silva18921893
Government Council of the State of IndiaLuís Poças Falcão,
Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes,
João Manuel Correia Taborda
1893
GovernorRafael Jácome de Andrade189318941st term
Interim GovernorJoão Manuel Correia Taborda18942nd term
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Francisco António Ochoa,
Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro,
João Manuel Correia Taborda
1894
GovernorElesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa, Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém18941895
GovernorRafael Jácome de Andrade189518962nd term
ViceroyPrince D. Afonso Henriques de Bragança,
Duke of Porto
1896
Interim GovernorJoão António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira18961897
Interim GovernorJoão Manuel Correia Taborda18973rd term
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Francisco António Ochoa,
João de Melo Sampaio,
João Manuel Correia Taborda
1897
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Abel Augusto Correia do Pinto,
João de Melo Sampaio,
João Manuel Correia Taborda
1897
GovernorJoaquim José Machado18971900
GovernorEduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo19001905
Government Council of the State of IndiaD. António Sebastião Valente,
Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies
,
Alfredo Mendonça David,
José Emílio Santana da Cunha Castel-Branco,
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
1905
GovernorArnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo19051907
Government Council of the State of IndiaBernardo Nunes Garcia,
César Augusto Rancon,
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
1907
GovernorJosé Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa19071910
Governor-GeneralFrancisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa19101917
Interim Governor-GeneralFrancisco Maria Peixoto Vieira19171st term
Government Council of the State of IndiaFrancisco Peixoto de Oliveira e Silva,
Francisco Wolfgango da Silva,
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
1917
Governor-GeneralJosé de Freitas Ribeiro19171919
Interim Governor-GeneralAugusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota19191920
Governador-GeneralJaime Alberto de Castro Morais19201925
Interim Governor-GeneralFrancisco Maria Peixoto Vieira19252nd term
Governor-GeneralMariano Martins19251926
Interim Governor-GeneralTito Augusto de Morais1926
Interim Governor-GeneralAcúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis19261927
Governor-GeneralPedro Francisco Massano de Amorim19271929
Interim Governor-GeneralAcúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis1929
Governor-GeneralAlfredo Pedro de Almeida19291930
Governor-GeneralJoão Carlos Craveiro Lopes19301936
Interim Governor-GeneralFrancisco Craveiro Lopes19361938
Governor-GeneralJosé Ricardo Pereira Cabral19381945
Interim Governor-GeneralPaulo Bénard Guedes19451946
Governor-GeneralJosé Ferreira Bossa19461947
Interim Governor-GeneralJosé Alves Ferreira19471948
Governor-GeneralFernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias19481952
Governor-GeneralPaulo Bénard Guedes19521958
Governor-GeneralManuel António Vassalo e Silva19581961

(*) – In 1508, King Manuel I of Portugal devised a plan to partition the Portuguese empire in Asia into three separate governments or "high captaincies" – (1) Captain-Major of the seas of Ethiopia, Arabia and Persia, centered at Socotra, was to cover the East African and Arabian-Persian coasts, from Sofala to Diu; (2) Captain-Major of the seas of India, centered at Cochin, was to cover the Indian coast from Diu down to Cape Comorin. Afonso de Albuquerque was Captain-General of the latter. Jorge de Aguiar was made Captain-General of the former. A third high captaincy, covering Asia east of Cape Comorin (yet to be explored) was assigned to Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, who was assigned that year to discover Malacca. The triarchy experiment failed – Aguiar drowned en route, while Sequeira quit the region in 1509, after his debacle at Malacca, leaving Albuquerque sole governor of the whole unpartitioned complex.

(**) – Around 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal tried to partition the Portuguese State of India into three separate governments (much like Manuel's plan of 1508) – a western state based around Sofala (covering the East African coast from Cape Correntes to Cape Guardafui), a central state ruled from Goa (covering the area between the Red Sea and Ceylon, encompassing India, reserved for the "Viceroy") and an eastern state ruled from Malacca (covering Southeast Asia, from Pegu to China). D. António de Noronha was appointed to Goa, António Moniz Barreto to Malacca, and Francisco Barreto (the former India governor) to Sofala.

(***) – Title of Viceroy of Indies extinguished by royal letter in 1771, replaced by Capitão-Geral (Captain-General) of the Indies.

See also

References

  1. Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974
  2. "India and Portugal Resume Ties After 19 Years". The New York Times. 1 January 1975. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  3. List based on: Danvers, Frederick Charles (1988) The Portuguese in India: being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire. Asian Educational Services; p. 487 (Appendix B); and Henry Morse Stephens (1892) Albuquerque, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Vol. 4, p. 13

Further reading

  • Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.
  • Biographies of Portuguese viceroys and governors of India (1550–1640) in Portuguese
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